Abstract: Measurements relating to the activity of various molecules of interest are obtained using a sensing surface with an associated first charge, a charge-regulating layer bound to the sensing surface, various possible probe molecules and a measurement circuit. The sensing surface has a layer bound to it that confers a neutral charge or a second charge on a net basis. In addition, a probe is bound to at least one of the surface and the layer, the probe being complementary to and interacting with a molecule of interest. The interaction between the probe and the molecule of interest is detected electrically.

Abstract: Chemical reactions are monitored by a cantilever sensing arrangement in which the reaction is transduced into mechanical responses that may be detected with a high degree of sensitivity. Projecting fingers interdigitate and, based on the extent of reaction, bend in a manner that may be detected optically.

Abstract: Fabrics are used as integral elements of electrical circuitry—to facilitate control over the operation of external components connected thereto, to serve as substrates onto which electrical components are connected, or as the electrical components themselves. In one aspect, selective, anisotropic electrical conductivity is achieved using conductive fibers running along one weave direction and non-conductive fibers running along the opposite direction. The conductive fibers, which may be continuous or arranged in lanes, serve as electrical conduits capable of carrying data signals and/or power, and may be connected, for example, to electrical components soldered directly onto the fabric. In a second aspect, passive electrical components are integrated directly textiles using threads having selected electrical properties.