Abstract: Described herein are rules to modify natural mRNAs or to engineer synthetic mRNAs to increase their translation efficiencies. These rules describe modifications to mRNA coding and 3? UTR sequences intended to enhance protein synthesis by: 1) decreasing ribosomal diversion via AUG or non-canonical initiation codons in coding sequences, and/or 2) by evading miRNA-mediated down-regulation by eliminating one or more miRNA binding sites in coding sequences.

Abstract: A mobile brain-based device BBD includes a mobile base equipped with sensors and effectors (Neurally Organized Mobile Adaptive Device or NOMAD), which is guided by a simulated nervous system that is an analogue of cortical and sub-cortical areas of the brain required for visual processing, decision-making, reward, and motor responses. These simulated cortical and sub-cortical areas are reentrantly connected and each area contains neuronal units representing both the mean activity level and the relative timing of the activity of groups of neurons. The brain-based device BBD learns to discriminate among multiple objects with shared visual features, and associated “target” objects with innately preferred auditory cues. Globally distributed neuronal circuits that correspond to distinct objects in the visual field of NOMAD 10 are activated. These circuits, which are constrained by a reentrant neuroanatomy and modulated by behavior and synaptic plasticity, result in successful discrimination of objects.

Abstract: A translation enhancer-driven positive feedback vector system is disclosed which is designed to facilitate identification of a Translational Enhancer Element (TEE) and to provide a means for overexpression of gene products. The system exploits both transcriptional and translational approaches to control the expression levels of genes and/or gene products. Methods are also disclosed for screening libraries of random nucleotide sequences to identify translational elements and for overproduction of proteins, which have uses in both research and industrial environments.

Abstract: A brain-based device (BBD) having a physical mobile device NOMAD controlling and under control by a simulated nervous system. The simulated nervous system is based on an intricate anatomy and physiology of the hippocampus and its surrounding neuronal regions including the cortex. The BBD integrates spatial signals from numerous objects in time and provides flexible navigation solutions to aid in the exploration of unknown environments. As NOMAD navigates in its real world environment, the hippocampus of the simulated nervous system organizes multi-modal input information received from sensors on NOMAD over timescales and uses this organization for the development of spatial and episodic memories necessary for navigation.

Abstract: A mobile brain-based device (BBD) includes a mobile platform with sensors and effectors, which is guided by a simulated nervous system that is an analogue of the cerebellar areas of the brain used for predictive motor control to determine interaction with a real-world environment. The simulated nervous system has neural areas including precerebellum nuclei (PN), Purkinje cells (PC), deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) and an inferior olive (IO) for predicting turn and velocity control of the BBD during movement in a real-world environment. The BBD undergoes training and testing, and the simulated nervous system learns and performs control functions, based on a delayed eligibility trace learning rule.

Abstract: A brain-based device (BBD) for moving in a real-world environment has sensors that provide data about the environment, actuators to move the BBD, and a hybrid controller which includes a neural controller having a simulated nervous system being a model of selected areas of the human brain and a non-neural controller based on a computational algorithmic network. The neural controller and non-neural controller interact with one another to control movement of the BBD.

Abstract: A brain-based device (BBD) having a physical mobile device NOMAD controlling and under control by a simulated nervous system. The simulated nervous system is based on an intricate anatomy and physiology of the hippocampus and its surrounding neuronal regions including the cortex. The BBD integrates spatial signals from numerous objects in time and provides flexible navigation solutions to aid in the exploration of unknown environments. As NOMAD navigates in its real world environment, the hippocampus of the simulated nervous system organizes multi-modal input information received from sensors on NOMAD over timescales and uses this organization for the development of spatial and episodic memories necessary for navigation.

Abstract: A mobile brain-based device (BBD) includes a mobile platform with sensors and effectors, which is guided by a simulated nervous system that is an analogue of the cerebellar areas of the brain used for predictive motor control to determine interaction with a real-world environment. The simulated nervous system has neural areas including precerebellum nuclei (PN), Purkinje cells (PC), deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) and an inferior olive (IO) for predicting turn and velocity control of the BBD during movement in a real-world environment. The BBD undergoes training and testing, and the simulated nervous system learns and performs control functions, based on a delayed eligibility trace learning rule.

Abstract: A brain-based device (BBD) for moving in a real-world environment has sensors that provide data about the environment, actuators to move the BBD, and a hybrid controller which includes a neural controller having a simulated nervous system being a model of selected areas of the human brain and a non-neural controller based on a computational algorithmic network. The neural controller and non-neural controller interact with one another to control movement of the BBD.

Abstract: Provided are mRNA translational enhancer elements (TEEs), e.g., SEQ ID NOs:1-35. Also provided are translational enhancer polynucleotides that comprise one or more of the specific TEEs exemplified herein or their variants, homologs or functional derivatives. Further provided are expression vectors comprising such TEEs or translational enhancer polynucleotides, as well as host cells and expression systems that harbor such vectors.

Abstract: A mobile brain-based device BBD includes a mobile base equipped with sensors and effectors (Neurally Organized Mobile Adaptive Device or NOMAD), which is guided by a simulated nervous system that is an analogue of cortical and sub-cortical areas of the brain required for visual processing, decision-making, reward, and motor responses. These simulated cortical and sub-cortical areas are reentrantly connected and each area contains neuronal units representing both the mean activity level and the relative timing of the activity of groups of neurons. The brain-based device BBD learns to discriminate among multiple objects with shared visual features, and associated “target” objects with innately preferred auditory cues. Globally distributed neuronal circuits that correspond to distinct objects in the visual field of NOMAD 10 are activated. These circuits, which are constrained by a reentrant neuroanatomy and modulated by behavior and synaptic plasticity, result in successful discrimination of objects.

Abstract: Provided are methods of identifying oligonucleotides having transcriptional or translational activity by integrating ilie oligonucleotide into a eukaryotic cell genome such that the oligonucleotide is operatively linked to an expressible polynucleotide, and detecting a change in expression of the expressible polynucleotide due to the operatively linked oligonucleotide. Also provided are vectors useful for identifying an oligonucleotide having transcriptional or translational regulatory activity according to a method of the invention. In addition, isolated synthetic transcriptional or translational regulatory elements identified according to a method of the invention are provided, as are kits, which contain a vector useful for identifying a transcriptional or translational regulatory element, or an isolated synthetic transcriptional or translational regulatory element or plurality of such elements. Also provided are isolated transcriptional regulatory elements.

Abstract: A brain-based device (BBD) having a physical mobile device NOMAD controlling and under control by a simulated nervous system. The simulated nervous system is based on an intricate anatomy and physiology of the hippocampus and its surrounding neuronal regions including the cortex. The BBD integrates spatial signals from numerous objects in time and provides flexible navigation solutions to aid in the exploration of unknown environments. As NOMAD navigates in its real world environment, the hippocampus of the simulated nervous system organizes multi-modal input information received from sensors on NOMAD over timescales and uses this organization for the development of spatial and episodic memories necessary for navigation.

Abstract: Synthetic and isolated translational regulatory elements, including oligonucleotides that have translational enhancing activity, internal ribosome entry site (IRES) activity, or translational inhibitory activity, and multimers of such translational regulatory elements are provided. In addition, compositions that include such translational regulatory elements are provided, as are methods of using the translational regulatory elements.

Abstract: A brain-based device (BBD) having a physical mobile device NOMAD controlling and under control by a simulated nervous system. The simulated nervous system is based on an intricate anatomy and physiology of the hippocampus and its surrounding neuronal regions including the cortex. The BBD integrates spatial signals from numerous objects in time and provides flexible navigation solutions to aid in the exploration of unknown environments. As NOMAD navigates in its real world environment, the hippocampus of the simulated nervous system organizes multi-modal input information received from sensors on NOMAD over timescales and uses this organization for the development of spatial and episodic memories necessary for navigation.

Abstract: Provided are methods of identifying oligonucleotides having transcriptional or translational activity by integrating ilie oligonucleotide into a eukaryotic cell genome such that the oligonucleotide is operatively linked to an expressible polynucleotide, and detecting a change in expression of the expressible polynucleotide due to the operatively linked oligonucleotide. Also provided are vectors useful for identifying an oligonucleotide having transcriptional or translational regulatory activity according to a method of the invention. In addition, isolated synthetic transcriptional or translational regulatory elements identified according to a method of the invention are provided, as are kits, which contain a vector useful for identifying a transcriptional or translational regulatory element, or an isolated synthetic transcriptional or translational regulatory element or plurality of such elements. Also provided are isolated transcriptional regulatory elements.

Abstract: Provided are methods of identifying oligonucleotides having transcriptional or translational activity by integrating the oligonucleotide into a eukaryotic cell genome such that the oligonucleotide is operatively linked to an expressible polynucleotide, and detecting a change in expression of the expressible polynucleotide due to the operatively linked oligonucleotide. Also provided are vectors useful for identifying an oligonucleotide having transcriptional or translational regulatory activity according to a method of the invention. In addition, isolated synthetic transcriptional or translational regulatory elements identified according to a method of the invention are provided, as are kits, which contain a vector useful for identifying a transcriptional or translational regulatory element, or an isolated synthetic transcriptional or translational regulatory element or plurality of such elements. Also provided are isolated transcriptional regulatory elements.

Abstract: Synthetic and isolated translational regulatory elements, including oligonucleotides that have translational enhancing activity, internal ribosome entry site (IRES) activity, or translational inhibitory activity, and multimers of such translational regulatory elements are provided. In addition, compositions that include such translational regulatory elements are provided, as are methods of using the translational regulatory elements.

Abstract: Provided are methods of identifying oligonucleotides having transcriptional or translational activity by integrating the oligonucleotide into a eukaryotic cell genome such that the oligonucleotide is operatively linked to an expressible polynucleotide, and detecting a change in expression of the expressible polynucleotide due to the operatively linked oligonucleotide. Also provided are vectors useful for identifying an oligonucleotide having transcriptional or translational regulatory activity according to a method of the invention. In addition, isolated synthetic transcriptional or translational regulatory elements identified according to a method of the invention are provided, as are kits, which contain a vector useful for identifying a transcriptional or translational regulatory element, or an isolated synthetic transcriptional or translational regulatory element or plurality of such elements. Also provided are isolated transcriptional regulatory elements.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel genetic method for mapping a network of functional gene interactions relating to Alzheimer's disease. Further provided by the invention is a screening method for identifying therapeutic agents for treating Alzheimer's disease.