Abstract: The invention generally relates to a process for modification of cationic starch at which the cationic starch is treated, in the presence of water, with an aluminium compound. The modified cationic starch is useful as a retention agent. The invention also relates to a method for improving retention and/or dewatering in papermaking at which cationic starch is modified by the process.

Abstract: Method for the purification of a synthetic oligonucleotide from failure sequences comprising contacting a sample containing the desired oligonucleotide in protected water-soluble form with a hydrophilic adsorbent exhibiting anion exchange groups under conditions permitting binding of said oligonucleotide to said adsorbent, whereafter the adsorbed oligonucleotide is deprotected and separated from failure sequences. The characteristic feature of the method is to use an anion exchange adsorbent that binds the protected oligonucleotide under conditions of high as well as low ionic strength.

Abstract: In the evaporation of process wastewater comprising a mixture of different types of wastewater, problems arise due to the formation of reaction products, so-called incrustations, which are difficult to separate. These incrustations clog up the evaporator, thus necessitating frequent stoppages for chemical and mechanical cleaning of the evaporator. The invention concerns an improved method for concentrating process wastewater by evaporation. In this method, one acid process flow and one alkaline process flow are evaporated alternately in one and the same evaporator. With this method, precipitates that are difficult to separate are dissolved in the evaporator during the respective evaporations. As a result, stoppages motivated by the need to clean the evaporator may be avoided to the utmost possible extent, while less and cheaper processing equipment is required.

Abstract: A package possessing superior tightness properties against gases, in particular oxygen gas, for the distribution of goods. The package, which, for example, may be a plastic bottle, has a coating applied on the outer walls of the package, the coating comprising a silicon oxide compound of the general chemical formula SiO.sub.x, where x may vary from 1.8 to 2.2. The silicon oxide coating is deposited on the package walls by vacuum deposition, preferably chemical plasma vapor deposition (CPVD), by means of which the coating is deposited in the form of a very thin but nevertheless extremely tight continuous coating of a thickness of less than 2000 .ANG.. After one occasion of use, the package may be cleaned using conventional washing and rinsing solutions which efficiently remove the preceding coating, whereafter the package is provided with a new coating prior to a new product filling.

Abstract: An improved method applied in combustion engines which use the ionization current in the combustion chamber in order to extract a parameter representative of the pressure in the cylinder, which parameter is used for controlling the ignition timing within an extended range for the load- and speed range. The method is based on an integration of a parameter dependent on the ionization current. In a first embodiment, the mass center position of the integral is calculated, which mass center position is used as a position corresponding to the peak pressure position. The ignition timing is adjusted in such a manner that the mass center position, and hence the peak pressure position, strives to obtain a predetermined target value. In a second embodiment, an integrated value is calculated, which take into account the mechanics of the combustion engine, in such a way that the integrated value corresponds to a value representative of the torque transmitted to the crankshaft.

Abstract: A method and system for adaptive correction of the amount of fuel supplied in two-stroke combustion engines which during a continuous operation period regulates the air-fuel mixture regulated by increments in the lean direction (.DELTA.F.sup.-) or in the rich direction (.DELTA.F.sup.+), whereby fuel amounts (F) are established which cause knocking (KNOCK) and four-stroking or misfiring (4-ST), respectively. These limit values are stored as a lean limit value M.sub.FK and a rich limit value M.sub.F4ST, respectively. For further operation of the combustion engine, a corrected fuel amount F.sub.koor, is used, which is corrected in relation to the fuel amount F.sub.tab given from an empirically determined value stored in a map, and dependent on the established lean limit value M.sub.FK and the rich limit value M.sub.F4ST, respectively. The fuel amount (F) supplied will suitably be given according to the function: F=F.sub.korr =M.sub.FK +K.multidot.(M.sub.F4ST -M.sub.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for automatically changing a bobbin in at least one shuttle of a weaving machine which carries thread from one side of material produced by the weaving machine to the other side of the material. The weaving machine includes a bobbin changer having at least one bobbin and device for joining thread together. The bobbin changer is moveable between a first weaving position at a height level above the material and on a side edge of the material and a second bobbin change position above a shuttle race level and at least partly over the material upon each change of the bobbin. At least one shuttle is positioned in a first position corresponding to the second bobbin change position of the bobbin changer and a change of the bobbin in the shuttle is effected.

Abstract: A shuttle spool and a method for its producing, the spool being for a shuttle in a weaving machine wherein the yarn (thread) is wound onto a pirn which is rotated by rotational devices during the winding. A yarn-trapping device is provided at one end of the pirn, and the pirn with the yarn-trapping device is positioned in the rotational devices. The yarn on the pirn is being wound to form the spool, and after the winding-on of the yarn has been completed, an emerging yarn part is brought into cooperation with the yarn-trapping device for fixing the emerging yarn part.

Abstract: Aqueous suspensions of colloidal particles which particles are both silica based anionic particles and swollen particles of clays of smectite type which are expandable in water and a process for the preparation thereof. The suspensions are useful as flocculating agents and particularly in combination with polymers in the production of paper.

Abstract: A method of recovering individual material components such as metal, plastic and, where applicable, paper or cardboard, from waste of laminated packaging material comprising layers of metal, plastic and possibly paper or cardboard. The layers of metal and plastic are separated from each other and from the possibly present paper or cardboard layer by treating the waste with an organic acid or a mixture of organic acids selected from among formic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, butyric acid and similar volatile organic acids, preferably acetic acid alone.

Abstract: A steering wheel (11) is fitted with a control (13) which, when operated in mutually independent control directions (41-45), controls the acceleration and deceleration of the vehicle, as well as upward and downward gear changing, and activates one of a number of cruise control functions. The control (13) may preferably be mounted immediately adjacent to the steering wheel rim (15) on the upper side of a wheel spoke (12), so that it may readily be operated by the driver's thumb without the necessity of releasing the grip on the wheel. Thus, the control incorporates all of the most essential driving control functions. The control according to the present invention encourages the driver to select, at an early stage, those accelerator and gear-change parameters which are most advantageous to economic driving or are most suited to the prevailing traffic conditions, the control actions required involving a minimum of manual movements.

Abstract: A heat sink (4) intended for mounting along the edge (3) on an electrical circuit board (1) in order to cool heat-generating components (2) on the circuit board. The heat sink (4) is designed with on the one hand a longitudinal slot (5) for mounting on the circuit board (1) and on the other hand a mounting flange (6) located in substantially the same plane as the slot (5). The design of this mounting flange (6) means that a circuit board (1) provided with a heat sink (4) can be mounted in guide tracks or equivalent in the same manner as a circuit board (1) without heat sink (4). The design of the heat sink (4) also means that the same heat sink (4) can be used for different circuit boards (1) and different components (2).

Abstract: A method for the production of paper by forming and dewatering a suspension of papermaking fibres on a wire. The formation and dewatering take place in the presence of a cationic polymeric synthetic retention agent, preferably a cationic polyacrylamide, an anionic inorganic colloid and a polyaluminum compound. The process which is carried out at a stock pH above 5 gives an improved dewatering and an improved retention of fine fibres and optional fillers.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and arrangement for cleaning the spark plugs of an internal combustion engine automatically subsequent to the engine stopping and then, preferably, after an unsuccessful attempt to start the engine. Consequently, conditions for a successful starting attempt are made more favorable. Conditions preventing the start of an engine are often due to the presence of deposits on one of the spark plugs, these deposits preventing an ignition spark from being produced in the cylinder. The inventive method and arrangement solve this problem by burning clean the spark plugs immediately after the engine has stopped, and then preferably after the engine has failed to start. A detection means establishes whether or not the engine has started by sensing a suitable engine parameter, preferably engine speed, through a speed indicator.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for achieving elevated charging of an ignition capacitor in a capacitive type ignition system for internal combustion engines. When starting a cold engine or when starting the engine under other conditions in which the battery capacity is low, activation of the engine starting motor will result in a drop in voltage in the electric system serving both the starting motor and the ignition system. The voltage drop in the electrical system will vary sinusoidally synchronously with the crankshaft rotation, owing to the fact that the starting motor will momentarily subject the electrical system to higher loads when the pistons are located adjacent their top-dead-center position L in the compression stroke. The method solves this problem, by delaying the re-charging of the capacitor until a position is reached in which the voltage drop in the electrical system has its lowest value.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an arrangement for improving the starting ability of an internal combustion engine during difficult engine starting conditions that result from cold weather or other external circumstances. Lower than normal engine starting speeds can occur during cold weather, for example. So as not to hinder an engine start, it is essential that the spark plugs be free from deposits and in their best condition. This is achieved by burning off any deposits present on spark plugs during an engine start attempt, when difficult engine starting conditions are detected. During an engine start attempt a comparison circuit ascertains whether or not one or more detected engine parameters have a lower value than in normal engine starting conditions. The comparison circuit sends a signal to the control unit controlling the ignition system, so that the control unit will initiate the generation of a plurality of sparks, instead of a single spark, at ignition time points.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and system for controlling, in a multi-cylinder four-stroke internal combustion engine, the spark ignition in at least two cylinders, the pistons of which simultaneously assume a top dead center position. The method and system achieve a more reliable start with low supply voltage. For this purpose, the charging and discharging of an ignition capacitor is controlled by a control unit in such a way that, when the pistons in a pair of cylinders pass through the same crankshaft angle range close to the top dead center position, ignition is generated in first one and then the other of the pair of cylinders. Between the times for generating the ignition, the ignition capacitor is charged as a function of supply voltage so that a full charge is utilized for generating the ignition sparks in the cylinders.

Abstract: Apparatus for sensing the relative position between a fixed first machine component and an axially displaceable and pivotably mounted second machine component includes first and second bar-shaped magnets disposed at mutually right angles and rigidly connected to the second machine component, each of the magnets having a free pole; and a plurality of transducers rigidly connected to the first machine component and facing the free poles of the magnets for sensing the magnetic field of said magnets. At each long side of each of the first and second magnets an adjacent magnet disposed in parallel with the respective first or second magnet, each of these adjacent magnets having a free pole disposed in the vicinity of the free pole of the respective first or second magnet. The free poles of the first and the second magnets have a polarity reverse to that of the free poles of the adjacent magnets, and each magnet has opposite to its free pole a second pole directed away from the transducers.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for detecting ion current in an ignition circuit included in the ignition system of an internal combustion engine, where a measuring voltage is applied to the ignition circuit and a measuring device is utilized for detecting ion current possibly present in the ignition circuit. In known solutions of this kind, it has been necessary to use comparatively expensive electronic components, usually not manufactured as standard, to protect the outside voltage source from high voltages occurring in the ignition circuit. The problems are aggravated when the prior art is applied to capacitive ignition systems.

Abstract: In a plate heat exchanger, in which the plates are provided with a turbulence generating pattern of grooves and ridges which also form supporting points for plates disposed adjacent to each other, the thermal treatment of a medium will be different in different parts of one and the same passage due to the different length of different flow paths within the passage. In order to equalize the differences of thermal treatment within one and the same passage and/or to provide mutually different treatment of the heat exchanging media, each passage is formed by plates corrugated in a pattern which is unsymmetrical with regard to the central plane of the plates, the ridges and grooves of plates disposed adjacent to each other extending in mutually different directions relative to the longitudinal axis of the plates.