Abstract: A secured device including a security hardware module and a method thereof are provided. The secured device generates first user authentication information based on a user input, generates encryption key generation information corresponding to the first user authentication information, receives second user authentication information from an electronic device, and transmits to the electronic device the encryption key generation information corresponding to the first user authentication information when the second user authentication information matches the first user authentication information. The first user authentication information and the encryption key generation information are secured by the security hardware module.

Abstract: A controller for controlling a memory device includes a read control component suitable for controlling a recovery soft read operation of the memory device on bits contained in error correction-failed data groups, when error correction on data of a target data group and error correction on one or more of data of corresponding data groups failed; an error correction code (ECC) component suitable for performing the error correction, and performing a selective data recovery operation on the target data group depending on reliabilities of the respective bits, derived as a result of the recovery soft read operation; and a read bias determiner suitable for determining a recovery soft read voltage to maximize the number of bits recovered by the selective data recovery operation, among bits contained in the target data group.

Abstract: An operating method of controller includes estimating, by a mean-bias manager, candidates of a mean bias voltage based on source read voltages corresponding to respective program states; determining, by a reliability interval manager, whether the candidates of the mean bias voltage are within confidence intervals respectively corresponding to the program states; selecting, by the reliability interval manager, the candidates of the mean bias voltage when the candidates of the mean bias voltage are within confidence intervals, respectively; deciding, by a read bias manager, target read voltages based on selected mean bias voltages or the selected candidates of the mean bias voltage; and reading, by a processor, target data according to the target read voltages.

Abstract: This patent document provides designs of nonvolatile memory systems and memory operations that enable allocating reliability values associated with the hard data values from memory cells and performing an error correction operation for the hard data based on the reliability values. One example of a memory system includes a nonvolatile memory device including a plurality of memory cells, and a controller suitable for obtaining hard data by performing a hard read operation based on a hard read voltage for the memory cells, and performing an error correction operation for the hard data based on reliability values.

Abstract: An operation method of a data storage apparatus includes performing a first read operation using an optimal read voltage on read-failed memory cells, performing ECC decoding operation on read data, performing a second read operation using an oversampling read voltage on the read-failed memory cells when the ECC decoding operation fails, determining whether potential error memory cells which are turned on through the optimal read voltage and are turned off through the oversampling read voltage are present in the read data, determining whether neighboring memory cells which share a bit line with the potential error memory cells and are coupled to neighboring word lines are in erased state when the potential error memory cells are present, and inverting bit values corresponding to the potential error memory cells in the read data from the read-failed memory cells through the first read operation when neighboring memory cells are in erased state.

Abstract: An operating method for a data storage device may include: determining a displacement value based on section memory cell numbers regarding a plurality of threshold voltage sections divided by a first read voltage and second read voltages; determining an adjustment direction based on the displacement value; adjusting at least one reliability value corresponding to at least one threshold voltage section among the threshold voltage sections, positioned in the adjustment direction from the first read voltage; and performing an error correction operation on data read from memory cells based on the first read voltage, using reliability values corresponding to the threshold voltage sections.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus and an operating method thereof are provided. The image forming apparatus uses supplied mounted therein, and includes at least one computer processor configured to determine a grade of the image forming apparatus based on an accumulated usage of the supplies, and determine a range of available grades of the supplies, based on the determined grade of the image forming apparatus, and a memory configured to store information about the grade of the image forming apparatus.

Abstract: An operating method for a data storage device may include: determining a displacement value based on section memory cell numbers regarding a plurality of threshold voltage sections divided by a first read voltage and second read voltages; determining an adjustment direction based on the displacement value; adjusting at least one reliability value corresponding to at least one threshold voltage section among the threshold voltage sections, positioned in the adjustment direction from the first read voltage; and performing an error correction operation on data read from memory cells based on the first read voltage, using reliability values corresponding to the threshold voltage sections.

Abstract: An operating method of a memory system includes: reading a first data from a particular data group among a plurality of data groups included in a memory device; performing a first error correction code (ECC) decoding for the first data; when the first ECC decoding fails, reading a plurality of the remaining data other than the first data from the particular data group; performing a second ECC decoding for the plurality of the remaining data; when the second ECC decoding fails, identifying data, to which the second ECC decoding fails, among the plurality of the remaining data; obtaining first and second soft read values respectively corresponding to the first data, to which the first ECC decoding fails, and the second data, to which the second ECC decoding fails; determining reliability of the first and second data based on the first and second soft read values; and correcting the first data based on the reliability of the first and second data.

Abstract: An image forming device is provided. The device includes a main body which includes a main controller controlling operations of the image forming device, a consumable unit mounted on the main body to enable communication with the main controller, and a CRUM chip which is provided in the consumable unit and stores usage information of the consumable unit and characteristics information The main controller and the CRUM chip transmit and receive signals which include data and integrity detection data between each other. The integrity detection data is generated by accumulating and reflecting integrity detection data included in a previous signal.

Abstract: A Customer Replaceable Unit Monitoring (CRUM) chip, an image forming apparatus, and a method of authenticating are provided. The apparatus includes a main body that includes a main controller controlling operations of the apparatus, a consumable unit mounted on the main body to communicate with the main controller, and a CRUM chip that is provided in the consumable unit and stores information regarding the consumable unit. The main controller and the CRUM chip transmit and receive signals that include data and integrity detection data between each other. The integrity detection data is generated by using previous integrity detection data.

Abstract: An operation method of a data storage apparatus includes performing a first read operation using an optimal read voltage on read-failed memory cells, performing ECC decoding operation on read data, performing a second read operation using an oversampling read voltage on the read-failed memory cells when the ECC decoding operation fails, determining whether potential error memory cells which are turned on through the optimal read voltage and are turned off through the oversampling read voltage are present in the read data, determining whether neighboring memory cells which share a bit line with the potential error memory cells and are coupled to neighboring word lines are in erased state when the potential error memory cells are present, and inverting bit values corresponding to the potential error memory cells in the read data from the read-failed memory cells through the first read operation when neighboring memory cells are in erased state.

Abstract: An operating method of a memory system includes: reading a first data from a particular data group among a plurality of data groups included in a memory device; performing a first error correction code (ECC) decoding for the first data; when the first ECC decoding fails, reading a plurality of the remaining data other than the first data from the particular data group; performing a second ECC decoding for the plurality of the remaining data; when the second ECC decoding fails, identifying data, to the second ECC decoding fails, among the plurality of the remaining data; obtaining first and second soft read values respectively corresponding to the first data, to which the first ECC decoding fails, and the second data, to which the second ECC decoding fails; determining reliability of the first and second data based on the first and second soft read values; and correcting the first data based on the reliability of the first and second data.

Abstract: An image forming device is provided. The device includes a main body which includes a main controller controlling operations of the image forming device, a consumable unit mounted on the main body to enable communication with the main controller, and a CRUM chip which is provided in the consumable unit and stores usage information of the consumable unit and characteristics information. The main controller and the CRUM chip transmit and receive signals which include data and integrity detection data between each other. The integrity detection data is generated by accumulating and reflecting integrity detection data included in a previous signal.

Abstract: A Customer Replaceable Unit Monitoring (CRUM) chip, an image forming apparatus, and a method of authenticating are provided. The apparatus includes a main body that includes a main controller controlling operations of the apparatus, a consumable unit mounted on the main body to communicate with the main controller, and a CRUM chip that is provided in the consumable unit and stores information regarding the consumable unit. The main controller and the CRUM chip transmit and receive signals that include data and integrity detection data between each other. The integrity detection data is generated by using previous integrity detection data.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus and an operating method thereof are provided. The image forming apparatus uses supplied mounted therein, and includes at least one computer processor configured to determine a grade of the image forming apparatus based on an accumulated usage of the supplies, and determine a range of available grades of the supplies, based on the determined grade of the image forming apparatus, and a memory configured to store information about the grade of the image forming apparatus.

Abstract: Provided herein is an image forming device including a main body; a consumable unit detachable from and attachable to the main body, and including a CRUM chip; a storage which stores a detection list including information on counterfeit CRUM chips and a conversion serial information list including a plurality of conversion serial information each of which is converted from serial information stored in the CRUM chip according to a plurality of different predetermined rules; and a controller to limit use of the consumable unit, when verifying the consumable unit based on at least one of the detection list and the conversion serial information list fails.

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus for refining titanium scraps and sponge titanium, which can remove oxygen from a melt by supplying a deoxidizing gas to the surface of the melt in order to refine titanium scraps and sponge titanium. The method for refining titanium scraps and sponge titanium comprises supplying hydrogen ions and electrons in plasma to a titanium melt to remove oxygen from the titanium melt surface having an oxide layer formed thereon. In addition, the apparatus comprises: a vacuum chamber; a crucible located in the vacuum chamber and configured to perform melting by the magnetic field of an induction coil in a state in which a melt and the inner wall of the crucible; a calcium gas supply means configured to supply calcium gas from the bottom of the crucible to the space between the inner wall of the crucible and the melt.

Abstract: A Customer Replaceable Unit Monitoring (CRUM) chip, an image forming apparatus, and a method of authenticating are provided. The apparatus includes a main body that includes a main controller controlling operations of the apparatus, a consumable unit mounted on the main body to communicate with the main controller, and a CRUM chip that is provided in the consumable unit and stores information regarding the consumable unit. The main controller and the CRUM chip transmit and receive signals that include data and integrity detection data between each other. The integrity detection data is generated by using previous integrity detection data.

Abstract: A Customer Replaceable Unit Monitoring (CRUM) chip, an image forming apparatus, and a method of authenticating are provided. The apparatus includes a main body that includes a main controller controlling operations of the apparatus, a consumable unit mounted on the main body to communicate with the main controller, and a CRUM chip that is provided in the consumable unit and stores information regarding the consumable unit. The main controller and the CRUM chip transmit and receive signals that include data and integrity detection data between each other. The integrity detection data is generated by using previous integrity detection data.