Abstract: A method for manufacturing an organic EL device comprising: coating a composition including an organic EL material on a plurality of electrodes to form an organic EL layer on each electrode; defining an effectively optical area in which the plurality of electrodes are formed; and defining a coating area which is broader than the effectively optical area, on which the composition including an organic EL material is to be coated. According to this method, a uniform display device without uneven luminance and uneven chrominance within a pixel or among a plurality of pixels in the effectively optical area can be obtained.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an organic EL device comprising: coating a composition including an organic EL material on a plurality of electrodes to form an organic EL layer on each electrode; defining an effectively optical area in which the plurality of electrodes are formed; and defining a coating area which is broader than the effectively optical area, on which the composition including an organic EL material is to be coated. According to this method, a uniform display device without uneven luminance and uneven chrominance within a pixel or among a plurality of pixels in the effectively optical area can be obtained.

Abstract: To provide an organic electroluminescence element which is highly efficient and has a long operation life, a metallic compound is used as an electron transport layer and a metal complex which is capable of triplet emission is used as a light-emitting element. An organic material which is mainly responsible for electron hole transport is provided so as to surround the electron transport layer and the light-emitting element.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an organic EL device in accordance with the invention includes: coating a composition including an organic EL material on a plurality of electrodes to form an organic EL layer on each electrode; defining an effectively optical area in which the plurality of electrodes are formed; and defining a coating area which is broader than the effectively optical area, on which the composition including an organic EL material is to be coated. According to this method, a uniform display device without uneven luminance and uneven chrominance within a pixel or among a plurality of pixels in the effectively optical area can be obtained.

Abstract: The invention provides thin films of low molecular compounds. A thin-film forming area on a surface of a silicon substrate is allowed to have high affinity for a thin-film forming material. For this purpose, a self-assembled film having an atomic group in common with a molecule constituting the thin-film forming material is formed in the thin-film forming area. Thereafter, a solution is discharged to the surface of the silicon substrate by an ink jet process.

Abstract: Aspects of the invention can provide an organic electro-luminescence apparatus which has accomplished the light-emitting characteristics of high efficiency and long life and in which gradation control is facilitated, and electronic equipment provided with the electro luminescence apparatus. The organic electro-luminescence apparatus can include light-emitting functional sections formed between electrodes, the light-emitting functional sections being provided with a plurality of functional layers, the plurality of functional layers being formed only through phase separation.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing an organic EL device by using an ink jet method, a discharge amount of an ink composition for a light emitting layer is made to be greater than a discharge amount of an ink composition for a hole injection/transportation layer, so that a film formation region of the light emitting layer becomes equal to, or greater than, a film formation region of the hole injection/transportation layer.

Abstract: Aspects of the invention can provide a method of fabricating an organometallic compound film capable, by stably forming a film with the organometallic compound, of increasing bonding forces of junction interfaces and of realizing a hyper thin film, the organometallic compound film, and an organoelectronic device (e.g., an organic electroluminescence device, an organic solar battery, or an organic thin film transistor) and an electronic device equipped with the organometallic compound film are provided. The method of fabricating a thin film of an organometallic compound on a substrate, can include the step of forming an organic material by a liquid phase process and the step of forming metal by a vapor phase process to form a thin film of an organometallic compound composed of the organic material and the metal.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting device having a high efficiency in its luminous performance and a long product life, a method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting device, and an electronic apparatus are provided. The organic light-emitting device includes emissive functional layers formed between an anode and a cathode. A hole transport material and a emissive material are mixed in the emissive functional layers, while the hole transport material is provided with a host function, in which the emissive material works as a guest.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing an organic EL device by using an ink jet method, a discharge amount of an ink composition for a light emitting layer is made to be greater than a discharge amount of an ink composition for a hole injection/transportation layer, so that a film formation region of the light emitting layer becomes equal to, or greater than, a film formation region of the hole injection/transportation layer.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent device includes an anode, a light-emitting layer, and a cathode, which has a structure formed by sequentially laminating, from the light-emitting layer side, a first cathode formed of a material having a work function of 3.0 eV or less, and a second cathode, formed of a material having a work function higher than that of the first cathode, so that the total thickness of the first and the second cathodes is 100 angstroms or less. These elements are stacked on a substrate, and light is emitted to an exterior of the device via at least the cathode.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent device includes an anode, a light-emitting layer, and a cathode, which has a structure formed by sequentially laminating, from the light-emitting layer side, a first cathode formed of a material having a work function of 3.0 eV or less, and a second cathode, formed of a material having a work function higher than that of the first cathode, so that the total thickness of the first and the second cathodes is 100 angstroms or less. These elements are stacked on a substrate, and light is emitted to an exterior of the device via at least the cathode.

Abstract: A thin film is formed from a solution including a component for forming the film and a solvent. By removing solvent molecules from the thin film until, effectively, none of the solvent molecules exist any longer in the atmosphere near the surface of the film while the atmosphere is at room temperature and a pressure 1 Pa or below, a thin film layer is formed from the solution including the film-forming component and the solvent. After the formation, vapor incursion from the solvent into subsequent processes is prevented.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing potassium niobate single crystal thin film on a single crystal substrate that epitaxially grows orthorhombic potassium niobate single crystal at a temperature near room temperature at a high deposition rate. A surface acoustic wave element, frequency filter, frequency oscillator, electronics circuit, and electronic device employ the thin film manufactured by the method, and are high in k2, wideband, downsized, and economical in power consumption. The method includes the steps of coating liquid drops of a potassium niobate solution on a SrTiO3 single crystal substrate by a liquid drop emission method, and precipitating potassium niobate single crystal layer by epitaxial growth from the liquid drops.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method that is capable of crystallizing a very small amount of solution arranged on a substrate at a predetermined position. By ejecting a solution prepared by dissolving a thin film forming material in a solvent using an ink jet method, droplets of the solution are arranged on the substrate. Crystalline nuclei are created in the solution by controlling a partial pressure of a gas made up of the same components as those of the solvent in the vicinity of the droplets immediately after being arranged to, e.g., a value equal to or substantially equal to the saturation vapor pressure. After creation of the crystalline nuclei, the partial pressure of the gas in the vicinity of the droplets is reduced.

Abstract: According to the manufacturing method for an organic electroluminescence device comprising luminescent layers between an anode and a cathode, electron transport layer forming materials are introduced in the liquid phase process so as to form electron transport layers. First materials composed of prescribed elements, such as halides (e.g., LiF) or oxides of alkali metals, alkali earth metals, and rare earth metals, are introduced into openings of organic bank layers so as to form electron transport layers on blue-color luminescent layers realizing blue-color emission; and second materials composed of organic metallic complex (e.g., &bgr;-diketone complex), generally expressed in a chemical formula MAn using a center atom M (e.g. Ca) and a ligand A (e.g., acetylacetone (acac)), are introduced into openings of organic bank layers so as to form electron transport layers on red-color and green-color luminescent layers realizing red-color and green-color emission.

Abstract: To provide an efficient method to form a functional porous layer, a functional material being supported on a porous material such that the content of the functional material has a desired concentration distribution in the depth direction of the porous layer, a method to manufacture a fuel cell applying the above method to form a reacting layer and an electronic device and an automobile having the fuel cell manufactured by the method as a power supply. A method to form a functional porous layer, a functional material being supported on a porous material is provided. The method includes applying a plurality of solutions or dispersions containing the functional material, the solutions or the dispersions having different surface tensions, to a porous layer to control the permeation of the functional material in the depth direction of the porous layer according to the difference in the surface tensions. A method to manufacture a fuel cell, a reaction layer being formed by applying this method is provided.

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, a composition including a solvent and a functional material is prepared. The solvent includes at least one heterocyclic compound having one or more substituents and containing an oxygen atom as a constituent atom. The functional material is selected from a group including organic EL materials, conductive materials, insulative materials and semiconductive materials. Functional films and functional elements are prepared by using the composition.

Abstract: A method of forming a thin film by an ink jet method including the step of discharging a liquid containing thin film-forming materials and a solvent from liquid discharge ports to each position on a substrate while the liquid discharge ports are being moved relatively to the substrate, characterized in that subsequent droplets are arranged while a solvent vapor evaporating from droplets arranged previously on the substrate are compulsively removed from inside the substrate surface.

Abstract: To provide a method to effectively manufacture a fuel cell having high output density and excellent cell characteristics, and an electronic apparatus and an automobile including the fuel cell as a power supply, the fuel cell including reaction layers with high reaction efficiency and current collecting layers to effectively collect electrons generated from the reaction layers. A method of manufacturing a fuel cell, which includes a first current collecting layer, a first reaction layer, an electrolyte membrane, a second reaction layer, and a second current collecting layer, and an electronic apparatus and an automobile, which include the fuel cell as a power supply, are provided, the manufacturing method including forming the first reaction layer by repeatedly applying a predetermined amount of reaction-layer-forming material on the first current collecting layer at predetermined intervals.