Abstract: A solid-state imaging device includes a plurality of pixels, wherein one or more of the plurality of pixels have a pupil dividing portion and a light receiving portion, the light receiving portion includes a plurality of photoelectric conversion regions, an element isolation region is provided between adjacent ones of the plurality of photoelectric conversion regions, and wherein a scatterer is provided within the pupil dividing portion and above the element isolation region, and the scatterer is formed from a material of a refractive index smaller than a refractive index of a material of the pupil dividing portion peripheral to the scatterer.

Abstract: A distance calculation apparatus comprises a distance calculation unit configured to calculate a distance information by comparing a local region of a first image corresponding to a first pupil region and a local region of a second image corresponding to a second pupil region; and a confidence calculation unit configured to calculate, for a plurality of times, a first value, which indicates a contrast change amount along the first axis, in a second axis direction crossing the first axis, in the local region of the image, and calculate confidence of the distance information based on a second value, which is a value representing the plurality of first values, wherein a center of gravity of the first pupil region and a center of gravity of the second pupil region are located at different positions along a first axis.

Abstract: A distance information processing apparatus includes: a distance calculator configured to calculate object distances, which are distances to an object in ae depth direction, for a plurality of pixel positions on the basis of a first image signal and a second image signal, so as to calculate a distance image signal constituted by a plurality of object distances; a first confidence calculator configured to calculate a first confidence representing certainty of an object distance value in the distance image signal; and a range calculator configured to calculate a distance range, which is a range of an object distance, on the basis of the distance image signal and the first confidence.

Abstract: The distance calculating apparatus detects an object distance to an object based on a first object image signal formed by a luminous flux passing through a first pupil region of an imaging optical system and a second object image signal formed by a luminous flux passing through a second pupil region of the imaging optical system, which are generated by using an imaging device including multiple pixels. The imaging device includes a first and a second photoelectric conversion sections. The first and the second photoelectric conversion sections generate the first and the second object image signals, respectively. The first and the second pupil regions have asymmetric pupil region shapes in an exit pupil of the imaging optical system. An object distance calculation unit detects the object distance by a DFD method based on a difference in bokeh of the first and the second object image signals.

Abstract: A ranging apparatus includes: an output ratio data calculation unit for calculating an output ratio data of first and second image data; a correction function calculation unit for calculating a correction function approximating the output ratio data by an N-order function (N being an integer equal to or greater than 1) having a pixel position as a variable; a correction unit for correcting at least one of the first and second image data on the basis of the correction function; and a ranging unit for calculating the defocus amount by using the picture image data corrected by the correction unit.

Abstract: A distance detection apparatus includes a calculation unit configured to detect an object distance to an object based on a first signal formed by a luminous flux that has passed through a first pupil area of an imaging optical system and a second signal formed by a luminous flux that has passed through a second pupil area of the imaging optical system different from the first pupil area, which are generated by using an image sensing unit including multiple pixels. The calculation unit performs a first process for calculating one of a defocus amount and the object distance by a phase difference method based on the first signal and the second signal and a second process for calculating one of the defocus amount and the object distance by a depth-from-defocus (DFD) method based on the first signal and the second signal.

Abstract: A ranging apparatus includes: an output ratio data calculation unit for calculating an output ratio data of first and second image data; a correction function calculation unit for calculating a correction function approximating the output ratio data by an N-order function (N being an integer equal to or greater than 1) having a pixel position as a variable; a correction unit for correcting at least one of the first and second image data on the basis of the correction function; and a ranging unit for calculating the defocus amount by using the picture image data corrected by the correction unit.

Abstract: An optical writing head includes a light emitting device array having a plurality of light emitting device that emit parallel rays of light, and an optical unit arranged between the light emitting device array and an image plane to form an image by the rays of light emitted from the light emitting devices on the image plane. The optical unit includes a two-dimensional grating.

Abstract: A distance detecting device includes computing unit for detecting a distance to a subject on the basis of a first signal due to a light flux that has passed through a first pupil area of an imaging optical system and a second signal due to a light flux that has passed through a second pupil area of the imaging optical system, the first signal and the second signal being generated by image pickup member formed by arranging a plurality of pixels.

Abstract: A distance detection apparatus includes a calculation unit configured to detect an object distance to an object based on a first signal formed by a luminous flux that has passed through a first pupil area of an imaging optical system and a second signal formed by a luminous flux that has passed through a second pupil area of the imaging optical system different from the first pupil area, which are generated by using an image sensing unit including multiple pixels. The calculation unit performs a first process for calculating one of a defocus amount and the object distance by a phase difference method based on the first signal and the second signal and a second process for calculating one of the defocus amount and the object distance by a DFD method based on the first signal and the second signal.

Abstract: A distance detecting apparatus includes an imaging unit that generates a first image signal and a second image signal and an arithmetic processing unit. The distance detecting apparatus detects the distance to a subject on the basis of an amount of defocus indicating the distance between an imaging plane of the imaging unit and an image forming plane of light fluxes. The arithmetic processing unit executes a first step of calculating an amount of temporary defocus on the basis of the first image signal and the second image signal, a second step of calculating a conversion factor used to convert an amount of image displacement between a first image and a second image into the amount of defocus on the basis of the amount of temporary defocus, and a third step of calculating the amount of defocus by using the conversion factor.

Abstract: A ranging apparatus includes: an output ratio data calculation unit for calculating an output ratio data of first and second image data; a correction function calculation unit for calculating a correction function approximating the output ratio data by an N-order function (N is an integer equal to or greater than 1) having a pixel position as a variable; a correction unit for correcting at least one of the first and second image data on the basis of the correction function; and a ranging unit for calculating the defocus amount by using the picture image data corrected by the correction unit.

Abstract: An optical writing head allows the formation of a light collective spot with a small diameter and the acquisition of a deep focal depth to go together. An optical writing head includes a light emitting element array in which a plurality of light emitting elements is arranged, and a lens system including a lens array configured to concentrate luminous flux radiated from the light emitting element to a predetermined image plane, in which the lens system is telecentric on the image side and satisfies the following conditional expression, where a wavelength at which luminous flux radiated from the light emitting element has a peak light intensity is ?0, axial chromatic aberration of a wavelength having a light intensity approximately 0.81 times the peak light intensity is ?sk, and the numerical aperture of the lens system on the image side is NA.

Abstract: A solid-state imaging device includes a plurality of pixels, wherein one or more of the plurality of pixels have a pupil dividing portion and a light receiving portion, the light receiving portion includes a plurality of photoelectric conversion regions, an element isolation region is provided between adjacent ones of the plurality of photoelectric conversion regions, and wherein a scatterer is provided within the pupil dividing portion and above the element isolation region, and the scatterer is formed from a material of a refractive index smaller than a refractive index of a material of the pupil dividing portion peripheral to the scatterer.

Abstract: Provided is an image display apparatus in which color breakup of a reflection image formed from reflected ambient light may be reduced to suppress the influence of an ambient environment. The image display apparatus includes multiple pixels. Each of the pixels includes a light-emitting layer and a structure layer having a refractive index distribution in an in-plane direction parallel to a screen of the image display apparatus, for extracting light generated from the light-emitting layer. The structure layer includes multiple structures formed of a first medium and a layer formed of a second medium having a refractive index different from a refractive index of the first medium. The multiple structures are non-periodically arranged in the layer. Reflected ambient light is reflected by the multiple structures formed of the first medium to have an overlap range to reduce color breakup of a reflection image formed from the reflected ambient light.

Abstract: The distance calculating apparatus detects an object distance to an object based on a first object image signal formed by a luminous flux passing through a first pupil region of an imaging optical system and a second object image signal formed by a luminous flux passing through a second pupil region of the imaging optical system, which are generated by using an imaging device including multiple pixels. The imaging device includes a first and a second photoelectric conversion sections. The first and the second photoelectric conversion sections generate the first and the second object image signals, respectively. The first and the second pupil regions have asymmetric pupil region shapes in an exit pupil of the imaging optical system. An object distance calculation unit detects the object distance by a DFD method based on a difference in bokeh of the first and the second object image signals.

Abstract: Provided is an image display apparatus in which color breakup of a reflection image formed from reflected ambient light may be reduced to suppress the influence of an ambient environment. The image display apparatus includes multiple pixels. Each of the pixels includes a light-emitting layer and a structure layer having a refractive index distribution in an in-plane direction parallel to a screen of the image display apparatus, for extracting light generated from the light-emitting layer. The structure layer includes multiple structures formed of a first medium and a layer formed of a second medium having a refractive index different from a refractive index of the first medium. The multiple structures are non-periodically arranged in the layer. Reflected ambient light is reflected by the multiple structures formed of the first medium to have an overlap range to reduce color breakup of a reflection image formed from the reflected ambient light.

Abstract: There are provided an image forming apparatus and an optical writing head having a simple configuration can be assembled at low cost, unlike the prior art, without requiring any accurate alignment of the light emitting device array and the rod lens array thereof. The optical writing head includes a light emitting device array formed by arranging a plurality of light emitting devices in a main scanning direction and an optical unit arranged between the light emitting device array and an image plane to form an image by rays of light emitted from the light emitting devices on the image plane; the light emitting devices operating as light source portion for emitting parallel rays of light, the optical unit being formed by a two-dimensional grating.

Abstract: An optical writing head allows the formation of a light collective spot with a small diameter and the acquisition of a deep focal depth to go together. An optical writing head includes a light emitting element array in which a plurality of light emitting elements is arranged, and a lens system including a lens array configured to concentrate luminous flux radiated from the light emitting element to a predetermined image plane, in which the lens system is telecentric on the image side and satisfies the following conditional expression, where a wavelength at which luminous flux radiated from the light emitting element has a peak light intensity is ?0, axial chromatic aberration of a wavelength having a light intensity approximately 0.81 times the peak light intensity is ?sk, and the numerical aperture of the lens system on the image side is NA.

Abstract: A light-emitting device includes a light-emitting layer and a fine structure layer that opposes the light-emitting layer, and light generated in the light-emitting layer passes through the fine structure layer. In the light-emitting device, the fine structure layer includes a plurality of first medium portions and a second medium that has a different refractive index from a refractive index of the first medium, and the plurality of first medium portions are each surrounded by the second medium in an in-plane direction of the fine structure layer. In the light-emitting device, each first medium portion is formed to have a rotated ellipsoidal shape, which has a major axis extending in a direction perpendicular to a surface opposite the light-emitting layer, and is defined by a path of an ellipse rotated about the major axis as a rotation axis.