Abstract: When titanium oxide is doped with nitrogen, the resulting titanium oxide photocatalyst can be driven with visible light, which is a main component of sunlight. However, in a known process, since a high-temperature heat treatment process necessary for nitrogen doping degrades the photocatalytic activity inherent in titanium oxide, it is difficult to produce a titanium oxide photocatalyst that can be driven with a high efficiency under sunlight. A titania/organic substance composite, which includes an organic ligand coordinated to flaky titania and forms a layered structure, is immersed in aqueous ammonia to substitute the organic ligand between layers with a hydroxyl group by a ligand exchange reaction, and at the same time, to introduce ammonium into between layers of the titania having the layered structure. The resulting composite of titania and ammonium is heated at a temperature of 400° C.

Abstract: A knuckle bracket (1) for a cylinder (20) comprises outer and inner brackets (2, 10). The outer bracket (2) comprises a pair of outer plates (4, 5) projecting in a lateral direction with respect to a cylinder axis. The inner bracket (10) comprises a pair of inner plates (12, 13) overlap the outer plates (4, 5) on the inner side thereof. A guide (17) of having outwardly curved shape is formed on a leading edge (X, Y) of each of the inner plates (12, 13) so as to facilitate introduction of a connecting part (90) of a knuckle bracket (N) into the inner bracket (10). By forming a notch (7) on a leading edge of each of the outer plates (4, 5) to accommodate the guide (17), the size of the knuckle bracket (1) can be suppressed.

Abstract: A method of fixing polarization-reversed regions formed in a ferroelectric single crystal with ease and an optical element containing such a ferroelectric single crystal are provided. The method of fixing the polarization-reversed regions formed in a ferroelectric single crystal is characterized by including a step of irradiating an ion beam or a neutral beam on the ferroelectric single crystal where polarization-reversed regions are formed. An optical element containing such a ferroelectric single crystal is characterized by being manufactured by a method including such a step.

Abstract: Provided are a method and an apparatus for forming a nanometer-order polarization-reversed region in a ferroelectric single crystal, and a device using the ferroelectric single crystal. The method according to the present invention for forming a polarization-reversed region in a ferroelectric single crystal includes the steps of grounding a first surface of the ferroelectric single crystal, and irradiating a second surface of the ferroelectric single crystal opposite to the first surface with an ion beam. The ion beam is irradiated such that the charge density Q (?C/cm2) accumulated on the second surface irradiated with the ion beam satisfies the following relationship: 0.7×Ps?Q?5×Ps where Ps is the spontaneous polarization (?C/cm2) of the ferroelectric single crystal.

Abstract: An optical material includes lithium tantalate, and a molar composition ratio of lithium oxide and tantalum oxide (Li2O/Ta2O5) in the lithium tantalate is in the range of 0.975 to 0.982. Since an optical material having a high refractive index is provided in an optical unit, at the same focal distance, a lens thickness can be significantly reduced. As a result, an optical electronic component and an optical electronic device including the optical material has a reduced size and thickness and is highly functional.

Abstract: A problem to be solved is to provide a method of forming domain inverted regions of short period in a ferroelectric single crystal in a controllable time period of application of voltage and an optical wavelength conversion element using the same. A solving means of it solves the problem by forming (i) a control layer having a larger defect density Dcont1 than the defect density Dferro of a ferroelectric single crystal (Dferro<Dcont1) or forming (ii) a control layer having a lower degree of order of lattice points than the degree of order of lattice points of the ferroelectric single crystal on a face perpendicular to the direction of polarization of the ferroelectric single crystal in the ferroelectric single crystal.

Abstract: A nested modulator is provided where the circuit arrangement of modifying electrodes including signal electrodes is simplified, and at the same time, the drive voltage can be lowered.

Abstract: A wavelength conversion element having multi-gratings free from damage propagation and a light generating apparatus using it, and a wavelength conversion element having multi-gratings to make a thermal distribution centrosymmetric, and being free from damage propagation, are provided. The wavelength conversion element is realized by comprising a holder and plural prismatic ferroelectric single crystals disposed in the holder, wherein plural prismatic ferroelectric single crystals have at least five planes; the aspect ratios of planes perpendicular to respective longitudinal directions of the plural prismatic ferroelectric single crystals are virtually unity; and each of the plural prismatic ferroelectric single crystals has a domain inversion structure with a predetermined period in the direction perpendicular to the polarization direction thereof, and is arranged in a way that said direction perpendicular to the polarization direction is the same as those of the other crystals.

Abstract: When titanium oxide is doped with nitrogen, the resulting titanium oxide photocatalyst can be driven with visible light, which is a main component of sunlight. However, in a known process, since a high-temperature heat treatment process necessary for nitrogen doping degrades the photocatalytic activity inherent in titanium oxide, it is difficult to produce a titanium oxide photocatalyst that can be driven with a high efficiency under sunlight. A titania/organic substance composite, which includes an organic ligand coordinated to flaky titania and forms a layered structure, is immersed in aqueous ammonia to substitute the organic ligand between layers with a hydroxyl group by a ligand exchange reaction, and at the same time, to introduce ammonium into between layers of the titania having the layered structure. The resulting composite of titania and ammonium is heated at a temperature of 400° C.

Abstract: A knuckle bracket (1) for a cylinder (20) comprises outer and inner brackets (2, 10). The outer bracket (2) comprises a pair of outer plates (4, 5) projecting in a lateral direction with respect to a cylinder axis. The inner bracket (10) comprises a pair of inner plates (12, 13) overlap the outer plates (4, 5) on the inner side thereof. A guide (17) of having outwardly curved shape is formed on a leading edge (X, Y) of each of the inner plates (12, 13) so as to facilitate introduction of a connecting part (90) of a knuckle bracket (N) into the inner bracket (10). By forming a notch (7) on a leading edge of each of the outer plates (4, 5) to accommodate the guide (17), the size of the knuckle bracket (1) can be suppressed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a highly-integrated and compact optical element and further provides an optical element having various functions such as lower driving voltage, chirping suppression and polarization-independency. The optical element has a substrate 1 formed of a material having an electrooptic effect, a plurality of optical waveguides formed on the substrate, and a modulating electrode for applying electric field into the optical waveguides, and is characterized in that the modulating electrode has at least two branching and confluence lines on the same line for applying the same modulating signal into different optical waveguides.

Abstract: A semiconductor module includes: a semiconductor element (13) having a working unit (11) and a guard ring unit (12); and heat radiation members (15, 14) arranged on an upper surface and a lower surface of the semiconductor element for cooling the semiconductor element. A passivation film (20) covers the guard ring but does not cover the working unit. The upper heat radiation member (15) is made of a flat metal plate connected to the working unit without contact with the passivation film. The upper heat radiation member is connected to the lower heat radiation member (14) in the thermo-conducting way.

Abstract: A wavelength conversion element having multi-gratings free from damage propagation and a light generating apparatus using it, and a wavelength conversion element having multi-gratings to make a thermal distribution centrosymmetric, and being free from damage propagation, are provided. The wavelength conversion element is realized by comprising a holder and plural prismatic ferroelectric single crystals disposed in the holder, wherein plural prismatic ferroelectric single crystals have at least five planes; the aspect ratios of planes perpendicular to respective longitudinal directions of the plural prismatic ferroelectric single crystals are virtually unity; and each of the plural prismatic ferroelectric single crystals has a domain inversion structure with a predetermined period in the direction perpendicular to the polarization direction thereof, and is arranged in a way that said direction perpendicular to the polarization direction is the same as those of the other crystals.

Abstract: A problem to be solved is to provide a method of forming domain inverted regions of short period in a ferroelectric single crystal in a controllable time period of application of voltage and an optical wavelength conversion element using the same. A solving means of it solves the problem by forming (i) a control layer having a larger defect density Dcont1 than the defect density Dferro of a ferroelectric single crystal (Dferro<Dcont1) or forming (ii) a control layer having a lower degree of order of lattice points than the degree of order of lattice points of the ferroelectric single crystal on a face perpendicular to the direction of polarization of the ferroelectric single crystal in the ferroelectric single crystal.

Abstract: The present invention provides a highly-integrated and compact optical element and further provides an optical element having various functions such as lower driving voltage, chirping suppression and polarization-independency. The optical element comprising a substrate 1 consisting of a material having an electrooptic effect, top optical waveguides 2-1 an 2-2 formed on the top face of said substrate, bottom optical waveguides formed on the bottom face of said substrate, a top modulating electrode for controlling the phase of a light wave being propagated through said top optical waveguide, and a bottom modulating electrode for controlling the phase of a light wave being propagated through said bottom optical waveguide, is characterized in that at least one side edge of said substrate comprises output and input of said optical waveguides formed on said top and bottom faces, and a turnback element is located adjacent to said one side edge to guide the light wave from said output to said input.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an optical device having high quality, excellent productivity and optical characteristics, and capable of suppressing a refractive index of a substrate surface from increasing when a dopant is thermally diffused into, or a heat treatment is performed in order to compensate of process distortion in stoichiometric lithium niobate crystal or a crystal substrate in which Mg is doped into the crystal, and a method of manufacturing the same. According to the present invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing an optical device including the steps of: forming a dopant layer on a substantial stoichiometric lithium niobate single crystal substrate; and diffusing a dopant in the dopant layer into at least a portion of the substantial stoichiometric lithium niobate single crystal substrate, wherein, in the diffusing step, a heat treatment is performed at a diffusion temperature of 1000° C. to 1200° C.

Abstract: The present invention provides a highly-integrated and compact optical element and further provides an optical element having various functions such as lower driving voltage, chirping suppression and polarization-independency. The optical element has a substrate 1 formed of a material having an electrooptic effect, a plurality of optical waveguides formed on the substrate, and a modulating electrode for applying electric field into the optical waveguides, and is characterized in that the modulating electrode has at least two branching and confluence lines on the same line for applying the same modulating signal into different optical waveguides.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for forming a ferroelectric spontaneous polarization reversal capable of forming a ferroelectric spontaneous polarization reversal condition homogeneously within the ferroelectric spontaneous polarization reversal region even across a large region of 50 ?m and over in width of a ferroelectric spontaneous polarization reversal. Also, it provides a method for forming a ferroelectric spontaneous polarization reversal where a ferroelectric substrate has convexo-concave structure, such as ridge structure and the like, on its surface and the polarity of the region including one portion of said convex part is reversed with accuracy.

Abstract: A monoazo lake pigment composition containing a monoazo lake pigment obtained from a laked pigment aqueous slurry prepared by conducting coupling of a diazo component obtained by diazotizing an aromatic amine having a soluble group and a coupler component and conducting laking after or simultaneously with the coupling, wherein the laking is carried out in the presence of a water-soluble acrylic polymer in an amount of 0.1 to 40 parts by weight per 100 parts of the above coupler component, and a gravure ink containing the above pigment composition and a gravure ink vehicle.

Abstract: The present invention provides a highly-integrated and compact optical element and further provides an optical element having various functions such as lower driving voltage, chirping suppression and polarization-independency. The optical element comprising a substrate 1 consisting of a material having an electrooptic effect, top optical waveguides 2-1 an 2-2 formed on the top face of said substrate, bottom optical waveguides formed on the bottom face of said substrate, a top modulating electrode for controlling the phase of a light wave being propagated through said top optical waveguide, and a bottom modulating electrode for controlling the phase of a light wave being propagated through said bottom optical waveguide, is characterized in that at least one side edge of said substrate comprises output and input of said optical waveguides formed on said top and bottom faces, and a turnback element is located adjacent to said one side edge to guide the light wave from said output to said input.