Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of preparing a vinyl chloride polymer having good thermal stability by restraining a dehydrochlorination reaction due to heat or ultraviolet rays, and a vinyl chloride polymer prepared thereby. According to the preparation method, the adding point of a modifier is controlled, and a vinyl chloride polymer markedly restraining the generation of dehydrochloric acid due to heat or ultraviolet rays may be prepared. Therefore, the preparation method of the vinyl chloride polymer via the emulsion polymerization and the vinyl chloride polymer prepared thereby in the present invention may be readily applied to industries requiring the vinyl chloride polymer such as industries concerning a vinyl chloride resin and a molded article.

Abstract: Disclosed are a PVC foam processing aid, a method for preparing the same, and a polyvinyl chloride resin composition comprising the same. More specifically, provided are a PVC foam processing aid and a polyvinyl chloride resin composition exhibiting superior aggregation property and improving foam moldability of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins, prepared therefrom.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory module including a plurality of memory chips and a module controller on a printed circuit board (PCB) may be provided. Each of the plurality of memory chips may include a plurality of nonvolatile memory cell array layers stacked on a substrate in a three dimensional structure. The module controller may control operations of the plurality of memory chips. The module controller may operate each of the plurality of nonvolatile memory cell array layers included in each of the plurality of memory chips in one of a memory mode, in which a corresponding nonvolatile memory cell array layer is used as a working memory area that temporarily stores data for an operation of the nonvolatile memory module, and a storage mode, in which the corresponding nonvolatile memory cell array layer is used as a storage area that preserves data.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory module including a plurality of memory chips, a spare chip, and a module controller may be provided. The plurality of memory chips may he disposed on a printed circuit board (PCB), and each of the plurality of memory chips may include a plurality of nonvolatile memory cells. The spare chip may be disposed on the PCB and includes a plurality of nonvolatile memory cells. The spare chip may perform different functions according to operation modes of the plurality of memory chips. The module controller may disposed on the PCB, and control operations of the plurality of memory chips and the spare chip.

Abstract: Provided is a driving method of a nonvolatile memory device for performing a write operation using a plurality of consecutive write loops. The driving method includes writing data to a plurality of nonvolatile memory cells during a first write loop, and after the first write loop, writing the data to the plurality of nonvolatile memory cells during a second write loop. A first maximum parallel bit size of the first write loop is n bits. A second maximum parallel bit size of the second write loop is m bits. m is greater than n.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the present invention, there are provided a method, system and non-transitory computer-readable recording medium for providing information on expense management. According to the invention, a user may accurately track an expense expected to be incurred in an event included in a schedule planned by the user, and may plan the schedule in conformity with a budget or policy of the user based on the expected expense.

Abstract: Disclosed are a hollow fiber membrane module, a filtration apparatus based on the same, and a method for manufacturing the filtration apparatus. The hollow fiber membrane module includes two headers respectively provided with a permeate collecting unit therein, wherein each of the headers has grooves on its two sides, the grooves being extended in a length direction of the hollow fiber membrane. Since one slide rod can simultaneously be inserted into grooves of two adjacent hollow fiber membrane modules, the hollow fiber membrane modules can mutually serve as guides for insertion/ejection thereof. Also, since the grooves formed on the header can serve as insertion holes into which a clamp is inserted, the clamp can be used for coupling between the hollow fiber membrane module and another element and reinforcement of the coupling.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a preparation method of a tungsten carbide sintered body for a friction stir welding tool used in a friction stir welding tool of a high melting point material such as steel, titanium and the like or a dissimilar material such as aluminum, magnesium-steel, titanium and the like. The preparation method comprises the following steps: filling a tungsten carbide (WC) powder in a mold made of a graphite material; mounting the mold filled with tungsten carbide powder in a chamber of a discharge plasma sintering apparatus; making a vacuum inside of the chamber; molding the tungsten carbide powder while maintaining a constant pressure inside the mold and increasing the temperature according to a set heat increase pattern until the temperature reaches a final target temperature; and cooling the inside of the chamber while maintaining the pressure pressurized in the mold after the molding step.

Abstract: Provided are nonvolatile memory devices and a driving method of the nonvolatile memory devices. The nonvolatile memory devices may include a plurality of memory banks, a read global bit line shared by the plurality of memory banks, a write global bit line shared by the plurality of memory banks, a read circuit connected with the read global bit line and performing a read operation, and a discharge control circuit connected with the write global bit line and primarily discharging the write global bit line during an initialization interval after a power-up operation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of preparing a vinyl chloride polymer having good thermal stability by restraining a dehydrochlorination reaction due to heat or ultraviolet rays, and a vinyl chloride polymer prepared thereby. According to the preparation method, the adding point of a modifier is controlled, and a vinyl chloride polymer markedly restraining the generation of dehydrochloric acid due to heat or ultraviolet rays may be prepared. Therefore, the preparation method of the vinyl chloride polymer via the emulsion polymerization and the vinyl chloride polymer prepared thereby in the present invention may be readily applied to industries requiring the vinyl chloride polymer such as industries concerning a vinyl chloride resin and a molded article.

Abstract: Disclosed are a PVC foam processing aid, a method for preparing the same, and a polyvinyl chloride resin composition comprising the same. More specifically, provided are a PVC foam processing aid and a polyvinyl chloride resin composition exhibiting superior aggregation property and improving foam moldability of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins, prepared therefrom.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a vinyl chloride polymer having good thermal stability due to the restraint of dehydrochlorination by heat or ultraviolet rays, and a method of preparing the same. The generation of the dehydrochlorination of the vinyl chloride polymer due to heat or ultraviolet rays may be markedly restrained, the thermal stability thereof may be improved, and the discoloration thereof or the modification of the physical properties thereof may be prevented. In addition, a modifier may be introduced to a polymerization process at the end of the polymerization, and high thermal stability may be attained without generating the transformation of the vinyl chloride polymer.

Abstract: A data driver is disclosed. The data driver includes a first latch unit including a plurality of first latches configured to store data, a selector configured to select and/or output data in two or more first latches, a level shifter unit configured to convert a voltage level of the data in the two or more selected first latches and output the voltage level-converted data, and a second latch unit including a plurality of second latches configured to store the voltage level-converted data.

Abstract: A method of operating a nonvolatile memory device comprises applying a read current with a first level to a nonvolatile memory cell comprising a variable resistance material, determining read data based on the applied read current, checking a syndrome corresponding to the read data to determine whether the read data is pass or fail, changing the read current from the first level to a second level, which is different from the first level, according to the determination of whether the read data is pass or fail, and performing a read-retry operation comprising applying the read current of the second level to the nonvolatile memory cell.

Abstract: A steel cord for tire reinforcement according to the present invention is elongated in one direction and comprises a plurality of strands twisted periodically on one another, and the steel cord for tire reinforcement is characterized in that the steel cord is formed to have a first waveform having a first waveform surface and a second waveform having a second waveform surface, the first and second waveforms are formed to overlap each other, and a predetermined inclined angle is defined between the normal of the first waveform surface of the first waveform and the normal of the second waveform surface of the second waveform.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory device utilizes a variable resistive element. The nonvolatile memory device includes a plurality of banks and first to third write global bit lines arranged to cross the plurality of banks. Each of the plurality of banks includes a plurality of nonvolatile memory cells using resistive material. The first, the second and the third write global bit lines are disposed directly adjacent to one another in order. When a write current is supplied to the first write global bit line during a write period, a fixed voltage is applied to the second write global bit line while the third global bit line floats.

Abstract: A steel cord for a tire reinforcement having a non-circular cross-section includes: a lower strand; and an upper strand that surrounds an outer circumferential surface of the lower strand so as to have an m+n structure, wherein the lower strand includes a plurality of core wires, each of the plurality of core wires have a flat surface on a portion in which the plurality of the core wires come into contact with each other, and the plurality of core wires come into surface contact with each other through the flat surface.

Abstract: Provided are nonvolatile memory devices and a driving method of the nonvolatile memory devices. The nonvolatile memory devices may include a plurality of memory banks, a read global bit line shared by the plurality of memory banks, a write global bit line shared by the plurality of memory banks, a read circuit connected with the read global bit line and performing a read operation, and a discharge control circuit connected with the write global bit line and primarily discharging the write global bit line during an initialization interval after a power-up operation.

Abstract: A filtering method using a filtering system is disclosed, which is capable of accomplishing a first water bath into which a first membrane cassette and a first membrane cassette for concentrate are submerged, a second water bath into which a second membrane cassette and a second membrane cassette for concentrate are submerged, a first pump for supplying a first negative pressure to the first membrane cassette, a second pump for supplying a second negative pressure to the second membrane cassette, and a common pump for supplying a third negative pressure to the first and second membrane cassettes for concentrate, stopping an operation of the first pump; interrupting the third negative pressure supplied from the common pump to the first membrane cassette for concentrate; and cleaning the first membrane cassette and the first membrane cassette for concentrate.

Abstract: Methods of operating nonvolatile memory devices include counting a number of consecutive read operations performed on a first memory region within the nonvolatile memory device, and executing a page reclaim operation on the first memory region in response to detecting that a count in the number of consecutive read operations meets or exceeds a threshold count. A page reclaim operation may include checking an error bit level within a page of data stored in a multi-level cell block within the memory device. The page reclaim operation may further include moving page data from the multi-level cell block to a single-level cell block in the memory device and error correcting the page data during the moving.