Abstract: An integrated coal pretreatment, liquefaction and gasification process is provided in which particulate coal is contacted with a vapor phase hydrogen donor solvent to swell the coal particles. The swollen coal particles are subjected to coal liquefaction conditions at relatively low temperatures. The solid residue of the coal liquefaction stage is subjected to pyrolysis conditions at relatively high temperatures to produce an additional amount of hydrocarbonaceous oil. The solid residue of the pyrolysis stage is gasified by treatment with steam and a molecular oxygen-containing gas to produce a hydrogen-containing gas.

Abstract: Particulate coal is contacted with a vapor phase hydrogen donor solvent to swell the coal particles and, thereafter, the swollen coal particles are subjected to coal liquefaction conditions in the presence of a liquid phase solvent.

Abstract: Isobutylene-based elastomers containing 3-15 mol percent enchained cyclic diolefin such as cyclopentadiene, and other comonomers such as isoprene, piperylene and butadiene to allow for chemical modification with anhydride, carboxy, hydroxy, etc. to produce a one package through cure system.

Abstract: Isobutylene-based elastomers containing 3-15 mol percent enchained cyclic diolefin such as cyclopentadiene, and other comonomers such as isoprene, piperylene and butadiene to allow for chemical modification with anhydride, carboxy, hydroxy, etc. to produce a one package through cure system.

Abstract: A process for the treatment of a calcium-containing subbituminous coal and coals of lower rank to form insoluble, thermally stable calcium salts which remain within the solids portions of the residue on liquefaction of the coal, thereby suppressing the formation scale, made up largely of calcium carbonate deposits, e.g., vaterite, which normally forms within the coal liquefaction reactor (i.e., coal liquefaction zone), e.g., on reactor surfaces, lines, auxiliary equipment and the like. A solution of a compound or salt characterized by the formula MX, where M is a Group IA metal of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and X is an anion which is capable of forming water-insoluble, thermally stable calcium compounds, is maintained in contact with a particulate coal feed sufficient to impregnate said salt or compound into the pores of the coal.

Abstract: In a coal gasification operation or similar conversion process carried out in the presence of an alkali metal-containing catalyst wherein solid particles containing alkali metal residues are produced in the gasifier or similar reaction zone, alkali metal constitutents are recovered from the particles by withdrawing and passing the particles from the reaction zone to an alkali metal recovery zone in the substantial absence of molecular oxygen and treating the particles in the recovery zone with water or an aqueous solution in the substantial absence of molecular oxygen. The solution formed by treating the particles in the recovery zone will contain water-soluble alkali metal constituents and is recycled to the conversion process where the alkali metal constituents serve as at least a portion of the alkali metal constituents which comprise the alkali metal-containing catalyst.

Abstract: Char fines produced by the gasification of coal or other carbonaceous solids are coked in the presence of heavy hydrocarbon oils, preferably 1000.degree. F.+ bottoms products from a coal liquefaction process, to produce gaseous products, liquids, and larger coke particles. The coke particles thus produced may be fed to the gasifier for the production of additional gaseous products which can be used as fuel, employed as a source of hydrogen for coal liquefaction operations, or utilized for the production of hydrocarbon liquids.

Abstract: The substantially complete removal from waste water of phenols and other organic compounds that dissociate in solution to produce organic anions and hydrogen ions is obtained by contacting the waste water with char derived from a carbonaceous material whose ash contains a total of at least 15 weight percent calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium expressed as oxides on a moisture-free basis while maintaining the pH of the resultant slurry at a value such that the ratio of the highest dissociation constant of the organic compounds present to the hydrogen ion concentration of the slurry is less than about 0.1. By adjusting the pH to such a level, the phenols and other organic compounds are maintained in their nonionized, more adsorbable form which insures the substantially complete adsorption of these substances by the char.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel liquid membrane formulations which are water-in-oil emulsions wherein the oil phase comprises a sulfonated polymer having a backbone which is substantially nonaromatic, for example, less than 10 mole % aromatic, and uses thereof in high temperature liquid membrane processes. The emulsions are useful in liquid membrane water treating processes, especially in water treating processes which are desirably run at high temperatures. In the most preferred embodiment, these compositions are used in a liquid membrane sour water treating process wherein a waste water stream containing ammonium sulfide is contacted with a liquid membrane emulsion, i.e. the emulsions of the instant invention, at conditions whereby ammonia permeates through the external phase of the emulsion into an acidic internal phase wherein it is converted to a nonpermeable form, e.g. ammonium ion, while H.sub.2 S is continuously stripped out of the waste water solution by means of an inert gas, e.g. steam.

Abstract: A method for the preparation of and pretreatment of coal, which coal will not cake when subjected to standard coal conversion processes, which method comprises the steps of electrophilically aromatically substituting the coal yielding alkylated or acylated products thereby.

Abstract: A homogeneous polymerization process for preparing high unsaturation, high number average molecular weight polymers of isoolefins and conjugated multiolefins, particularly cyclic conjugated multiolefins, by use of a blend of at least one solvent selected from the C.sub.4 -C.sub.8 acyclic paraffins such as hexane with at least one solvent selected from the C.sub.5 -C.sub.8 cycloparaffins such as cyclohexane.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to novel liquid membrane formulations, i.e., emulsions, which comprise an aqueous interior phase and a water-immiscible exterior phase; said water-immiscible exterior phase comprising an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and a solvent for this polymer. These compositions may additionally contain a water insoluble surfactant to stabilize the emulsions. In the most preferred embodiment, the aqueous interior phase comprises a strong acid, for example from about 1 to 10 percent by weight sulfuric acid. These emulsions are useful in liquid membrane processes for the separation of dissolved components from aqueous solution. Emulsions of the instant invention are characterized as showing very low swelling when contacted with aqueous solutions, especially at higher temperatures and thus are especially effective for use in the treatment of sour water feed streams by the liquid membrane technique.

Abstract: Toxic trace element pollutants present in the raw product gas and raw flue gas streams produced during the gasification of coal or similar carbonaceous solids containing sulfur and such trace elements are recovered by separately scrubbing the product gas and flue gas with water, combining the resulting aqueous effluents, and removing the pollutants from the combined aqueous stream as insoluble metal sulfides.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel liquid membrane formulations which are water-in-oil emulsions wherein the oil phase comprises a sulfonated polymer having a backbone which is substantially nonaromatic, for example, less than 10 mole % aromatic, and uses thereof in high temperature liquid membrane processes. The emulsions are useful in liquid membrane water treating processes, especially in water treating processes which are desirably run at high temperatures. In the most preferred embodiment, these compositions are used in a liquid membrane sour water treating process wherein a waste water stream containing ammonium sulfide is contacted with a liquid membrane emulsion, i.e., the emulsions of the instant invention, at conditions whereby ammonia permeates through the external phase of the emulsion into an acidic internal phase wherein it is converted to a nonpermeable form, e.g., ammonium ion, while H.sub.2 S is continuously stripped out of the waste water solution by means of an inert gas, e.g., steam.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to novel liquid membrane formulations, i.e., emulsions, which comprise an aqueous interior phase and a water-immiscible exterior phase; said water-immiscible exterior phase comprising an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and a solvent for this polymer. These compositions may additionally contain a water insoluble surfactant to stabilize the emulsions. In the most preferred embodiment, the aqueous interior phase comprises a strong acid, for example from about 1 to 10 percent by weight sulfuric acid. These emulsions are useful in liquid membrane processes for the separation of dissolved components from aqueous solution. Emulsions of the instant invention are characterized as showing very low swelling when contacted with aqueous solutions, especially at higher temperatures and thus are especially effective for use in the treatment of sour water feed streams by the liquid membrane technique.