Abstract: A retardation element includes an alignment film and a retardation layer in contact with a surface of the alignment film, and the retardation layer is formed by applying a paint containing a liquid crystal monomer and a non-liquid crystal monomer on the surface of the alignment film and then polymerizing the paint while the liquid crystal monomer is placed in an alignment state.

Abstract: An optical element includes a first surface, a second surface positioned to face the first surface, and a plurality of reflecting surfaces arrayed in a first region defined by the first surface and the second surface, wherein the reflecting surfaces have a first length in a first direction vertical to the first surface and are arrayed at a pitch in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, light incident on one of the first surface and the second surface is reflected by the reflecting surfaces toward the other surface, and predetermined parameters satisfy predetermined relational formulae representing conditions for ensuring total reflection at the reflecting surfaces and for avoiding total reflection at a light emergent surface.

Abstract: An optical element includes a first surface, a second surface positioned to face the first surface, and a plurality of reflecting surfaces arrayed in a first region defined by the first surface and the second surface, wherein the reflecting surfaces have a first length in a first direction vertical to the first surface and are arrayed at a pitch in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, light incident on one of the first surface and the second surface is reflected by the reflecting surfaces toward the other surface, and predetermined parameters satisfy predetermined relational formulae representing conditions for ensuring total reflection at the reflecting surfaces and for avoiding total reflection at a light emergent surface.

Abstract: An optical element has a first optical layer; a reflective layer; and a second optical layer. The reflective layer includes at least five layers of high refractive-index layers and metal layers alternately laminated. When a thickness L of the entire reflective layer is 80 nm, a ratio ? of an optical thickness of the entire metal layers to that of the entire high refractive-index layers and a ratio ? of an optical thickness of a third high refractive-index layer to that of a first high refractive-index layer are included in a first region, when the thickness L is 90 nm, the ratios ? and ? are included in a second region, and when the thickness L is 80 to 90 nm, the ratios ? and ? are included in a space enclosed by the first region, the second region, and straight lines derived from these regions.

Abstract: To provide an optical device which is capable of improving a light-introduction efficiency, and which may be made thinner. The optical device according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a structural layer including a plurality of reflection surfaces, which reflect light entering the light-incident surface toward the light-output surface. The above-mentioned reflection surface has a first length (h) in the X-axis direction. The reflection surfaces are arrayed in the Z-axis direction orthogonal to the X-axis direction at pitches (p). The reflection surfaces satisfy a relation of h=(2n?1)·p/tan ?, where ? is indicative of an incident angle of light with respect to the X-axis direction, the light being light travelling on an XZ plane out of light entering the reflection surface, and n is indicative of the number of reflection of incident light by the reflection surface, the angle ? being any angle satisfying the range of 6.5°???87.5°.

Abstract: An organic EL light-emitting material and an organic EL light-emitting element using the same are provided. Between an anode and a cathode, there are provided a hole transport layer, a light-emitting layer constituted of an organic EL light-emitting material including at least one kind of metal pyrazole complex constituted of a metal ion that is a monovalent cation of a d10 group element and a pyrazole ligand that has a predetermined substituent at the whole or a part of 3, 4 and 5 sites, and an electron transport layer, in this order from the anode side.

Abstract: Provided is an optical body which is capable of blocking sunlight including visible light as well as suppressing glare and reflection. An optical body includes a transflective layer formed on a concave-convex surface and a second optical layer formed to enclose concave portions and convex portions on the concave-convex surface on which the transflective layer is formed. The transflective layer directionally reflects a portion of light, incident on an incidence surface at an incidence angle (?, ?), in a direction other than a direction of regular reflection (??, ?+180°).

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion device enabling an improvement in photoelectric conversion efficiency and a method of manufacturing the photoelectric conversion device are provided. A solar cell includes a transparent substrate having, on a surface, a three-dimensional structure where a plurality of convex portions are regularly arranged, and a light receiving element being provided on the surface of the transparent substrate, and including a transparent electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a reflective electrode in this order of closeness to the transparent substrate. At least the transparent electrode of the light receiving element has a three-dimensional structure in accordance with the three-dimensional structure on a surface on a side opposite to the transparent substrate. The photoelectric conversion layer effectively absorbs incident light, and allows an electric field to be concentrated, causing an increase in current density.

Abstract: A retardation element includes an alignment film and a retardation layer in contact with a surface of the alignment film, and the retardation layer is formed by applying a paint containing a liquid crystal monomer and a non-liquid crystal monomer on the surface of the alignment film and then polymerizing the paint while the liquid crystal monomer is placed in an alignment state.

Abstract: An optical body includes a first optical layer having a concave-convex surface, a wavelength selective reflecting layer formed on the concave-convex surface, and a second optical layer formed on the wavelength selective reflecting layer and embedding the concave-convex surface. The wavelength selective reflecting layer selectively directionally reflects light in a particular wavelength band while transmitting light other than the particular wavelength band therethrough. The concave-convex surface is made up of a plurality of triangular pillars arrayed in a one-dimensional pattern, and the triangular pillar has an apex angle ? and a slope angle ?, the apex angle ? and the slope angle ?satisfying a predetermined relationship.

Abstract: An optical element includes: a first optical layer having a concavo-convex surface; a wavelength-selective reflective layer provided on the concavo-convex surface of the first optical layer; a second optical layer provided on the concavo-convex surface on which the wavelength-selective reflective layer is provided so as to fill the concavo-convex surface, and in the optical element described above, the wavelength-selective reflective layer includes a metal layer, a protective layer provided on the metal layer and containing a metal oxide as a primary component, and a high refractive index layer provided on the protective layer and containing a metal oxide other than zinc oxide as a primary component, and the wavelength-selective reflective layer selectively directionally reflects light in a specific wavelength band while transmitting light other than that in the specific wavelength band.

Abstract: An optical body includes a first optical layer having a concave-convex surface, a wavelength-selective reflecting layer formed on the concave-convex surface, and a second optical layer formed on the wavelength-selective reflecting layer to embed the concave-convex surface, the wavelength-selective reflecting layer having a multilayer structure formed by successively stacking at least a first high refractive index layer, a metal layer, and a second high refractive index layer, wherein, given that optical film thicknesses of the first high refractive index layer and the second high refractive index layer are x and y, respectively, and a geometrical film thickness of the metal layer is z, x, y and z satisfy the following formula (1): z ? 12.1 ? exp ? { - 1 2 ? ( x - 120 145.17 ) 2 - 1 2 ? ( y - 120 123.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion element includes a substrate that has a first unevenness structure including a plurality of first convex portions on one principal surface and a second unevenness structure formed on a surface of the first unevenness structure and including a plurality of second convex portions. A light-receiving element is formed on the one principal surface of the substrate and includes a first electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode in this order from the side of the substrate. At least the first electrode of the light-receiving element has a third unevenness structure replicated from one or both of the first and second unevenness structures on a surface opposite to the substrate.

Abstract: An optical body including an optical layer having a belt-like or rectangular shape and having an incident surface on which light is incident, and a reflective layer formed in the optical layer and having a corner cube shape, wherein the reflective layer directionally reflects the light incident on the incident surface at an incident angle (?, ?), and a direction of a ridge of the corner cube shape is substantially parallel to a lengthwise direction of the belt-shaped or rectangular optical layer. ? is an angle formed by a perpendicular line with respect to the incident surface and the incident light incident on the incident surface or reflected light emerging from the incident surface, and ? is an angle formed by the ridge of the corner cube shape and a component resulting from projecting the incident light or the reflected light to the incident surface).

Abstract: An optical element includes a first surface, a second surface positioned to face the first surface, and a plurality of reflecting surfaces arrayed in a first region defined by the first surface and the second surface, wherein the reflecting surfaces have a first length in a first direction vertical to the first surface and are arrayed at a pitch in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, light incident on one of the first surface and the second surface is reflected by the reflecting surfaces toward the other surface, and predetermined parameters satisfy predetermined relational formulae representing conditions for ensuring total reflection at the reflecting surfaces and for avoiding total reflection at a light emergent surface.

Abstract: An optical body includes a first optical layer having a random concave-convex surface, a reflecting layer formed on the concave-convex surface, and a second optical layer formed on the reflecting layer to embed the concave-convex surface, wherein the reflecting layer is a wavelength-selective reflecting layer for diffusely reflecting, of incident light, light in a specific wavelength band and transmitting light other than the specific wavelength band therethrough.

Abstract: An optical body includes a substrate having a concave-convex surface, a reflecting layer formed on the concave-convex surface, and an optical layer formed on the reflecting layer to embed the concave-convex surface, wherein the reflecting layer directionally reflects light, the concave-convex surface is made up of a plurality of triangular pillars arrayed in a one-dimensional pattern, and the triangular pillar has an apex angle a and a slope angle ?, the apex angle ? and the slope angle ? satisfying a formula (1) or (2) given below: 30???4.5??285 (70???80)??(1) 30????1.

Abstract: An optical body includes a first optical layer, a second optical layer having an incident surface on which light is incident, and a reflecting layer sandwiched between the first and second optical layers, wherein the first optical layer includes a plurality of convex or concave structures formed on or in a surface thereof on which the reflecting layer is disposed, ridges of the convex structures or ridges between the concave structures adjacent to each other have tip portions projecting toward the incident surface side, the tip portions are deformed from an ideal shape, the second optical layer is transparent and has a refractive index of 1.1 or more and 1.9 or less, and the optical body selectively directionally reflects part of light entering the incident surface, which part is in a specific wavelength band, in direction other than the specular reflection direction.

Abstract: An optical element has a first optical layer; a reflective layer; and a second optical layer. The reflective layer includes at least five layers of high refractive-index layers and metal layers alternately laminated. When a thickness L of the entire reflective layer is 80 nm, a ratio ? of an optical thickness of the entire metal layers to that of the entire high refractive-index layers and a ratio ? of an optical thickness of a third high refractive-index layer to that of a first high refractive-index layer are included in a first region, when the thickness L is 90 nm, the ratios ? and ? are included in a second region, and when the thickness L is 80 to 90 nm, the ratios ? and ? are included in a space enclosed by the first region, the second region, and straight lines derived from these regions.

Abstract: A cleaning apparatus for immersion light exposure includes a cleaning apparatus main body including a mechanism configured to perform a cleaning process on the substrate, and a control section configured to control respective components of the cleaning apparatus main body. The control section is arranged to fabricate a new process recipe in response to input of a surface state of a film formed on a substrate, such that the new process recipe contains hardware conditions and/or process conditions corresponding to the surface state, with reference to relationships stored therein between parameter values representing a surface state of a film formed on a substrate and hardware conditions and/or process conditions for performing suitable cleaning for the parameter values; and to control the cleaning apparatus main body to perform a cleaning process in accordance with the new process recipe.