Abstract: Encoding efficiency is enhanced by actively combining a plurality of encoding methods. A picture element memory receives and stores picture elements within a predetermined range. A mode determinator selects an encoding mode based upon a reference picture element. A first encoding section and a second encoding section predicts the value of the encoded picture element, determines whether the prediction is correct, and then encodes the value of the encoding picture element based on the determination result and outputs a codeword for the encoding picture element. An encoding controller selectively operates the first encoding section and the second encoding section based upon one of the specific encoding modes and the other encoding mode other than the specific encoding mode selected by the mode determinator.

Abstract: A new aqueous lubricant of one process type used for high efficient cold forging of metallic materials is disclosed. The aqueous lubricant produces less industrial waste than conventional process, requires simple processing steps and provides improved lubricative performance.

Abstract: An effective and simple controlling process for an aqueous lubricant of one process type used for cold forging of metallic material are explained.

Abstract: A waterborne lubricant, useful in the plastic working of metals, which imparts a lubricating behavior to the surface of metals in the absence of a conversion coating contains (A) water-soluble inorganic salt and (B) wax, wherein these components are dissolved or dispersed in water and the (B)/(A) solids weight ratio is 0.3 to 1.5. The (C) metal salt of a fatty acid can also be present at a (C)/(A) solids weight ratio of 0.01 to 0.4. The water-soluble inorganic salt (A) can be selected from the sulfates, silicates, borates, molybdates, and tungstates. The wax (B) can be a synthetic wax having a melting point of 70 to 150° C. A lubricating coating is formed by application to give a post-drying add-on of 0.5 to 40 g/m2. A method for using said lubricant is also provided.

Abstract: A waterborne lubricant, useful in the plastic working of metals, which imparts a lubricating behavior to the surface of metals in the absence of a conversion coating contains (A) water-soluble inorganic salt, (B) lubricating agent selected from molybdenum disulfide and graphite, and (C) wax wherein these components are dissolved or dispersed in water, the (B)/(A) solids weight ratio is 1.0 to 5.0, and the (C)/(A) solids weight ratio is 0.1 to 1.0. The water-soluble inorganic salt (A) can be selected from the sulfates, silicates, borates, molybdates, and tungstates. The wax (C) can be a water-dispersed natural or synthetic wax having a melting point of 70 to 150° C. A lubricating coating is formed by application to give a post-drying add-on of 0.5 to 40 g/m2. A method for using said lubricant is also provided.

Abstract: The present invention aims to increase an encoding efficiency when the occurrence probability of LPS (less probable symbol) is low. An encoding apparatus has a interval size (A), a interval limit value (C), divides a set interval which is set on a number line, selects a sub-interval corresponding to an occurring symbol, updates the interval size (A) and the interval limit value (C) with a limited precision based on the selected sub-interval size, and encodes a coordinate within the interval. Based on the probability (the occurrence probability of symbol) output from a learning memory, the sub-interval size (LSZ, dLSZ) and the sub-interval limit value are obtained.

Abstract: For generating characters form data stored in a vector format, are provided two kinds of based skeleton data and data which depends on type style; from this a plurality of type styles are generated. The base skeleton data has a start portion, a middle portion, and an end portion. (Or, the base skeleton data has skeleton priority data, skeleton connection data, face modification data, or stroke weight data.) When the type style is generated, bit map, byte map, outline coordinate type, or skeleton coordinate type is generated as desired, in accordance with an output request.

Abstract: A silicone rubber composition comprising (A) an organopolysiloxane, (B) finely divided silica having a specific surface area of at least 50 m2/g, and (C) a benzoyl peroxide cures to base fabric through HAV at a high rate to form a safe, hygienic silicone rubber-coated fabric suitable for forming air bags.

Abstract: A power roller assembly for a toroidal-type CVT, including a pair of races formed with bearing surfaces opposed to each other, a plurality of rolling elements rotatably disposed between the races in contact with the bearing surfaces, and an iron phosphate-based coat formed on at least one of bearing surfaces.

Abstract: Provision is made for a method for manufacturing an optical disc with as lessened to the utmost and for the optical disc manufactured by that method.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for curing an optical disc capable of efficiently curing ultraviolet curing resin serving as an adhesive between a pair of disc substrates. The apparatus includes a peripherally located ultraviolet irradiation unit disposed around a rotary holding table for irradiating ultraviolet from the peripheral surface of the optical disc toward the inner portion thereof so as to cure the ultraviolet curing resin, and/or a central irradiation unit disposed to irradiate ultraviolet from the central hole of the optical disc toward the outer portion thereof.

Abstract: An encoding/decoding method for predicting appearance probability of an information source symbol, while learning, and for dividing a valid section on a numerical straight line into both a first partial section to which an approximate value of the above-mentioned prediction appearance probability is applied and a second partial section remained in the valid section, to which such an arithmetic code is applied, the arithmetic code setting a partial section corresponding to an appearing symbol as a new valid section, is operated by storing thereinto such a fact that the prediction appearance probability is a specific value; by judging that the prediction appearance probability is equal to the specific value by referring to the relevant specific value; and by correcting an allocation between the first partial section and the second partial section when the judgement operation judges that the prediction appearance probability is equal to the specific value.

Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, a first conductive layer is formed on a semiconductor substrate. Then, a plasma etching process using Ar ions is performed upon the first conductive layer to remove natural oxide from the first conductive layer. Then, a heating process at a temperature higher than about 650° C. is performed upon the first conductive layer to expel Ar atoms from the first conductive layer. Finally, a second conductive layer is formed by a sputtering process on the first conductive layer.

Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, a first conductive layer is formed on a semiconductor substrate. Then, a plasma etching process using Ar ions is performed upon the first conductive layer to remove natural oxide from the first conductive layer. Then, a heating process at a temperature higher than about 650° C. is performed upon the first conductive layer to expel Ar atoms from the first conductive layer. Finally, a second conductive layer is formed by a sputtering process on the first conductive layer.

Abstract: In an adaptive probability estimation method, an index referring to coding parameters is determined according to occurrence probabilities of symbols from estimated occurrence counts of symbols, thresholds for probability values that determine the probability intervals corresponding to the indexes are set to values that are examined with small operational load, and an index referring to the corresponding occurrence probability is selected without division, using the probability intervals determined by the thresholds for probability values.

Abstract: In case a file is prepared by executing an application, the fee for the use of the application is charged according to whether such file is subjected to an output process. Thus the user of the application need not pay the fee for the use of the application for the mere preparation of the file by using the application.

Abstract: The present invention aims to reduce the code length and time for flushing the code. An encoding apparatus includes a data memory storing information source data, a learning memory storing learning data relating the encoding data, a probability estimation table for outputting an encoding parameter indicated by the learning data, and an encoder outputting the code by implementing an arithmetic encoding based on the encoding data and the encoding parameter. In the above encoding apparatus, according to the present invention, a synchronization detector is provided measuring one of inputting the information source data and outputting the code at a predetermined interval. Further, the encoding apparatus includes a boundary detector detecting a carry boundary value within the effective region at predetermined interval and instructing to truncate a part of the effective region based on the detection result.

Abstract: An aqueous surface treatment bath that has a pH from 2.5 to 4.5 and contains at least 0.1 g/L of orthophosphate ions, from 0.1 to 3 g/L of condensed phosphate ions, from 0.1 to 0.5 g/L of free hydrofluonc acid, and at least 0.1 g/L of water-soluble polymer molecules that, except for short end groups as generally known in the art, conform to general formula (1) below: in which n is the degree of polymerization and has an integral value or each molecule, the average value of n for all of the molecules present being from 2 to 50 and not necessarily integral, X is a hydrogen atom or a moiety Y conforming to general formula (II) wherein each of R1 and R2 is an alkyl moiety or a hydroxy alkyl moiety having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms each, the total number of moieties Y having a ratio to the total number of aromatic rings that is from 0.2:1.0 to 1.0:1.

Abstract: Coated metal bearing a coating on its surface that comprises phenol-, naphthol-, or bisphenol-formaldehyde resin comprising specific structural units, has a thickness from 5 to 500 nm, contains from 5 to 500 mg of carbon atoms present in the resin per m2 of surface coated, and covers at least 90% of the surface of the metal can be subjected to film lamination onto the coating to provide a composite that has an excellent formability, excellent corrosion resistance, excellent adherence between the laminated film and the metal, and excellent environmental safety.

Abstract: Encoding efficiency is enhanced by actively combining a plurality of encoding methods. A picture element memory receives and stores picture elements within a predetermined range. A mode determinator selects an encoding mode based upon a reference picture element. A first encoding section and a second encoding section predicts the value of the encoded picture element, determines whether the prediction is correct, and then encodes the value of the encoding picture element based on the determination result and outputs a codeword for the encoding picture element. An encoding controller selectively operates the first encoding section and the second encoding section based upon one of the specific encoding modes and the other encoding mode other than the specific encoding mode selected by the mode determinator.