Abstract: A reference leak (10) includes a first substrate (20), a second substrate (40) disposed and bonded on the first substrate, and predetermined numbers of leak channels (14) defined in at least one of the first and second substrates. Oblique walls of the leak channels are formed by crystal planes of the at least one of the first and second substrates, the oblique walls thereby being aligned according to such crystal planes. A method for making a reference leak is also provided.

Abstract: A reference leak includes a leak layer formed of one of a metallic material, a glass material, and a ceramic material. The metallic material is selected from the group consisting of copper, nickel, and molybdenum. The leak layer comprises a number of substantially parallel leak through holes defined therein. The leak through holes may be cylindrical holes or polyhedrical holes. A length of each of the leak through holes is preferably not less than 20 times a diameter thereof. A diameter of each of the leak through holes is generally in the range from 10 nm to 500 nm. A length of each of the leak through holes is generally in the range from 100 nm to 100 ?m. A leak rate of the reference leak is in the range from 10?8 to 10?15 tor×l/s. The leak through holes have substantially same length and diameter.

Abstract: A method for making a reference leak includes the steps of: (a) preparing a substrate; (b) forming a patterned catalyst layer on the substrate, the patterned catalyst layer comprising one or more catalyst blocks; (c) forming one or more elongate nano-structures extending from the corresponding catalyst blocks by a chemical vapor deposition method; (d) forming a leak layer of one of a metallic material, a glass material, and a ceramic material on the substrate with the one or more elongate nano-structures partly or completely embedded therein; and (e) removing the one or more elongate nano-structures and the substrate to obtain a reference leak with one or more leak holes defined therein.

Abstract: A field emission device (8) includes a cathode (80), an anode (84), and spacers (83) interposed therebetween. The cathode includes a network base (81) and a plurality of field emitters (82) formed thereon. The network base is formed of a plurality of electrically conductive carriers. The field emitters are located on surfaces of the carriers, respectively. The field emitters extend radially outwardly from the corresponding conductive carriers. The plurality of electrically conductive carriers may be made of electrically conductive fibers, for example, metal fibers, carbon fibers, organic fibers or another suitable fibrous material. Carrier portions of the plurality of electrically conductive carriers may be cylindrical, curved/arcuate, or at least approximately curved in shape.

Abstract: A light source apparatus (8) includes a rear plate (80), a front plate (89) formed with an anode layer (82), and a cathode (81) interposed therebetween. The cathode includes a plurality of electrically conductive carriers (812) and a plurality of field emitters (816) formed thereon. The field emitters are uniformly distributed on anode-facing surfaces of the conductive carriers. The anode layer includes a plurality of curving portions (820) corresponding to the conductive carriers. Preferably, the field emitters extend radially outwardly from the corresponding conductive carriers. The conductive carriers are parallel with each other, and are located substantially on a common plane. Each of the conductive carriers can be connected with a pulling device arranged at least one end thereof, and an example of the pulling device is a spring. The conductive carriers may be cylindrical, prism-shaped or polyhedral.

Abstract: A field emission lamp includes: a transparent bulb (10) having a neck portion; a lamp head mated with the neck portion; an anode layer (20) formed on an inner surface of the bulb; a fluorescence layer (30) formed on the anode layer; a cathode electrode (43) and an anode electrode (23) located at the lamp head; an anode down-lead ring (24) located at the neck portion, the anode down-lead ring engaging with the anode layer and electrically connecting with the anode electrode via an anode down-lead pole (21) and a pair of down-leads (22); and an electron emitting cathode positioned in the bulb and engaging with the cathode electrode. The field emission lamp is safe for humans and environmentally friendly, provides a high electrical energy utilization ratio, and has a reduced cost.

Abstract: A field emission lamp (30) includes a tube (31) having a closed end and an open end, an encapsulation board (38) mated with the open end, an anode layer (32) formed on an inner surface, a fluorescence layer (33) formed on the anode layer, a cathode down-lead pole (342) located at the encapsulation board, a cathode fixing pole (341) located at the closed end, a cathode filament (34) having a carbon nanotube layer formed on a surface thereof fixed between the cathode down-lead pole and the cathode fixing pole, an anode down-lead ring (321) located at the anode layer near the open end, and an anode down-lead pole (322) located at the encapsulation board and electrically connected with the anode down-lead ring. The field emission lamp has a simple structure, thereby having an enhanced production rate and a reduced cost.

Abstract: A double-faced light emitting diode display includes a pair of parallel shield panels (20, 20?), and a light emitting module (30) located between the shield panels. Each shield panel includes a video contrast enhancement assembly. The light emitting module includes an opaque insulative substrate (31) with a pair of pixel matrixes symmetrically formed on opposite surfaces (310, 310?) thereof and a circuit driving system formed at at least one of the surfaces. Each pixel matrix includes a plurality of pixel units (320, 320?). Symmetrically opposite pairs of pixel units are electrically interconnected so that the shield panels can simultaneously display same images. The double-faced light emitting diode display has a simple structure, a small size, low cost and full color display capability, and can be advantageously applied in traffic signal boards, large-scale display boards, surround cinemas and so on.

Abstract: A double-faced plasma display panel includes two parallel viewing screens (20, 20?), and a discharge structure (30) located between the viewing screens. Each viewing screen includes a transparent substrate (21, 21?), with a plurality of transparent electrodes (23, 24, 23?, 24?), a transparent dielectric layer (22, 22?), and a protection layer (25, 25?) formed at an inner surface of the transparent substrate. The discharge structure includes an opaque insulative substrate (31), with a plurality of addressing electrodes (37, 37?), an opaque dielectric layer (38, 38?), a plurality of separation walls (39, 39?), and a fluorescent layer (40, 40?) formed at each of opposite surfaces (310, 310?) thereof. Symmetrically opposite pairs of same electrodes are electrically interconnected so that the viewing screens can simultaneous display a same image. Only a single driving system is needed to achieve the simultaneous display.

Abstract: A double-faced field emission display device includes two parallel fluorescent screens (10, 10?) and an electron emission structure (20) located between the fluorescent screens. Each fluorescent screen includes a transparent substrate (21, 21?) with an anode plate (12, 12?) and coplanar fluorescent layers (13, 13?) formed at an inner surface of the transparent substrate. The electron emission structure includes an opaque insulative substrate (28) with cathode plates (26, 26?), electron emitters (27, 27?) and grid plates (25, 25?) formed at each of opposite surfaces (281, 282) thereof. Symmetrically opposite pairs of same electrodes are electrically interconnected so that the fluorescent screens can simultaneous display a same image. Only a single driving system is needed to achieve the simultaneous display.