Abstract: Systems provide a memory with a look-up table; one or more connections to associated communications networks; and a processor operative to: receive a phone number and a request for information related to the phone number; utilize the look up table to the determine a communications network associated with the phone number, transmit the request to the communications network for the information related to the phone number; receive a first response to the request, and transmit a second response. Methods and articles of manufacturing perform the steps of: receiving a phone number with a request for information related to the phone number; determining a communications network associated with the phone number; transmitting the request to the communications network; receiving a first response to the request; and transmitting a second response.

Abstract: Systems and methods provide e-mail forwarding by receiving a first message from a first e-mail system, the first message being previously addressed to a first e-mail account address on the first e-mail system; associating the first message previously addressed to the first e-mail account with a second e-mail account address; forwarding the first message to the second e-mail account address; and arranging for an incentive to be shared between the first e-mail system and a forwarding system that receives the first message.

Abstract: A method of enhancing the efficiency of markup language files. The method comprises: reading the markup language file; scanning the markup language file to find at least one element type; associating a token with the found element type; replacing the element type in the markup language file with the token; and generating a token list comprising the token and its associated element type.