Abstract: A method of forming a heat-treated liquid nutritional composition having a neutral pH and comprising a water-insoluble plant flavonoid comprises providing an aqueous liquid nutritional composition having a pH of from about 6 to about 7.5 and comprising protein, fat, carbohydrate, and water-insoluble plant flavonoid, homogenizing the liquid nutritional composition at a pressure of at least about 2000 psi, and heat treating the liquid nutritional composition. A heat-treated liquid nutritional composition having a pH of from about 6 to about 7.5 comprises a water-insoluble plant flavonoid, protein, fat and carbohydrate. At least about 75 wt % of the water-insoluble plant flavonoid remains suspended throughout the liquid nutritional composition after two months of storage at room temperature.

Abstract: A method of improving insulin production in a subject in need thereof comprises administering a nutritional composition comprising lysine, arginine, and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) to the subject. A method of improving insulin secretion in a subject in need thereof comprises administering a nutritional composition comprising lysine, arginine, and HMB to the subject. A nutritional composition comprises about 0.01 to about 15 wt % HMB, about 0.03 to about 40 wt % lysine, and about 0.02 to about wt % arginine.

Abstract: A method of improving joint health in a subject in need thereof comprises administering an exosome-enriched product comprising intact bovine milk-derived exosomes to the subject in need thereof.

Abstract: A method of increasing height in a pediatric subject comprises enterally administering an exosome-enriched product comprising intact bovine milk-derived exosomes to the pediatric subject in need thereof. A method of promoting linear bone growth in a pediatric subject comprises enterally administering an exosome-enriched product comprising intact bovine milk-derived exosomes to the pediatric subject in need thereof. A method of obtaining an exosome-enriched product from cheese whey comprises subjecting the cheese whey to microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), and diafiltration (DF) steps, wherein the MF, UF, and DF steps employ, successively, membranes with cut off values which gradually decrease in size with each filtration step, wherein the cheese whey is sweet cheese whey and has a pH from about 6.0 to about 6.5.

Abstract: A method of reducing or delaying the onset of fatty liver disease in a subject comprises enterally administering at least one human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) to a subject in need thereof in an amount effective to reduce hepatic lipid accumulation. In a specific embodiment, the at least one HMO is administered in an amount effective to reduce de novo lipogenesis in the subject. The at least one HMO can be administered to the subject directly or in a nutritional composition.

Abstract: A method of preventing, reducing, or delaying the onset of fatty liver disease in a subject comprises enterally administering intact bovine milk-derived exosomes consisting of endogenous cargo to a subject in need thereof in an amount effective to reduce hepatic lipid accumulation. In a specific embodiment, the intact bovine milk-derived exosomes consisting of endogenous cargo can be administered in an amount effective to reduce de novo lipogenesis in the subject. The intact bovine milk-derived exosomes consisting of endogenous cargo can be administered to the subject directly or in a nutritional composition.

Abstract: A method of obtaining an exosome-enriched product comprises providing a whey-containing bovine milk fraction, conducting a first centrifugation of the whey-containing bovine milk fraction to obtain a whey middle fraction, conducting a second centrifugation of the whey middle fraction at an increased speed to obtain a concentrated whey fraction, filtering the concentrated whey fraction to obtain a filtered whey fraction, and conducting a third centrifugation of the filtered whey fraction at a further increased speed to obtain an exosome-enriched product. The exosome-enriched product comprises intact exosomes and less than 5 wt % casein based on the total weight of protein in the exosome-enriched product. Nutritional compositions comprise protein, carbohydrate, and/or fat, and exosomes provided by addition of the exosome-enriched product. A method of improving insulin sensitivity in a subject comprises administering a nutritional composition comprising the exosome-enriched product.

Abstract: Methods of increasing microvascular blood flow in the muscle of a human subject comprise orally administering about 100 to about 800 mg cocoa flavanols per day in a nutritional composition comprising at least one source of protein, to a subject in need of increased microvascular blood flow in the muscle.

Abstract: A method of promoting bone health in a moderately malnourished individual is provided. The method includes treating the moderately malnourished individual with a nutritional composition that contains a carbohydrate blend. The carbohydrate blend includes a source of at least one carbohydrate that provides rapidly available glucose, a source of at least one carbohydrate that provides slowly available glucose, and a source of at least one non-digestible carbohydrate or resistant starch.

Abstract: A method of promoting healthy catch-up growth in a moderately malnourished individual is provided. The method includes administering to the moderately malnourished individual a nutritional composition that contains a carbohydrate blend, wherein the carbohydrate blend comprises a source of at least one carbohydrate that provides rapidly available glucose, a source of at least one carbohydrate that provides slowly available glucose, and a source of at least one non-digestible carbohydrate or resistant starch.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of modulating and/or decreasing serum corticosterone levels in an individual affected by stress. Further disclosed are methods of modulating the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal response in an individual. The methods include administration of 2-fucosyl-lactose to an individual.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of modulating and/or decreasing serum corticosterone levels in an individual affected by stress. Further disclosed are methods of modulating the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal response in an individual. The methods include administration of 2-fucosyl-lactose to an individual.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of modulating and/or decreasing serum corticosterone levels in an individual affected by stress. Further disclosed are methods of modulating the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal response in an individual. The methods include administration of 2-fucosyl-lactose to an individual.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for enhancing learning and/or memory, enhancing memory acquisition, memory retention and recall by inducing a higher long-term potentiation in hippocampal neuronal synapsis in individuals. The methods include administration of 2-fucosyl-lactose to an individual.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of modulating and/or decreasing serum corticosterone levels in an individual affected by stress. Further disclosed are methods of modulating the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal response in an individual. The methods include administration of 2-fucosyl-lactose to an individual.

Abstract: Compositions including a combination of a source of choline, a source of magnesium, and a source of L-tryptophan are provided for improving cognitive performance in a subject. The compositions may improve a cognitive impairment and/or brain dysfunction associated with age-related cognitive decline or cognitive decline resulting from a neurodegenerative disease. The compositions may also be effective in improving memory acquisition, memory retention, and recall.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a nutritional powder, a translucent reconstitutable beverage formed therefrom, and methods relating thereto. The nutritional powder and beverage are adapted to include the proper balance of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals appropriate for a pregnant woman. The nutritional compositions further stem the glycemic response and improve glycemia and insulinemia during gestational and lactating periods for preventing or reduce the incidence of glucose intolerance later in life.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for enhancing neural function in an individual, such as an older adult. The methods include administering nutritional compositions comprising HMB to the individual. The nutritional compositions provide benefits for individuals that have or may be at risk of having cognitive decline, cognitive impairment, and neural dysfunction, typically resulting from cognitive diseases associated with neurodegenerative diseases.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to the administration of specific carbohydrate systems to a pregnant and/or lactating woman for improving one or more characteristics in offspring, for example cognition and/or bone health. The carbohydrate system may include a slow rate of digestion simple carbohydrate, a complex carbohydrate, and a non-absorbent carbohydrate and/or an indigestible carbohydrate.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods related to the administration of specific carbohydrate systems to a pregnant woman for preventing or limiting fat accumulation. The carbohydrate system may include a slow rate of digestion simple carbohydrate, a complex carbohydrate, a non-absorbent carbohydrate, and/or an indigestible carbohydrate. The compositions may be administered before, during, or after gestation.