Abstract: Disclosed are methods of modulating and/or decreasing serum corticosterone levels in an individual affected by stress. Further disclosed are methods of modulating the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal response in an individual. The methods include administration of 2-fucosyl-lactose to an individual.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for enhancing learning and/or memory, enhancing memory acquisition, memory retention and recall by inducing a higher long-term potentiation in hippocampal neuronal synapsis in individuals. The methods include administration of 2-fucosyl-lactose to an individual.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a combination of carbohydrates (a slow rate of digestion simple carbohydrate, a complex carbohydrate, a nonabsorbent carbohydrate, and an indigestible oligosaccharide) for use in a method of treating a pregnant woman wherein the method results in an improvement in the health of the offspring of the pregnant woman. The disclosure is also directed to use of the combination of carbohydrates for the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of a pregnant woman wherein the treatment results in an improvement in the health of the offspring of the pregnant woman. The improvement can be a reduction of at least one long tem adverse health effect and/or an improvement in lean body mass development and formation of the offspring. The combination of carbohydrates may also be administered to the woman during lactation to further the improvement in the health of the offspring.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for enhancing neural function in an individual, such as an older adult. The methods include administering nutritional compositions comprising HMB to the individual. The nutritional compositions provide benefits for individuals that have or may be at risk of having cognitive decline, cognitive impairment, and neural dysfunction, typically resulting from cognitive diseases associated with neurodegenerative diseases.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for improving memory and/or cognition in an infant by administering soy protein to the infant's mother during pregnancy, and further administering soy protein to the infant after delivery. The soy protein may be administered to the infant's mother during lactation if the infant is breastfed and/or may be directly administered, for example, by administering the infant an infant and/or nutritional formula comprising soy protein. Also disclosed are compositions comprising soy protein that may be used in the methods.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for improving bone health, strength and formation in an infant who may be susceptible to developing bone health issues from conception through adolescence. The methods include administration of a nutritional formulation including at least one LCPUFA to a woman during pregnancy and optionally during lactation and breastfeeding of an infant.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for improving bone health, strength and formation in an infant who may be susceptible to developing bone health issues from conception through adolescence. The methods include administration of a nutritional formulation including a prebiotic to a woman during pregnancy and optionally during lactation and breastfeeding of an infant.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for providing glutamine supplementation to a human by orally administering an effective amount of N-acetyl-L-glutamine or a nutritionally acceptable salt thereof. The N-acetyl L-glutamine or a nutritionally acceptable salt thereof can be incorporated into any liquid composition that is suitable for human consumption. Examples of suitable compositions include aqueous solutions such as for use as oral rehydration solutions and liquid nutritional formulas (including enteral formulas, oral formulas, formulas for adults, formulas for children and formulas for infants). The quantity of N-acetyl-L-glutamine or nutritionally acceptable salt thereof can vary widely but typically, these compositions will contain sufficient N-acetyl-L-glutamine or a nutritionally acceptable salt thereof to provide at least 140 mg of total glutamine per kg of body weight per day.