Abstract: Engine cylinder inlet air rate measurement is provided with minimization of system calibration and parameter measurement using a correction generated under steady state engine inlet air dynamic conditions through a comparison of mass airflow-based engine inlet air rate measurement and a nominal calculated cylinder inlet air rate. The correction may be periodically updated under steady state engine inlet air dynamic conditions and may be applied under all engine inlet air dynamic conditions, especially transient inlet air dynamic conditions.

Abstract: The state of internal combustion engine inlet air dynamics is characterized in a substantially noise immune albeit rapid manner according to the degree by which a first set of criteria indicate a steady state condition in which engine inlet air rate substantially corresponds to cylinder inlet air rate or to the degree by which a second set of criteria indicate a transient condition in which engine inlet air rate does not substantially correspond to cylinder air rate. Cylinder inlet air rate may then be predicted in accord with the characterization.

Abstract: A apparatus for mixing separately contained media such as would be used in a wet abrasive blasting operation comprises a receptacle (10) for a liquid/abrasive medium, a receptacle (11) for a liquid, and a delivery line (20) along which pressurized fluid is adapted to be fed. The receptacles (10,11) communicate via pipes (22,23) with the delivery line (20) so that the liquid and the liquid/abrasive medium are entrained by the pressurized fluid. The receptacles communicate with each other via a hole (14) to balance the fluid pressure system between them and a means (15,19) is also provided to deliver pressurized fluid into at least one of the receptacles (10,11) in order to substantially balance the fluid pressure system between the receptacles (10,11) and the delivery line (20) and to facilitate outflow of the liquid/abrasive medium and the liquid into the entraining fluid.

Abstract: A method for estimating and correcting bias errors in a vehicle system which implements iterative prediction and estimation to determine a measure of at least one determinable vehicle engine parameter determines if the vehicle engine is in a substantially steady state condition, determines a measure of error between the predicted and measured values of a control parameter while the vehicle is in the steady state condition, estimates a system bias in response to the determined error, and offsets the system bias in subsequent predictions, thereby reducing the error between the predicted and measured values of the control parameter and increasing the accuracy of the estimations of the determinable vehicle parameter.

Abstract: A business form, which may be a tag, label, ticket, identification card, or the like, comprising a base sheet adapted to receive writing or printing and a transparent sheet having adhesive by which it can be laminated to the base sheet, and a liner sheet covering the adhesive. A removable carbon paper or other sheet lying between the liner and base sheets is secured to the former whereby removal of the carbon sheet automatically causes the liner sheet to be pulled off and removed and the transparent sheet to be applied to the face of the base sheet.