Abstract: A method of writing data in a non-volatile memory device includes receiving a program command and a first row address corresponding to a first word line; performing a first partial programming operation with respect to first memory cells coupled to the first word line; performing a second partial programming operation with respect to second memory cells coupled to a second word line adjacent to the first word line; performing a first verification operation by verifying the first partial programming operation; and selectively performing a first additional programming operation with respect to the first memory cells depending on a result of the first verification operation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for preparing lactide by using a solvent. According to the method, since an ionic liquid is used as a solvent in a second step in the course of preparing lactide, it is possible to secure mobility of the resulting reactant, and decrease a reaction temperature. In addition, the ionic liquid absorbs moisture generated during the reaction, and thus prevents degradation of lactide which is susceptible to moisture. Furthermore, to the present method allows for the preparation of lactide successively through the continuous supply of lactic acid oligomers. Because the use of an ionic liquid minimizes the contamination of a reactive group with by-products, the use of a solvent for reactor washing is unnecessary. Further, owing to a high boiling point of the ionic liquid, the ionic liquid can be easily harvested and recycled.

Abstract: A method of operating a nonvolatile memory device by programming pages using a N-bit programming mode until a threshold voltage distribution shift for an un-programmed page in the same memory block is determined, and thereafter programming the un-programmed page using a M-bit programming mode, where M is less than N.

Abstract: A method of operating a nonvolatile memory device by programming pages using a N-bit programming mode until a threshold voltage distribution shift for an un-programmed page in the same memory block is determined, and thereafter programming the un-programmed page using a M-bit programming mode, where M is less than N.

Abstract: A method of writing data in a non-volatile memory device includes receiving a program command and a first row address corresponding to a first word line; performing a first partial programming operation with respect to first memory cells coupled to the first word line; performing a second partial programming operation with respect to second memory cells coupled to a second word line adjacent to the first word line; performing a first verification operation by verifying the first partial programming operation; and selectively performing a first additional programming operation with respect to the first memory cells depending on a result of the first verification operation.

Abstract: A method for controlling the temperature of hot water through an operation of a circulation pump according to the present invention includes: judging whether a user uses the hot water; judging whether one of the circulation pump operating modes is selected; and circulating the hot water in an outflow pipe to an inflow pipe by operating the circulation pump provided on a bypass pipe connecting the inflow pipe which direct water enters and the outflow pipe through which heated hot water flows out to each other when the user uses the hot water and selects one of the circulation pump operating modes, thereby controlling a temperature difference of the hot water that flows out from a water heater to be reduced.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for preparing lactide by using a solvent. According to the method, since an ionic liquid is used as a solvent in a second step in the course of preparing lactide, it is possible to secure mobility of the resulting reactant, and decrease a reaction temperature. In addition, the ionic liquid absorbs moisture generated during the reaction, and thus prevents degradation of lactide which is susceptible to moisture. Furthermore, to the present method allows for the preparation of lactide successively through the continuous supply of lactic acid oligomers. Because the use of an ionic liquid minimizes the contamination of a reactive group with by-products, the use of a solvent for reactor washing is unnecessary. Further, owing to a high boiling point of the ionic liquid, the ionic liquid can be easily harvested and recycled.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of preparing lactide with a high yield from lactate obtained through a fermentation process. In certain embodiments, the invention provides a method of preparing high-purity lactide with a high yield, wherein the method comprises treating lactate with a specific solvent, using a catalyst, and phase-separating the resultant. In accordance with the invention, costs for manufacturing polylactic acid can be considerably reduced.

Abstract: An event processing method includes receiving an event from an event source and identifying an event population and non-event population based on the received event, such that the event population includes a plurality of events and the non-event population includes a plurality of non-events. The method further includes identifying an event feedback group from the events of the identified event population, such that the event feedback group identifies a number of events of the identified event population that have performed a required operation, and determining a ratio of event feedback, the ratio of the event feedback being a ratio of the number of events identified by the event feedback group to a number of the events of the identified event population.

Abstract: A multi display device includes panel housings having displays. The panel housings are foldable on each other and the displays are disposed adjacent to each other when the panel housings are unfolded. A key input part is further provided to be foldable on the panel housings. Accordingly, the multi display device is easy to grasp for the user while providing the folding/folding convenience.

Abstract: To program a semiconductor memory device, a plurality of target threshold voltage groups are set by dividing target threshold voltages representing states of memory cells. The target threshold voltage groups are substantially simultaneously programmed by applying a plurality of program voltages to a word line. Program end times for the target threshold voltage groups are adjusted.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus and a method for producing lactic acid, wherein only lactic acid is selectively absorbed and separated from fermentation liquor using a lactic acid absorption resin and wherein a neutralizing agent is not used. The present invention does not include a neutralizing process and a process of converting lactate to lactic acid. The method comprises: adding and mixing a culture medium, microorganism and sugar in a fermenter; passing a fermentation liquor through a microorganism filtration unit to remove microorganisms; and selectively absorbing and separating lactic acid from filtered liquid using a lactic acid absorption resin. The apparatus includes a fermenter for lactic acid fermentation; a filtration unit for removing a microorganisms from the fermentation liquor; and a lactic acid absorption resin for selectively absorbing lactic acid from the filtered liquid.

Abstract: A method of using two display panels as a single screen is provided. More particularly, a structure for minimizing the size of a joint between two display panels and an algorithm for coping with a situation where a text line or a text image is located at the joint are provided. A portable display device has at least two panel housings and first and second display panels mounted on the panel housings, respectively, in which the display panels are joined to each other to form a single screen when the panel housings are unfolded. When a text line or a text image is located at the joint between the first and second display panels, a screen is shifted so that the joint is located in a space between the text lines.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing D-type lactic acid, by a sugar fermentation of sugar. In accordance with the method of the invention, lactic acid produced during the fermentation reaction is selectively absorbed and detached using an active carbon stick. The method does not require steps, such as, lactate concentration and electrodialytic water splitting that are required during the lactic acid fermentation process. According to the invention, D-type lactic acid can be produced in a high purity and with a high yield. Further, the time and cost associated with the separation process can be reduced in a great extent, thereby offering advantageous effects from a commercial perspective.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus and a method for producing lactic acid, wherein only lactic acid is selectively absorbed and separated from fermentation liquor using a lactic acid absorption resin and wherein a neutralizing agent is not used. The present invention does not include a neutralizing process and a process of converting lactate to lactic acid. The method of the present invention comprises the steps of: adding and mixing a culture medium, microorganism and sugar in a fermenter; passing a fermentation liquor through a microorganism filtration unit to remove microorganism through a cross-flow filtration; and selectively absorbing and separating lactic acid from filtered liquid using a lactic acid absorption resin. Accordingly, the separation and purification process of lactic acid from a fermentation liquor for polymerization is simplified. The manufacturing cost is thus reduced.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of preparing lactide with a high yield from lactate obtained through a fermentation process. In certain embodiments, the invention provides a method of preparing high-purity lactide with a high yield, wherein the method comprises treating lactate with a specific solvent, using a catalyst, and phase-separating the resultant. In accordance with the invention, costs for manufacturing polylactic acid can be considerably reduced.

Abstract: A method of using two display panels as a single screen is provided. More particularly, a structure for minimizing the size of a joint between two display panels and an algorithm for coping with a situation where a text line or a text image is located at the joint are provided. A portable display device has at least two panel housings and first and second display panels mounted on the panel housings, respectively, in which the display panels are joined to each other to form a single screen when the panel housings are unfolded. When a text line or a text image is located at the joint between the first and second display panels, a screen is shifted so that the joint is located in a space between the text lines.

Abstract: Disclosed is a nonwoven fusible interlining fabricated through a pattern printing and a method for fabricating the same, and more particularly to a method for fabricating a nonwoven fusible interlining including the steps of processing a staple fiber and fabricating elastic nonwoven, pattern printing on the nonwoven, and applying an adhesive, and a nonwoven fusible interlining fabricated by the same. Therefore, it is possible to provide the variously shape-reinforced nonwoven fusible interlining through a simple and speedy fabricating process.

Abstract: To program a semiconductor memory device, a plurality of target threshold voltage groups are set by dividing target threshold voltages representing states of memory cells. The target threshold voltage groups are substantially simultaneously programmed by applying a plurality of program voltages to a word line. Program end times for the target threshold voltage groups are adjusted.

Abstract: A flash memory device includes a plurality of memory cells each configured to store k-bit data, where k is a natural number greater than one. The device is programmed by a method including reading (i?1)-th order data from a selected memory cell connected to a selected wordline before programming i-th order data in one or more adjacent memory cells connected to an adjacent wordline, wherein i is a natural number between two and k, storing as read data the (i?1)-th order data read from the selected memory cell, and programming i-th order data in the selected memory cell based on the stored read data.