Abstract: Multi-layer microfluidic devices with convoluted channels and densely positioned microfluidic structures are provided. Desirable microfluidic structures which, if cut in a single device layer, would be subject to deformation, may be created from multiple, non-deforming layers. Channel segments of any geometry defined in separate layers communicate to form continuous flow paths that in turn form the desirable microfluidic structures. Any number of device layers may be used to fabricate the microfluidic structures as desired.

Abstract: Microfluidic separators for separating multiphase fluids are described. Two or more microfluidic outlet channels within the device meet at an overlap region. The overlap region may be in fluid communication with an inlet channel. The inlet channel and each outlet channel are disposed within different layers of a three-dimensional device. A multiphase fluid flows through an inlet channel into an overlap region from where the separated phases can be withdrawn through the outlet channels.

Abstract: Robust microfluidic mixing devices mix multiple fluid streams passively, without the use of moving parts. In one embodiment, these devices contain microfluidic channels that are formed in various layers of a three-dimensional structure. Mixing may be accomplished with various manipulations of fluid flow paths and/or contacts between fluid streams. In various embodiments, structures such as channel overlaps, slits, converging/diverging regions, turns, and/or apertures may be designed into a mixing device. Mixing devices may be rapidly constructed and prototyped using a stencil construction method in which channels are cut through the entire thickness of a material layer, although other construction methods including surface micromachining techniques may be used.

Abstract: Microfluidic devices having porous membrane valves, which are microfluidic channels or elements having porous materials that restrict fluid flow rate for a given pressure, are provided. Multiple microfluidic valves of this invention can be constructed on a single device so that they have different valving capabilities or impedances, and in unison can control the overall direction of fluid flow. Impedance regions may be constructed in various ways, such as, for example: by inserting porous materials into or between channels; by sandwiching a sheet or layer of porous material between other layers of the device (preferably in stencil form); or by inserting a liquid, solution, slurry, or suspension into microfluidic channels, and then permitting the formation of porous deposits by promoting at least partial evaporation. Adhesive tape may be used for one or more layers of the device.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention there is provided a microfluidic heat exchange system for cooling heat-generating components of electronic equipment, computers, lasers, analytical instruments, medical equipment and the like. Both direct contact and indirect contact microfluidic systems are described. Also described are microfluidic systems that incorporate remote heat rejection systems that may be located outside the body of the equipment that contains the heat generating components that need cooling.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to the detection of target analytes using electronic techniques, particularly AC techniques.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention there is provided an apparatus for electrostatically dispensing small volumes of biological or chemical material from a dispensing tip or array of dispensing tips. The apparatus includes a voltage generator, a dispensing head containing the liquid to be dispensed, and an electrode that is in electrical communication with the liquid such that when a voltage pulse is applied to the electrode, the liquid is dispensed from the dispensing head onto a receptacle. The apparatus also can include an electrostatically charged counterplane and can include a guard shield. The invention also provides for means for movement of the dispensing apparatus and the receptacle relative to each other. The invention also provides methods for dispensing fluids onto a receptacle surface, including 96-, 384- and 1536-well plates.

Abstract: The invention relates to compositions and methods useful in the electrophoretic transport of target analytes to a detection electrode comprising a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). Detection proceeds through the use of an electron transfer moiety (ETM) that is associated with the target analyte, either directly or indirectly, to allow electronic detection of the ETM.

Abstract: The invention relates to compositions and methods useful in the acceleration of binding of target analytes to capture ligands on surfaces. Detection proceeds through the use of an electron transfer moiety (ETM) that is associated with the target analyte, either directly or indirectly, to allow electronic detection of the ETM.

Abstract: The invention relates to nucleic acids covalently coupled to electrodes via conductive oligomers. More particularly, the invention is directed to the site-selective modification of nucleic acids with electron transfer moieties and electrodes to produce a new class of biomaterials, and to methods of making and using them.

Abstract: The invention relates to nucleic acids covalently coupled to electrodes via conductive oligomers. More particularly, the invention is directed to the site-selective modification of nucleic acids with electron transfer moieties and electrodes to produce a new class of biomaterials, and to methods of making and using them.

Abstract: The invention relates to nucleic acids covalently coupled to electrodes via conductive oligomers. More particularly, the invention is directed to the site-selective modification of nucleic acids with electron transfer moieties and electrodes to produce a new class of biomaterials, and to methods of making and using them.

Abstract: The invention relates to nucleic acids covalently coupled to electrodes via conductive oligomers. More particularly, the invention is directed to the site-selective modification of nucleic acids with electron transfer moieties and electrodes to produce a new class of biomaterials, and to methods of making and using them.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an improved method and apparatus for analyzing the surface of materials using sub-micron laser desorption gas phase analysis. The method uses a combination of Near-field Optical Microscopy and Time-of Flight Mass Spectroscopy.

Abstract: Probes for sensing and manipulating microscopic environments and structures, their method of preparation and methods of use are disclosed.

Abstract: The invention employs a high-resolution semiconductor optical beam position sensor mechanically coupled to an optical beam source by a mechanical linkage which is either elastically deformable (in the case of a vibration sensor or accelerometer) or thermally expandable (in the case of a temperature sensor). The semiconductor optical beam position sensor is a planar semiconductor with a pair of electrodes thereon defining a gap therebetween. The optical beam has a uniform optical density or beam intensity which traverses within the inter-electrode gap. The two electrodes are two rectifying contacts on the surface of the semiconductor irradiated by the laser beam.