Abstract: A three-dimensional data encoding method includes: determining, by a first method, a first prediction value of a distance component included in position information of a three-dimensional point; and determining, by a second method, a second prediction value of a direction component included in the position information, the second method being different from the first method. For example, the first method may be inter prediction, and the second method may be intra prediction.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory. The circuitry determines whether a first virtual pipeline decoding unit (VPDU) is split into smaller blocks and whether a second VPDU is split into smaller blocks. In response to a determination the first VPDU is not split into smaller blocks and a determination the second VPDU is split into smaller blocks, a block of chroma samples is predicted without using luma samples. In response to a determination the first VPDU is split into smaller blocks and a determination the second VPDU is split into smaller blocks, the block of chroma samples is predicted using luma samples. In response to a determination the first VPDU is not split into smaller blocks and a determination the second VPDU is not split into smaller block, the block of chroma samples is predicted using luma samples. The block is encoded using the predicted chroma samples.

Abstract: An encoder that encodes a current block in a picture includes circuitry and memory. Using the memory, the circuitry: performs a first transform on a residual signal of the current block using a first transform basis to generate first transform coefficients; and performs a second transform on the first transform coefficients using a second transform basis to generate second transform coefficients and quantizes the second transform coefficients, when the first transform basis is the same as a predetermined transform basis; and quantizes the first transform coefficients without performing the second transform, when the first transform basis is different from the predetermined transform basis.

Abstract: A conversion method for converting luminance of a video, including a luminance value in a first luminance range, to be displayed on a display apparatus includes: acquiring a first luminance signal indicating a code value obtained by quantization of the luminance value of the video; and converting the code value indicated by the acquired first luminance signal into a second luminance value determined based on a luminance range of the display apparatus, the second luminance value being compatible with a second luminance range with a maximum value smaller than a maximum value of the first luminance range and larger than 100 nit. This provides the conversion method capable of achieving further improvement.

Abstract: An image encoder performs a first partitioning including using a first partition mode, without writing first splitting information indicative of the first partition mode into a bitstream, to split a first block into a plurality of second blocks in response to that the first block is located adjacent to an edge of a picture and that the dimensions of the first block satisfy a first condition; and performs a second partitioning on the second block by writing second splitting information indicative of a second partition mode into the bitstream, wherein the second partition mode allows at least one of a quad tree splitting and a binary splitting, and using the second partition mode to split the second block into a plurality of coding units (CUs), wherein the second partition mode prohibits the quad tree splitting of the second block in certain conditions.

Abstract: Provided is a video reception method performed by a video reception apparatus including a display. The video reception method includes: receiving a reception signal multiplexed from a video signal and an audio signal; obtaining the video signal and first transfer characteristics information by demultiplexing the reception signal, the first transfer characteristics information being information for specifying, per random access unit, a transfer function corresponding to a luminance dynamic range of the video signal; obtaining video data by decoding the video signal obtained; and displaying the video data while controlling a luminance dynamic range of the display per random access unit according to the first transfer characteristics information.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. In operation, the circuitry: determines whether an image format of a video is a format including a chroma component; when it is determined that the image format is a format including a chroma component, signals a flag indicating whether application of JCCR is allowed or not in a header of a stream, and (i) encodes the video with application of the JCCR allowed, or (ii) encodes the video with application of the JCCR not allowed; and when it is determined that the image format is a format including no chroma component, signals no flag indicating whether application of the JCCR is allowed or not in the header of the stream, and encodes the video with application of the JCCR not allowed.

Abstract: A three-dimensional data decoding method includes: performing at least one of: a first process including: determining a first context based on first information identifying a first point cloud including a first prediction point that is referred to for calculating a predicted value of a first three-dimensional point according to inter prediction; and arithmetic-decoding, using the first context determined, second information identifying the first prediction point; or a second process including: determining a second context based on at least one of the first information or the second information; and arithmetic-decoding, using the second context determined, a prediction residual of the first three-dimensional point.

Abstract: An encoding method of generating a first bitstream to be merged with a second bitstream. The encoding method includes: determining a first adaptive loop filter (ALF) setting that is a setting of an ALF for a first subpicture to be encoded into the first bitstream; encoding first ALF setting information indicating the first ALF setting into the first bitstream; and encoding the first subpicture into the first bitstream according to the first ALF setting, in which, in the determining of the first ALF setting, an ALF setting that does not refer to an adaption parameter set (APS) index referred to in the second bitstream is determined as the first ALF setting.

Abstract: A three-dimensional data decoding method includes: selecting, from among contexts, a first context for an encoded first information item to be processed; and arithmetic-decoding the encoded first information item to be processed, using the first context, to generate a first information item to be processed. Encoded first information items including the encoded first information item to be processed are included in a bitstream generated by encoding an information item about positions of three-dimensional points. The encoded first information items are generated by arithmetic-encoding first information items including the first information item to be processed. The first information items each correspond to a different one of reference positions and indicate whether a three-dimensional point corresponding to a reference position corresponding to the first information item is present.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory. In both of a first type of residual coding where an orthogonal transform is applied and a second type of residual coding where the orthogonal transform is skipped, wherein when a restriction on a number of CABAC processes allows CABAC coding of a set of coefficient information flags, the circuitry: encodes the coefficient information flags by CABAC; and otherwise, the circuitry: skips the CABAC encoding of the coefficient information flags; and the circuitry encodes a remainder value of the coefficient with Golomb-Rice code when the coefficient information flags are encoded; and otherwise the circuitry encodes a value of the coefficient with the Golomb-Rice code, wherein in the second type of residual coding, the circuitry encodes absolute value flags each relating to an absolute value of the coefficient after encoding the coefficient information flags and before encoding the remainder value of the coefficient.

Abstract: A data generation method is for generating video data that covers a second luminance dynamic range wider than a first luminance dynamic range and has reproduction compatibility with a first device that does not support reproduction of video having the second luminance dynamic range and supports reproduction of video having the first luminance dynamic range, and includes: generating a video signal to be included in the video data using a second OETF; storing, into VUI in the video data, first transfer function information for identifying a first OETF to be referred to by the first device when the first device decodes the video data; and storing, into SEI in the video data, second transfer function information for identifying a second OETF to be referred to by a second device supporting reproduction of video having the second luminance dynamic range when the second device decodes the video data.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory connected to the circuitry. In operation, the circuitry: derives a correction parameter using only a neighboring reconstructed image that neighbors a processing unit which has a determined size and is located at an upper left of a current block to be processed in an image, among neighboring reconstructed images that neighbor the current block, and performs correction processing of the current block based on the correction parameter derived, when the current block has a size larger than the determined size.

Abstract: A display system includes a conversion apparatus converting video luminance including a luminance value in a first luminance range and a display apparatus connected thereto and displaying the video. The conversion apparatus includes a first acquisition unit, a first luminance converter, a second luminance converter, a quantization converter, and an output unit outputting a third luminance signal to the display apparatus.

Abstract: An encoding method for encoding three-dimensional points each having a position represented by a distance and an angle, the encoding method comprising: identifying three-dimensional points that belong to a second processing unit and have been encoded, for inter prediction of a first three-dimensional point belonging to a first processing unit; and selecting a reference three-dimensional point from the three-dimensional points identified to calculate an inter predicted value of the first three-dimensional point. The three-dimensional points identified include a second three-dimensional point and a third three-dimensional point, the second three-dimensional point having a second angle corresponding to a first angle of the first three-dimensional point, the third three-dimensional point having a third angle greater than the second angle.

Abstract: A decoder that decodes a current block using a motion vector includes: a processor; and memory. Using the memory, the processor: derives a first candidate vector from one or more candidate vectors of one or more neighboring blocks that neighbor the current block; determines, in a first reference picture for the current block, a first adjacent region that includes a position indicated by the first candidate vector; calculates evaluation values of a plurality of candidate regions included in the first adjacent region; and determines a first motion vector of the current block, based on a first candidate region having a smallest evaluation value among the evaluation values. The first adjacent region is included in a first motion estimation region determined based on the position indicated by the first candidate vector.

Abstract: A moving picture decoding apparatus for decoding a current block of a picture is provided. A motion vector candidate list includes motion vector candidates. Each motion vector candidate includes a value. A second candidate is arranged before a first candidate in the motion vector candidate list. The first candidate is sorted before the second candidate in the motion vector candidate list based on the value of the first candidate and the value of the second candidate. An index identifying a motion vector candidate from the motion vector candidate list is decoded, and the current block is generated using the identified motion vector candidate. The value of the first candidate is higher than the value of the second candidate, and the value is based on a number of times the candidate is selected as a motion vector predictor for neighboring blocks.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory. Using the memory, the circuitry, in operation, selects an encoding mode from among candidates including a decoder-side motion vector refinement (DMVR) encoding mode and a partition encoding mode. When the DMVR encoding mode is selected, the circuitry: obtains a first motion vector for a first image block; derives a second motion vector from the first motion vector using motion search; and generates a prediction image for the first image block using the second motion vector. When the partition encoding mode is selected, the circuitry: determines a plurality of partitions in a second image block; obtains a third motion vector for each partition; and generates a prediction image for the second image block using the third motion vector, without deriving a fourth motion vector from the third motion vector using motion search.

Abstract: A three-dimensional data creation method for use in a vehicle including a sensor and a data receiver that transmits and receives three-dimensional data to and from an external device. The three-dimensional data creation method includes: creating second three-dimensional data based on information detected by the sensor and first three-dimensional data received by the data receiver; and transmitting, to the external device, third three-dimensional data that is part of the second three-dimensional data.

Abstract: An encoder capable of properly handling an image to be encoded or decoded includes processing circuitry and memory connected to the processing circuitry. Using the memory, the processing circuitry: obtains parameters including at least one of (i) one or more parameters related to a first process for correcting distortion in an image captured with a wide angle lens and (ii) one or more parameters related to a second process for stitching a plurality of images; generates an encoded image by encoding a current image to be processed that is based on the image or the plurality of images; and writes the parameters into a bitstream including the encoded image.