Abstract: A process for producing a solution of a basic or non-basic sulfonium compound (A) of formulae II-V: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.5, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 each independently represent a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl group or an aryl group mono-, di- or tri-substituted with an alkyl, an alkylaryl, an aryl, a halogen, an alkoxy, a phenoxy, a thiophenol, a phenylsulfonyl or a phenylsulphenyl;Y represents (CH.sub.2).sub.n (wherein n is 0 or 1), O or S;R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 represent a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, alkoxy or a halogen;R.sup.10 and R.sup.11 represent a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, alkoxy or a halogen;n is 5 or 6; andX.sub.2.sup.- represents a basic anion having a pK.sub.B value of -3 to +5; comprising the steps of:(a) dissolving a sulfonium salt (B) in a metal-ion free polar or non-polar solvent to form a solution, said sulfonium salt (B) being selected from said formulae II-V, wherein R.sup.5 to R.sup.11, Y and n of said sulfonium salt (B) have the sane meaning as above and X.sub.2.sup.

Abstract: A coal gasification furnace includes a gasification chamber for producing therein a burnable gas from coal, a burner arranged on a side wall of the gasification chamber so as to inject coal and an oxidizing agent along a peripheral direction of the gasification chamber, a slag cooling chamber provided below the gasification chamber, and a slag tap partitioning the gasification chamber and the slag cooling chamber. The slag tap has a hole formed in a shape whereby the central portion of the hole is generally circular and oppositely directed slits extend outwardly from the central portion of the hole.

Abstract: According to the apparatus and method, combustible gas having a stable composition can be formed even if the load is charged. Burners are provided in the upper and the lower regions of an entrained bed coal gasification reactor. The temperature of the product gas is kept low in the upper region and high in the lower region. The volumes of the upper and lower regions are changed to meet the load so that the rate of heat loss becomes constant even if the load changes. Since the rate of heat loss can be kept constant and consequently variation of the composition of the product gas can be suppressed small, the efficiency of the coal gasification electric power generating system can be kept constant.

Abstract: A material for the formation of a pattern is provided which has a wide exposure latitude and is less liable to cause a dimensional change of a pattern with a change in exposure. The material comprises (A) a compound having a capability of producing an acid upon irradiation with an active beam, (B) a compound capable of producing a base or increasing its basicity, (C) a compound having at least one bond clearable with an acid and/or (D) a compound insoluble in water but soluble in an aqueous alkaline solution.

Abstract: A radiation-sensitive mixture for use in the production of semiconductor elements, which has high sensitivity and high resolution, which can be developed by an aqueous alkaline solution, and which is based on a novel concept in that a stable acid latent image is controlled by using a radiation-decomposable base.The mixture is characterized by comprising as essential components a) a binder which is insoluble in water but soluble in an aqueous alkaline solution; b.sup.1) a compound having at least one bond which can be cleaved by an acid, or b.sup.2) a compound having at least one bond which is crosslinked with the compound a) by an acid; c) a compound which generates an acid when irradiated; and d) a basic iodonium compound.

Abstract: A colored, photosensitive resin composition of a pigment dispersing-type is disclosed.The colored, photosensitive resin composition is characterized by containing (a) a polymer having alcohlic or phenolic hydroxyl groups, (b) a compound capable of producing a nitrene when irradiated with an actinic radiation, (c) a pigment, and (d) a solvent. Preferably, the composition further contains (e) a heat crosslinking agent and/or (f) a compound having a polymerizable double bond in addition to the above ingredients.According to the present invention, the production of a color filter need not be performed in an inert gas atmosphere, does not require an oxygen barrier film and does not require heating during the period of from the exposure step to the development step. Thus, the use of the composition permits the color filter production steps to be made significantly simple so that the composition provides a great value in industrial utilization.

Abstract: A chemically amplified radiation sensitive composition comprising: (a) a copolymer such as poly(4-hydroxystyrene-co-styrene), (b) a dissolution inhibitor such as polyacetal or (b') a crosslinking agent, (c) a radiation sensitive compound capable of generating an acid upon exposure to actinic radiation, (d) a radiation sensitive base capable of stabilizing the width of lines throughout steps from exposure to post-exposure bake treatment, and (e) a solvent for dissolving the components (a) to (d), can realize fine lines and spaces down to 0.22 microns, for example, using KrF laser, and possesses excellent heat and etch resistance and adhesiveness to substrates, and produces patterns with low standing waves arising due to substrate reflectiveness of exposed light.

Abstract: A novel positive-working radiation-sensitive mixture having a high sensitivity to radiation in a short-wavelength UV region is provided which can be developed in an aqueous alkaline solution, has a stable acid latent image and is used for the production of a semiconductor. The mixture comprises, as indispensable components, a) a binder insoluble in water but soluble in an aqueous alkaline solution, b) a compound having at least one bond cleavable with an acid, c) a compound capable of producing an acid upon radiation, and d.sub.1) a basic ammonium compound or d.sub.2) a basic sulfonium compound.

Abstract: A highly reliable rotary magnetic recording medium has a lubricating film layer on its surface, the lubricating film layer being composed of fluoropolyether having at least two acidic functional groups in one molecule as a lubricant and fluoropolyether having at least two basic functional groups in one molecule as another lubricant, where a stable network structure is formed on the surface of the magnetic recording medium by an appropriate combination of the lubricant having the acidic groups at the terminal ends of lubricant molecule and the lubricant having the basic groups at the terminal ends of lubricant molecule.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a magnetic recording medium comprising a surface treatment layer provided on the surface of a magnetic coating film by use of a novel surface treatment agent capable of bonding to both magnetic particles and a binder in the magnetic coating film, and a process for producing the magnetic recording medium.It is possible to realize, with good productivity, a magnetic recording medium having excellent wear resistance and high reliability.

Abstract: A fluorine-containing isocyanate derivative, wherein the isocyano group of the fluorine-containing isocyanate is protected, a fluorine-containing polymer having at least one acylazido group, a process for producing an information recording medium by applying a lubricant comprising the fluorine-containing isocyanate derivative or the fluorine-containing polymer having at least one acylazido group to a magnetic layer formed on a substrate directly or through an underlayer, or to a protective layer formed on the magnetic layer, then reproducing or forming an isocyano group and subjecting the isocyano group to polymerization, thereby forming a fluorine-containing isocyanate polymer layer, an information recording medium produced according to the process and an apparatus for information recording, using the information recording medium are disclosed.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium is prepared by applying a magnetic paint containing at least magnetic particles and a thermally curable binder to a substrate, thermally curing the applied magnetic paint, thereby forming a magnetic film, and impregnating micropores formed in the magnetic film with a lubricant, where the magnetic paint further contains a poly(alkyleneoxide)-grafted binder, and the grafted poly(alkyleneoxide) moiety is thermally decomposed during the thermal curing, thereby forming the micropores in the magnetic film. A large number of micropores having a pore size of not more than 0.1 .mu.m are formed in the magnetic film, and a magnetic disk of high durability with less noises and errors during the recording and reproduction can be obtained.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium which has a magnetic coating film that contains magnetic particles in a binder and which further has a lubricating layer formed on the magnetic coating film. The magnetic coating film has a surface that is processed with both a fluorinated surface treatment agent that bonds to the magnetic particles and a fluorinated surface treatment agent that bonds to the binder. The magnetic recording medium exhibits markedly improved sliding strength when the surface treatment agents and the lubricant have similar molecular structures. It is particularly preferred that the fundamental skeleton in the molecular structure of the surface treatment agents and the lubricant consists of a perfluoropolyether chain.

Abstract: This invention relates to a magnetic recording medium comprising a magnetic recording film formed on a substrate directly or with a protective layer therebetween, characterized in that a surface treatment layer made of a reaction product of an azide compound is provided on the magnetic recording film, and preferably a lubricative material layer is further provided on the surface treatment layer. The surface treatment agent is covalently bonded to the surface of the magnetic recording film with an aid of nitrene to improve the durability of the magnetic recording film.