Abstract: Ambient light incident upon a polarizer 105 passes through a liquid crystal layer 103 and is then reflected by reflective films 116 via transparent electrodes 115. The reflected light passes again through the liquid crystal layer 103 and the polarizer 105 and is output to the outside thereby displaying an image in a reflective displaying mode. The reflective films 116 are disposed at locations corresponding to the respective transparent electrodes 115 such that they are spaced from each other. In this structure, some ambient light passes through the spaces between adjacent transparent electrodes 115, however, such light is not reflected by the reflective films 116 toward the outside and thus a reduction in contrast due to such reflection is prevented.

Abstract: The invention provides an electro-optical device having a light-shielding layer for preventing light from entering semiconductor elements. In particular, a liquid crystal display device of the present invention includes an electro-optical material between an element substrate having pixel electrodes and an opposing substrate facing the element substrate. The element substrate includes semiconductor elements for driving the pixel electrodes, insulation films covering the semiconductor element, and a reflective plate disposed on the insulation films, the reflective plate having openings. The semiconductor elements adjacent to the element substrate includes a light-shielding layer for shielding the semiconductor element from incident light, the light-shielding layer having openings in substantially the same regions as the openings in the reflective plate.

Abstract: The invention provides a reflection type liquid crystal device, and a projection type display and electronic equipment in which display defects caused by disclination are reduced, minimized or prevented from being produced for a highly fine liquid crystal display with a space between pixels made to be narrow to make it possible to provide a high-contrast and bright display. A liquid crystal device includes a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between a first substrate and a second substrate, and a first electrode and a second electrode formed on a face of the above-described second substrate on a side of the above-described liquid crystal layer. The above-described first electrode and the above-described second electrode are formed so that an electric field substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate with respect to the above-described liquid crystal layer can be applied thereto.

Abstract: To simplify a manufacturing process of a transverse electric field mode liquid crystal display device by using a non-linear resistance element such as a TFD (Thin Film Diode) as a switching element. In a liquid crystal display device having a pair of substrates with liquid crystal interposed therebetween, one of the substrates consists of an electrode substrate. On the electrode substrate, there are provided a first group of electrodes, a second group of electrodes crossing the first group of electrodes with an insulating layer interposed therebetween, non-linear resistance elements, one end of each of the non-linear resistance elements being connected to the respective one of the second group of electrodes, and pixel electrodes opposing the first group of electrodes, each pixel electrode being connected to the other end of each of the non-linear resistance elements.

Abstract: Ambient light incident upon a polarizer 105 passes through a liquid crystal layer 103 and is then reflected by reflective films 116 via transparent electrodes 115. The reflected light passes again through the liquid crystal layer 103 and the polarizer 105 and is output to the outside thereby displaying an image in a reflective displaying mode. The reflective films 116 are disposed at locations corresponding to the respective transparent electrodes 115 such that they are spaced from each other. In this structure, some ambient light passes through the spaces between adjacent transparent electrodes 115, however, such light is not reflected by the reflective films 116 toward the outside and thus a reduction in contrast due to such reflection is prevented.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of manufacturing a nonlinear element capable further improving nonlinearity of a nonlinear element, an electrooptic device, and electronic apparatus. In forming an element substrate of a liquid crystal device, an underlying layer is formed on the surface of the element substrate in the underlying layer forming step (a), and then a first metal film having a metal film containing at least Ta is formed in the first metal film forming step (b). Then, in the insulating film forming step (c), the first metal film is annealed under high pressure in an atmosphere containing water vapor to form an insulating film on the first metal film. Then, in the second metal film forming step, a second metal film is formed on the surface of the insulating film to produce a nonlinear element.

Abstract: The invention provides a reflection type liquid crystal device, and a projection type display and electronic equipment in which display defects caused by disclination are reduced, minimized or prevented from being produced for a highly fine liquid crystal display with a space between pixels made to be narrow to make it possible to provide a high-contrast and bright display. A liquid crystal device includes a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between a first substrate and a second substrate, and a first electrode and a second electrode formed on a face of the above-described second substrate on a side of the above-described liquid crystal layer. The above-described first electrode and the above-described second electrode are formed so that an electric field substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate with respect to the above-described liquid crystal layer can be applied thereto.

Abstract: The invention provides a reflection type liquid crystal device, and a projection type display and electronic equipment in which display defects caused by disclination are reduced, minimized or prevented from being produced for a highly fine liquid crystal display with a space between pixels made to be narrow to make it possible to provide a high-contrast and bright display. A liquid crystal device includes a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between a first substrate and a second substrate, and a first electrode and a second electrode formed on a face of the above-described second substrate on a side of the above-described liquid crystal layer. The above-described first electrode and the above-described second electrode are formed so that an electric field substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate with respect to the above-described liquid crystal layer can be applied thereto.

Abstract: The invention provides an active matrix type electro-optical device and an electronic apparatus using the same capable of preventing interference of light due to contact holes and interference of reflecting light from light-reflecting film. In a thin film transistor (TFT) array substrate of a reflective active matrix type electro-optical device, a light-reflecting film can be formed in a contact hole, but positions of the contact holes for electrically connecting a pixel electrode to a drain electrode, and irregular pattern for scattering light formed on the surface of the reflection film by a lower side irregularity-formation film are different in each of pixels formed in a matrix.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device of the present invention performs transmissive display using light from an illumination devices 111 and 112 in a dark environment, and reflective display using light reflected by a transflective layer 123 provided on the inner side of a liquid crystal cell in a bright environment. A retardation plate is provided adjacent to a polarizer 109 and an illumination device so that the rotational direction of polarization of the light emitted from the illumination device is the same as that of the polarization of the light reflected by the transflective layer in a dark display state.

Abstract: Ambient light incident upon a polarizer 105 passes through a liquid crystal layer 103 and is then reflected by reflective films 116 via transparent electrodes 115. The reflected light passes again through the liquid crystal layer 103 and the polarizer 105 and is output to the outside thereby displaying an image in a reflective displaying mode. The reflective films 116 are disposed at locations corresponding to the respective transparent electrodes 115 such that they are spaced from each other. In this structure, some ambient light passes through the spaces between adjacent transparent electrodes 115, however, such light is not reflected by the reflective films 116 toward the outside and thus a reduction in contrast due to such reflection is prevented.

Abstract: The invention provides a reflection type liquid crystal device, and a projection type display and electronic equipment in which display defects caused by disclination are reduced, minimized or prevented from being produced for a highly fine liquid crystal display with a space between pixels made to be narrow to make it possible to provide a high-contrast and bright display. A liquid crystal device includes a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between a first substrate and a second substrate, and a first electrode and a second electrode formed on a face of the above-described second substrate on a side of the above-described liquid crystal layer. The above-described first electrode and the above-described second electrode are formed so that an electric field substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate with respect to the above-described liquid crystal layer can be applied thereto.

Abstract: In a dark environment, light emitted by a fluorescent tube 301 enters a liquid crystal panel by a light guide plate 302, is transmitted through a transflective electrode 102 after passing through a polarizer 114 and a retardation plate 113, and is introduced into a liquid crystal layer 50 following coloration of light by a color filter 104. The light introduced into the liquid crystal layer 50 is emitted at an observation side of the liquid crystal panel through the retardation plate 213 and the polarizer 214 sequentially. On the other hand, in a bright environment, light from the observation side passes through the polarizer 214 and the liquid crystal layer 50, and is reflected at the transflective electrode 102 following coloration of light by the color filter 104, whereby the light is emitted at the observation side.

Abstract: In a dark environment, when a backlight 119 is lighted, white light emitted from the surface of a light guide plate 118 passes through a polarizing plate 107 and a phase plate 108 and, further, passes through a transflective plate 111 and a transparent electrode 116 provided on the inner surface of a substrate 102 before it is introduced into a liquid crystal layer 3. Then, it is guided to the exterior of a liquid crystal cell and sequentially passes through a phase plate 106 and a polarizing plate 105 before it is guided to the exterior. In a bright environment, external light incident from the polarizing plate 105 passes through the liquid crystal layer 3, and is then reflected by the transflective plate 111 through the transparent electrode 116 before it is passed through the polarizing plate 105 again and guided to the exterior.

Abstract: When a backlight 15 is turned on in a dark environment, white light emerging from the surface of a light guide plate 15b passes through a polarizer 12 and a retardation film 14, enters the interior of the liquid crystal cell, passes through openings of reflective electrodes 7, and is introduced into a liquid crystal layer 3. The light introduced into the liquid crystal layer 3 passes through a color filter 5, emerges from the liquid crystal cell, and passes through the retardation film 13 and the polarizer 11 towards the exterior. In a lighted environment, the light incident on the polarizer 11 passes through the liquid crystal layer 3, is reflected by the reflective electrode 7, and passes through the polarizer 11 again and is emitted towards the exterior.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte comprises an organic solvent and a solute, and also has an electrolytic conductivity that is greater than or equal to 1 mS/cm but less than or equal to 100 mS/cm. This solute preferably includes at least one of a carboxylate and a salt of inorganic oxoacid. In addition, the non-aqueous electrolyte preferably comprises water in a proportion of 1 to 10 wt %. In an MIM nonlinear element (20), an insulated film (24) is formed by anodic oxidation using the above non-aqueous electrolyte. In addition, the insulated film comprises at least one of carbon atoms and atoms of families 3 to 7 that were originally the central atoms of the salt of inorganic oxoacid, and has a relative permittivity of 10 to 25. With this MIM nonlinear element, the capacitance is sufficiently small, the steepness of the voltage-current characteristic is sufficiently large, and also the resistance is sufficiently uniform over a wide area.

Abstract: In a dark environment, light emitted by a fluorescent tube 301 enters a liquid crystal panel by a light guide plate 302, is transmitted through a transflective electrode 102 after passing through a polarizer 114 and a retardation plate 113, and is introduced into a liquid crystal layer 50 following coloration of light by a color filter 104. The light introduced into the liquid crystal layer 50 is emitted at an observation side of the liquid crystal panel through the retardation plate 213 and the polarizer 214 sequentially. On the other hand, in a bright environment, light from the observation side passes through the polarizer 214 and the liquid crystal layer 50, and is reflected at the transflective electrode 102 following coloration of light by the color filter 104, whereby the light is emitted at the observation side.

Abstract: When a backlight 15 is turned on in a dark environment, white light emerging from the surface of a light guide plate 15b passes through a polarizer 12 and a retardation film 14, enters the interior of the liquid crystal cell, passes through openings of reflective electrodes 7, and is introduced into a liquid crystal layer 3. The light introduced into the liquid crystal layer 3 passes through a color filter 5, emerges from the liquid crystal cell, and passes through the retardation film 13 and the polarizer 11 towards the exterior. In a lighted environment, the light incident on the polarizer 11 passes through the liquid crystal layer 3, is reflected by the reflective electrode 7, and passes through the polarizer 11 again and is emitted towards the exterior.

Abstract: In a color liquid crystal display device capable of performing reflective display, in order to realize superior display quality and high reliability, a reflector (2), a shading film (13), a coloring layer (4), a protective film (6), and a transparent electrode (7) are sequentially formed on a substrate (1) having insulating properties. Among the films and layers mentioned above, the coloring layer (4) is formed so as to cover the reflector (2), whereby the reflector (2) does not come into contact with chemical reagents and the like. In addition, since the coloring layer (4) is formed so as to cover the shading film (13), surface reflection at the shading film (13) is not only suppressed, but also, an optical density required for the shading film (13) can be less. In particular, since light passes through the shading film twice in reflective display, when reflective display is primarily performed, the optical density of the shading film (13) can be even less.

Abstract: An MIM nonlinear device having a large nonlinearity coefficient that represents the sharpness of the voltage-current characteristic, a liquid crystal display panel with high image-quality that uses this device, and a manufacturing method of said MIM nonlinear device are provided. The MIM nonlinear device contains a first conductive film 22, an insulating film 24, and a second conductive film 26 laminated on a substrate 30. The insulating film 24 may contain water, and in the insulating film, in a thermal desorption spectrum, a peak derived from water in the insulating film is 225-300° C. Further, in said thermal desorption spectrum, the number of molecules calculated from the area of the peak derived from the water is preferably 5×1014/cm2 or more.