Abstract: Described herein are photorefractive compositions and devices incorporating such compositions. The photorefractive composition comprises a polymer and metal-containing nanoparticles. The polymer comprises a charge transport component and a non-linear optical component which provides non-linear optical functionality. Optionally, the composition can further comprise at least one agent which inhibits agglomeration of the nanoparticles, as well as other components such as sensitizers and plasticizers. The photorefractive compositions demonstrate very good phase stabilities and substantially no haziness, even after several months. Furthermore, the addition of the metal compound nanoparticles to the polymer increases the photorefractive response time and grating formation speed when compared to similar compositions that do not contain the nanoparticles.

Abstract: This invention provides novel fuel cell electrodes and catalysts comprising a series of catalytically active thin-film metal alloys with low platinum concentration supported on nanostructured materials (nanoparticles). Processing of the electrodes and catalysts can include electrodeposition methods, and high-pressure coating techniques. In certain embodiments, an integrated gas-diffusion/electrode/catalyst layer can be prepared by processing catalyst thin films and nanoparticles into gas-diffusion media such as Toray or SGL carbon fiber papers. The catalysts can be placed in contact with an electrolyte membrane for PEM fuel cell applications.