Abstract: An electrophotographic image forming method including a toner image transfer step and eliminating an independent step for cleaning transfer residual toner is operated without causing ghost images and with good gradation and dot reproducibilities. In the method, the photosensitive member is exposed at an exposure intensity which is at least a minimum exposure intensity and below a maximum exposure intensity. The minimum exposure intensity is determined on a surface potential-exposure intensity characteristic curve of the photosensitive member by determining a first slope S1 of a straight line connecting a point giving a dark part potential Vd and a point giving a value of (Vd+ a residual potential Vr)/2, determining a contact point between a tangent line having a slope of S1/20 and the surface potential-exposure intensity characteristic curve and determining the minimum exposure intensity as an exposure intensity at the contact point.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is disclosed which has an electroconductive support and a photosensitive layer formed thereon. The photosensitive member is electrified by applying voltage to an electrification means brought into contact therewith, and it has higher impedance (.OMEGA..cndot.cm) at an end portion than at other portion of the area where the photosensitive member is allowed to contact with the electrification means. Also, a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus using the photosensitive member are disclosed.

Abstract: An to an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a photosensitive layer containing a specified oxytitanium phthalocyanine and a polyvinyl acetal resin having a structural unit represented by Formula: ##STR1## wherein X is a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, a nitro group, or a cyano group; and Y is a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, a nitro group, or a cyano group. The photosensitive member maintains a low residual potential without deterioration of the sensitivity during repeated use.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer comprising a bisphenol Z-type polycarbonate resin is charged by contact charging. The charged electrophotographic photosensitive member is then subjected to imagewise exposure to form an electrostatic latent image on the photosensitive member, the thus formed electrostatic latent image on the electrophotographic photosensitive member is developed. The electrophotographic photosensitive member shows good resistance to wearing and toner sticking when subjected to electrophotographic image formation including a contact charging process.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising an electroconductive support and a photosensitive layer formed thereon: the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member containing a first copolymer of a first construction unit represented by Formula (1) and a second construction unit represented by Formula (2), and a second copolymer of a third construction unit represented by Formula (3) and a fourth construction unit represented by Formula (4): ##STR1##

Abstract: An image forming process is carried out through the steps of electrostatically charging a cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive member, forming an electrostatic latent image by image exposure, developing the latent image and transferring the developed image to a transfer member. The photosensitive member is comprised of a conductive support and a photosensitive layer which contains oxytitanium phthalocyanine as a charge-generating material and a charge-transporting material. The charge-generating material and the charge-transporting material have a work function (W.sub.F.sup.CG) and a work function (W.sub.F.sup.CT), respectively. Those work functions satisfies the following relationship:-0.2<W.sub.F.sup.CG -W.sub.F.sup. CT.ltoreq.0 (eV)The above steps is carried out while the photosensitive member rotates once at 1.5 seconds or less.

Abstract: An photosensitive member suitable for use in the electrophotographic apparatus of reversal development-type is formed by an electroconductive support, a charge-generation layer and a charge-transport layer disposed in this order. The charge-generation layer comprises oxytitanium phthalocyanine and the charge-transport layer is formed in a thickness of 22 microns or larger. The oxytitanium phthalocyanine is highly sensitive so that a low dark-part potential of 600V or lower (absolute) is sufficient. Because of the low dark-part potential and the thick charge transport layer, image defect, such as fog and black spots are effectively suppressed.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is formed by a cylindrical substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the cylindrical substrate. The cylindrical substrate has a circumferential end section adjacent to at least one longitudinal end of the cylindrical substrate, and the circumferential end section has the photosensitive layer thereon removed and has been subjected to cutting. The electrophotographic photosensitive member is characterized by the circumferential end section having a smooth surface on the cylindrical substrate. The photosensitive member co-operates with a peripheral member, such as a spacer or a sealing member, at the end section in performing a stable electrophotographic process.

Abstract: A laser beam with a wavelength .lambda. emitted from a laser beam source is split into first and second pump beams and a probe beam. The first and second pump beams are incident on light incident surfaces of a photo-nonlinear medium from opposing directions on the same optical path. The probe beam is incident on the light incident surface forming an angle with the first pump beam to generate interference fringes in the normal direction of the light incident surface and to form a refractive index grating. A phase conjugate wave is emitted in the reverse direction to an incident optical path of the probe beam by means of irradiating the second pump beam on the refractive index grating.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a conductive support and a photosensitive layer provided thereon, wherein the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a polymer having a component unit represented by the following Formula (1) and a polymer having a component unit represented by the following Formula (2) and a component unit represented by the following Formula (3) in a certain proportion.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus has a charging device for charging a photosensitive member containing an organic photoconducter, an exposure device, a developing device including a developer, a transfer device and a cleaning device. The photosensitive member employs an organic photoconductor and a polycarbonate resin layer which forms the surface of the photosensitive member. The developer device has a sleeve with a thin layer of an electrical coating material containing dispersed carbon particles. The developer contains insulating magnetic toner particles of relatively small particle size formed from a styrene-acrylic type copolymer or a polyester resin and a magnetic powder.

Abstract: An electrophotographic device has an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a blade for charging arranged in contact with the photosensitive member, the photosensitive member being charged by application of a voltage on the blade for charging, wherein the ten point surface average roughness Rz of the photosensitive member is 0.3 .mu.m to 5.0 .mu.m.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises an electroconductive support, and at least an undercoating layer, a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, laid successively on the electroconductive support in this order, and the undercoating layer contains N-methoxymethylated nylon 6 containing not more than 10 ppm of components having a molecular weight of not more than 1,000.

Abstract: An apparatus for preparing electrophotographic photosensitive members comprises a means for forming a charge generation layer by coating a charge generation layer coating solution containing two or more kinds of charge-generating materials having different maximum absorption wavelengths, wherein the apparatus further comprises a means for measuring absorbance or transmittance at the respective maximum absorption wavelengths of said coating solution to measure the mixing ratio of the respective charge-generating materials, and a means for controlling the mixing ratio by controlling the feed amount of the respective charge-generating materials.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a photosensitive layer containing an organic photoconductor provided on an electroconductive substrate, wherein said photosensitive layer contains a compound represented by the formula (1) shown below in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 10% by weight based on the total weight of the photosensitive layer added;Formula: ##STR1## wherein R represents ##STR2## X.sub.1, X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 each represent hydrogen atom or methyl group, X.sub.4 represents ##STR3## X.sub.5 represents hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an alkenyl group.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus comprises an electrophotographic photosensitive member and means for applying an electrophotographic cycle to the photosensitive member. The electrophotographic cycle includes charging, image exposure, toner development, toner transfer, remaining toner cleaning, and exposure for erasing remaining electric charge. The electrophotographic cycle application means includes abrasion means. By setting the abrasion function of the abrasion means to provide an abrasion of the surface layer of the photosensitive member at a rate of 250 .ANG.or more per 1000 electrophotographic cycles applied to the photosensitive member, the deterioration of image quality such as image-flow and fading of images caused by succession of electrophotographic cycles is effectively prevented particularly with respect to a photosensitive member with a small diameter.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member has a photosensitive layer on an electroconductive support, characterized in that the surface layer contains a fluorine type resin powder and a fluorine type block copolymer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member having the structure comprising a conductive substrate laminated thereon with (i) a charge generation layer comprising two or more kinds of charge-generating materials incorporated in binder resins and (ii) a charge transport layer, wherein said charge generation layer comprises at least a first charge generating material dispersed in a first binder resin and a second charge generating material dispersed in a second binder resin, such that the binder resins in the charge generating layer are incompatible with each other.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a photosensitive layer on an electroconductive substrate, and photosensitive layer comprising at least one polycarbonate resins (I) having a number average molecular weight of 1.5.times.10.sup.4 or less and at least one of polycarbonate resins (II) having a number average molecular weight of 4.5.times.10.sup.4 or more, said polycarbonate resin (I) being contained at a proportion of 30 parts by weight to 95 parts by weight based on the composition comprising the polycarbonate resins (I) and (II).

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is provided which has an electroconductive substrate and a photosensitive layer, said photosensitive layer containing at least one of (I) polymethyl methacrylates having a molecular weight of 28.times.10.sup.4 or lower, preferably 1.0.times.10.sup.4 to 28.times.10.sup.4 and at least one of (II) polymethyl methacrylates having a molecular weight of 50.times.10.sup.4 to 250.times.10.sup.4, preferably 100.times.10.sup.4 to 250.times.10.sup.4, said polymethyl methacrylate (II) being contained at a proportion of 0.1 part by weight to 30 parts by weight in the composition consisting of the polymethyl methacrylates (I) and (II).