Abstract: A method is provided of continuously varying the capacitance of a MEMS varactor having a cantilever assembly mounted on a base portion, the cantilever assembly having a first capacitance plate and a dielectric element mounted thereon, and the base portion having a second capacitance plate mounted thereon. The method includes applying a first actuation voltage to deform the cantilever assembly until the dielectric element contacts the second capacitance plate leaving a gap therebetween, and applying a second actuation voltage larger than the first actuation voltage to further deform the cantilever assembly to reduce the gap between the dielectric element and the second capacitance plate.

Abstract: A laser system and method for self-injection locking. The system includes a laser having a laser output at a frequency ?o. An optical port provides a portion of the laser output at the port and a modulator, coupled to the port, is driven by a RF signal at a frequency ?m generates two sidebands at ?o±?m. A filter passes one of the two sidebands; and an optical path couples an output of the filter to the laser for injection locking.

Abstract: A radiating coaxial cable transmission line that may be used as an antenna. Mechanisms are incorporated for boosting the rate of conversion of bifilar mode to monofilar mode.

Abstract: A method for improving the efficiency of antennas having transparent thin-film conductive surfaces, and antennas improved by the method are disclosed. For a selected frequency of antenna operation, values for surface current density in areas distributed over the surface of the thin-film are determined. Regions of the surface containing areas having concentrated current flow are identified based upon the determined values of current density. Antenna efficiency is improved by increasing conductivity in areas of the thin-film surface found to have concentrated current flow. The method enables the improvement of the efficiency of antennas having transparent thin-film conducting surfaces, without unnecessarily obstructing the optical view through the thin-film surfaces of the antennas.

Abstract: Apparatus for a micro-electro-mechanical switch that provides single pole, double throw switching action. The switch has two input lines and two output lines. The switch has a seesaw cantilever arm with contacts at each end that electrically connect the input lines with the output lines. The cantilever arm is latched into position by frictional forces between structures on the cantilever arm and structures on the substrate in which the cantilever arm is disposed. The state of the switch is changed by applying an electrostatic force at one end of the cantilever arm to overcome the mechanical force holding the other end of the cantilever arm in place.

Abstract: A high impedance surface and a method of making same. The surface includes a molded structure having a repeating pattern of holes therein and a repeating pattern of sidewall surfaces, the holes penetrating the structure between first and second major surfaces thereof and the sidewall surfaces joining the first major surface. A metal layer is put on said molded structure, the metal layer being in the holes, covering at least a portion of the second major surface, covering the sidewalls and portions of the first major surface to interconnect the sidewalls with other sidewalls via the metal layer on the second major surface and in the holes.

Abstract: Apparatus for a micro-electro-mechanical switch that provides for latching switching action. The switch has a cantilever arm disposed on a substrate that can be moved in orthogonal directions for latching and unlatching. To latch the switch, the cantilever arm is moved back by a comb-drive actuator and then pulled down by electrodes disposed on the substrate and the cantilever arm. The comb-drive actuator switch is then released and the cantilever arm moves forward to be captured by a dove-tail structure on the substrate. When the voltage to the electrodes on the substrate and the cantilever arm is removed, the cantilever arm is held in place by the dove-tail structure. The switch is unlatched by actuating the comb-drive actuator to move the cantilever arm away from the dove-tail structure. The cantilever arm will then pop up once it is released from the dove-tail structure.

Abstract: A method for improving the efficiency of antennas having transparent thin-film conductive surfaces, and antennas improved by the method are disclosed. For a selected frequency of antenna operation, values for surface current density in areas distributed over the surface of the thin-film are determined. Regions of the surface containing areas having concentrated current flow are identified based upon the determined values of current density. Antenna efficiency is improved by increasing conductivity in areas of the thin-film surface found to have concentrated current flow. The method enables the improvement of the efficiency of antennas having transparent thin-film conducting surfaces, without unnecessarily obstructing the optical view through the thin-film surfaces of the antennas.

Abstract: A high impedance surface and a method of making same. The surface includes a molded structure having a repeating pattern of holes therein and a repeating pattern of sidewall surfaces, the holes penetrating the structure between first and second major surfaces thereof and the sidewall surfaces joining the first major surface. A metal layer is put on said molded structure, the metal layer being in the holes, covering at least a portion of the second major surface, covering the sidewalls and portions of the first major surface to interconnect the sidewalls with other sidewalls via the metal layer on the second major surface and in the holes.

Abstract: A micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switch formed on a substrate, the switch comprising a transmission line formed on the substrate, a substrate electrostatic plate formed on the substrate, and an actuating portion. The actuating portion comprises a cantilever anchor formed on the substrate and a cantilevered actuator arm extending from the cantilever anchor. Attraction of the actuator arm toward the substrate brings an electrical contact into engagement with the portions of the transmission line separated by a gap, thus bridging the transmission line gap and closing the circuit. In order to maximize electrical isolation between the transmission line and the electrical contact in an OFF-state while maintaining a low actuation voltage, the actuator arm is bent such that the minimum separation distance between the transmission line and the electrical contact is equal to or greater than the maximum separation distance between the substrate electrostatic plate and arm electrostatic plate.

Abstract: A micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) switch formed on a substrate, the switch comprising a transmission line formed on the substrate, a substrate electrostatic plate formed on the substrate, and an actuating portion. The actuating portion comprises a cantilever anchor formed on the substrate and a cantilevered actuator arm extending from the cantilever anchor. Attraction of the actuator arm toward the substrate brings an electrical contact into engagement with the portions of the transmission line separated by a gap, thus bridging the transmission line gap and closing the circuit. In order to maximize electrical isolation between the transmission line and the electrical contact in an OFF-state while maintaining a low actuation voltage, the actuator arm is bent such that the minimum separation distance between the transmission line and the electrical contact is equal to or greater than the maximum separation distance between the substrate electrostatic plate and arm electrostatic plate.

Abstract: An optically controlled mechanical device actuated by electrostatic forces. The device includes electrostatic plates disposed on opposing portions of the device to accumulate charge; conductors to conduct charge to the electrostatic plates from a bias supply; and a photoelectric element having a photoresistive element arranged to affect a quantity of charge reaching the electrostatic plates from the bias supply.

Abstract: A torsion spring for an electro-mechanical switch is presented. The torsion spring comprises a set of tines including at least one tine extending from the free end of the armature of a switch. A terminus portion is rotatably suspended between the tines, and includes a conducting transmission line, at least a portion of which is exposed for electrical contact. The conducting transmission line has a length selected such that the exposed portion of the transmission line forms a circuit between the input and output of the micro-electro-mechanical switch when the micro-electro-mechanical switch is urged into a closed position, with the terminus portion rotating via the tines to form a conformal connection between the exposed portion of the conducting transmission line and the input and output of the switch, thus optimizing the electrical flow therebetween. The switch is also applied to MEMS devices.

Abstract: A torsion spring for an electro-mechanical switch is presented. The torsion spring comprises a set of tines including at least one tine extending from the free end of the armature of a switch. A terminus portion is rotatably suspended between the tines, and includes a conducting transmission line, at least a portion of which is exposed for electrical contact. The conducting transmission line has a length selected such that the exposed portion of the transmission line forms a circuit between the input and output of the micro-electro-mechanical switch when the micro-electro-mechanical switch is urged into a closed position, with the terminus portion rotating via the tines to form a conformal connection between the exposed portion of the conducting transmission line and the input and output of the switch, thus optimizing the electrical flow therebetween. The switch is also applied to MEMS devices.

Abstract: A torsion spring for an electromechanical switch is presented. The torsion spring comprises a set of tines including at least one tine extending from the free end of the armature of a switch. A terminus portion is rotatably suspended between the tines, and includes a conducting transmission line, at least a portion of which is exposed for electrical contact. The conducting transmission line has a length selected such that the exposed portion of the transmission line forms a circuit between the input and output of the micro-electro-mechanical switch when the micro-electro-mechanical switch is urged into a closed position, with the terminus portion rotating via the tines to form a conformal connection between the exposed portion of the conducting transmission line and the input and output of the switch, thus optimizing the electrical flow therebetween. The switch is also applied to MEMS devices.

Abstract: A torsion spring for an electromechanical switch is presented. The torsion spring comprises a set of tines including at least one tine extending from the free end of the armature of a switch. A terminus portion is rotatably suspended between the tines, and includes a conducting transmission line, at least a portion of which is exposed for electrical contact. The conducting transmission line has a length selected such that the exposed portion of the transmission line forms a circuit between the input and output of the micro-electro-mechanical switch when the micro-electro-mechanical switch is urged into a closed position, with the terminus portion rotating via the tines to form a conformal connection between the exposed portion of the conducting transmission line and the input and output of the switch, thus optimizing the electrical flow therebetween. The switch is also applied to MEMS devices.

Abstract: An optically controlled micro-electromechanical (MEM) switch is described which desirably utilizes photoconductive properties of a semiconductive substrate upon which MEM switches are fabricated. In one embodiment the bias voltage provided for actuation of the switch is altered by illuminating an optoelectric portion of the switch to deactivate the switch. In an alternative embodiment, a photovoltaic device provides voltage to actuate the switch without any bias lines at all. Due to the hysteresis of the electromechanical switching as a function of applied voltage, only modest variation of voltage applied to the switch is necessary to cause the switch to open or close sharply under optical control.

Abstract: A torsion spring for an electro-mechanical switch is presented. The torsion spring comprises a set of tines including at least one tine extending from the free end of the armature of a switch. A terminus portion is rotatably suspended between the tines, and includes a conducting transmission line, at least a portion of which is exposed for electrical contact. The conducting transmission line has a length selected such that the exposed portion of the transmission line forms a circuit between the input and output of the micro-electro-mechanical switch when the micro-electro-mechanical switch is urged into a closed position, with the terminus portion rotating via the tines to form a conformal connection between the exposed portion of the conducting transmission line and the input and output of the switch, thus optimizing the electrical flow therebetween. The switch is also applied to MEMS devices.

Abstract: An inter vehicle communication system wherein information transfer between vehicles is provided by data sources, data sensors, and vehicle sensors on each vehicle connected to a central processing unit on each vehicle. The central processing unit receives information from other vehicles via the data sensors and calculates information weights for that data. Information weights may be based upon temporal or spatial displacement, or other factors. The central processing unit then combines that weighted data with data provided by onboard vehicle sensors to determine vehicle and situational status. The central processing unit will then provide control information to the vehicle or vehicle operator. The central processing unit also creates messages for transfer to other vehicles via the data sources contained in the vehicle. Preferably, the data sources are provided by adapting vehicle headlights, taillights, or other existing lights sources for optical data transfer.

Abstract: A high impedance surface and a method of making same. The surface includes a molded structure having a repeating pattern of holes therein and a repeating pattern of sidewall surfaces, the holes penetrating the structure between first and second major surfaces thereof and the sidewall surfaces joining the first major surface. A metal layer is put on said molded structure, the metal layer being in the holes, covering at least a portion of the second major surface, covering the sidewalls and portions of the first major surface to interconnect the sidewalls with other sidewalls via the metal layer on the second major surface and in the holes.