Abstract: A nonvolatile memory system includes a memory controller for copying a mapping data group including logical-physical address mapping information regarding user data from a nonvolatile memory to a mapping information storage unit, and transmit size information regarding the mapping data group to a host. The host may receive size information regarding the mapping data group from the nonvolatile memory system, and determine the order of commands to be transmitted to the nonvolatile memory based on the size information regarding the mapping data group.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device using a metal oxide includes forming a metal oxide layer on a substrate, forming an amorphous semiconductor layer on the metal oxide layer, and forming a polycrystalline semiconductor layer by crystallizing the amorphous semiconductor layer using the metal oxide layer.

Abstract: A method of preparing an electrode active material for manufacturing a lithium secondary battery exhibiting stable charging/discharging efficiency and life-cycle characteristics even during high-speed charging/discharging cycles is provided. Also, a method of controlling both a composition ratio (Ti/Li) of surface elements and a composition of a lithium element in a lithium titanium oxide which is known to be an electrode active material having a relatively stable structure is provided. The lithium secondary battery using the lithium titanium oxide manufactured by the method as the electrode active material can be stably used by maintaining charging/discharging efficiency and charging capacity even during the high-speed charging/discharging cycles.

Abstract: Provided is a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode active material particle and an electrolyte-containing metal oxide coating layer having a porous structure and a method of manufacturing the same. A lithium secondary battery to which the positive electrode active material including the electrolyte-containing metal oxide coating layer is applied can have improved charge/discharge efficiency and lifespan characteristics at the same time.

Abstract: Provided are a toner and a method of preparing the same. The toner includes a binder resin, a coloring agent, and at least one additive, and a storage modulus curve of the toner with respect to temperature has multiple inflection points. The toner may be used in an electrophotographic image forming apparatus.

Abstract: Disclosed is a nonvolatile memory device which includes a nonvolatile memory having multi-level cell (MLC) storage; and a controller configured to control the nonvolatile memory, wherein if a logical address of write-requested data coincides with a logical address of data stored in the nonvolatile memory, the controller controls the nonvolatile memory to program the write-requested data prior to programming of a page sharing the same word line as a page including the data stored in the nonvolatile memory.

Abstract: Disclosed is a nonvolatile memory device which includes a nonvolatile memory including a plurality of LSB and MSB pages at a plurality of wordlines; and a controller controlling the nonvolatile memory. The controller controls the nonvolatile memory such that an LSB program operation on a first wordline (first LSB page) of the plurality of wordlines is programmed and then an LSB program operation on a second wordline of the plurality of wordlines (second LSB page) is programmed. When the LSB program operation on the second wordline (second LSB page) is performed, the nonvolatile memory stores information about LSB data programmed at the first wordline (first LSB page) at a spare area of the second wordline (second LSB page).

Abstract: A method for forming a selective ohmic contact for a Group III-nitride heterojunction structured device may include forming a conductive layer and a capping layer on an epitaxial substrate including at least one Group III-nitride heterojunction layer and having a defined ohmic contact region, the capping layer being formed on the conductive layer or between the conductive layer and the Group III-nitride heterojunction layer in one of the ohmic contact region and non-ohmic contact region, and applying at least one of a laser annealing process and an induction annealing process on the substrate at a temperature of less than or equal to about 750° C. to complete the selective ohmic contact in the ohmic contact region.

Abstract: Provided are a method of forming a toner image and an electrophotographic image forming apparatus including a toner. The method of forming a toner image is performed using a first toner having a yellow color and color coordinate values of a lightness (L) ranging from 91 to 94, a redness (a) ranging from ?11 to ?9, and a yellowness (b) ranging from 77 to 82; a second toner having a magenta color and color coordinate values of a lightness (L) ranging from 56 to 61, a redness (a) ranging from 56 to 61, and a yellowness (b) ranging from ?7 to ?5; and a third toner having a cyan color and color coordinate values of a lightness (L) ranging from 58 to 62, a redness (a) ranging from ?33 to ?30, and a yellowness (b) ranging from ?42 to ?37.

Abstract: A toner has a core-shell structure including a toner core portion having a resin with an active hydrogenactive hydrogen containing group, a colorant and at least one additive, and a toner shell portion surrounding the toner core portion, wherein the toner shell portion includes a cross-linked resin prepared by reaction of at least a portion of the active hydrogen containing group and the cross-linking agent.

Abstract: An electrode structure, a GaN-based semiconductor device including the electrode structure, and methods of manufacturing the same, may include a GaN-based semiconductor layer and an electrode structure on the GaN-based semiconductor layer. The electrode structure may include an electrode element including a conductive material and a diffusion layer between the electrode element and the GaN-based semiconductor layer. The diffusion layer may include a material which is an n-type dopant with respect to the GaN-based semiconductor layer, and the diffusion layer may contact the GaN-based semiconductor layer. A region of the GaN-based semiconductor layer contacting the diffusion layer may be doped with the n-type dopant. The material of the diffusion layer may comprise a Group 4 element.

Abstract: A method of preparing lithium titanate nanoparticles, the method including: feeding reactants including lithium and titanium into a reactor, followed by mixing the reactants in the reactor at a molecular level; and generating a crystal nucleus by chemically reacting the reactants in the reactor.

Abstract: Provided are a toner using a resin having an active hydrogen-containing group, and a method of preparing the toner. The toner using a resin having an active hydrogen-containing group includes a binder resin (A), a cross-linked resin including a THF insoluble content of 99-100 weight %, a colorant, and at least one additive. The cross-linked resin is arranged in the form of a plurality of islands in each particle of the toner.

Abstract: Provided is a method of preparing a toner, the method including: preparing a solvent emulsion by stirring a medium including a polar medium, an organic solvent, and a surfactant; adding toner components including a resin and a pigment to the solvent emulsion; removing the organic solvent from the solvent emulsion including the toner components; and collecting a toner particle from the solvent emulsion from which the organic solvent is removed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for manufacturing a lithium transition metal phosphate. The disclosed method for manufacturing a lithium transition metal phosphate comprises the steps of: injecting reaction materials containing lithium, a transition metal, and a phosphate, into a reactor, and mixing the raw materials at the molecular level in the reactor; and allowing the reaction materials to chemically react in the reactor so as to cause nucleation.

Abstract: A photovoltaic fiber may include a first electrode surrounding a base fiber, a photoactive layer surrounding the first electrode and having a photovoltaic junction positioned in a radial direction. The photovoltaic fiber may also include a second electrode surrounding the photoactive layer is provided.

Abstract: A method of preparing a toner using a micro-suspension particle, includes preparing a mixture by mixing a resin having acidic groups, a master batch of coloring pigment, and at least one additive with an organic solvent, and then neutralizing the acid groups of the resin with a base; forming a micro-suspension by adding the prepared mixture to a dispersion medium; and forming a toner composition by removing the organic solvent from the prepared micro-suspension. Therefore, the method of preparing a toner using the disclosed micro-suspension particle and a toner prepared using the same can save manufacturing costs, and can improve charging ability and cleaning properties of the toner.

Abstract: A method of preparing lithium titanate nanoparticles, the method including: feeding reactants including lithium and titanium into a reactor, followed by mixing the reactants in the reactor at a molecular level; and generating a crystal nucleus by chemically reacting the reactants in the reactor.

Abstract: A solar cell including: a semiconductor substrate, a passivation film disposed on a side of the semiconductor substrate, a protective layer disposed on a side of the passivation film opposite the semiconductor substrate, and an electrode disposed on a side of the protective layer opposite the passivation film, wherein the electrode includes a product of a conductive paste including glass frit and a conductive material, and wherein the protective layer includes a material having an absolute value of a Gibb's free energy which is less than an absolute value of a Gibb's free energy of each component of the glass frit.

Abstract: Provided are a method of forming a toner image and an electrophotographic image forming apparatus including a toner. The method of forming a toner image is performed using a first toner having a yellow color and color coordinate values of a lightness (L) ranging from 91 to 94, a redness (a) ranging from ?11 to ?9, and a yellowness (b) ranging from 77 to 82; a second toner having a magenta color and color coordinate values of a lightness (L) ranging from 56 to 61, a redness (a) ranging from 56 to 61, and a yellowness (b) ranging from ?7 to ?5; and a third toner having a cyan color and color coordinate values of a lightness (L) ranging from 58 to 62, a redness (a) ranging from ?33 to ?30, and a yellowness (b) ranging from ?42 to ?37.