Abstract: An eyepiece with a wide field of view is made up of only a few spherical lenses, has a wide viewing angle, and includes eye relief of extensive length. The intrinsic aberration and the aberration of the pupil are favorably corrected. The eyepiece includes, in order from an object side, a positive meniscus lens having a convex surface which faces an eyepoint, a bonded biconvex lens made up of a biconvex lens and a negative meniscus lens with a concave surface facing the object side, and a positive lens with a convex surface which faces the object side. The bonded surface of the bonded biconvex lens has negative refractivity. The positive lens with the convex surface facing the object side is either a plano-convex lens with a planar side facing the eyepoint side or a positive meniscus lens with a concave surface facing the eyepoint side. Certain prescribed conditional equations are satisfied.

Abstract: Catadioptric systems are disclosed that project a demagnified image of an object on a substrate. A first optical system substantially collimates a light flux from the object and directs the light flux to a beamsplitter provided with a reflecting surface. A second optical system comprising a concave mirror and a negative lens and having unit magnification receives the light flux from the beamsplitter and directs the light flux back to the beamsplitter. A third optical system then receives the light flux from the beamsplitter and forms an image of the object on the substrate. The catadioptric systems satisfy various conditions.

Abstract: An ultrasonic microscope comprises an acoustic lens for emitting an ultrasonic beam, a movable shaft for supporting a sample, and a drive circuit for moving the movable shaft and thus the sample relative to the acoustic lens in a z-direction. Two signals for eliminating x-direction and y-direction inclinations of the sample relative to the acoustic lens are supplied to the drive circuit in synchronism with an x-direction drive signal and a y-direction drive signal, so that the sample is moved in the z-direction and scanned with the ultrasonic beam in an x-y direction while the sample inclination sample to the acoustic lens is being eliminated.

Abstract: An ultrasonic microscope includes a container for containing a liquid nitrogen, and an acoustic lens housed in the container to emit an ultrasonic beam onto the view face of a sample. A sleeve is located above the container, which has a gas-tight chamber therein communicated with the container and a sample inserting opening formed in the periphery thereof. The sample inserting opening is selectively closed and opened by a gate valve. A sample rod is provided with a sample on its lower end, and may be freely movable up and down in the gas-tight chamber to a position where the sample in the container is scanned and to another position adjacent to the sample inserting opening where the sample is exchanged with a new one.

Abstract: A supersonic microscope comprises a container for containing a liquid nitrogen, and an acoustic lens housed in the container to emit a supersonic beam onto the view face of a sample. A volume-variable member is provided in the liquid so that its upper part is extended from the top surface of the liquid. When the observing of the sample, the vertical position of the member is changed for moving the top surface of the liquid nitrogen up and down so that the top surface of the liquid contacts the view face of the sample.

Abstract: A device for blasting descaling slurry jets against the surfaces of sheet metal is disclosed, thereby descaling the same prior to cold rolling.

Abstract: A descaling slurry is applied to a surface of an elongated metal strip from a nozzle array while the strip is moving in the direction of its length. The nozzle array is positioned in spaced relation to the strip surface and extends transversely to the strip at an acute angle so that the individual slurry streams emanating from the nozzles do not intersect and strike the strip in a line at the same acute angle as the nozzle array. The nozzles of the array are directed toward the strip surface at an acute spray angle in the direction of movement of the strip.