Abstract: A photosensitive resist layer is formed on one surface of a single-polarized ferroelectric substance having nonlinear optical effects. The resist layer has properties such that, when light is irradiated to the resist layer, only exposed areas of the resist layer or only unexposed areas of the resist layer become soluble in a developing solvent. The resist layer is then exposed to near-field light in a periodic pattern with a device, which receives exposure light and produces the near-field light in the periodic pattern. The resist layer is then developed to form a periodic pattern. A periodic electrode is then formed on the one surface of the ferroelectric substance by utilizing the periodic pattern of the resist layer as a mask, the periodic electrode being formed at positions corresponding to opening areas of the mask.

Abstract: The liquid discharge head comprises: a three-dimensional structure which defines a space including a pressure chamber filled with liquid and a flow channel for supplying the liquid to the pressure chamber, the three-dimensional structure being formed by depositing a composition material on a substrate according to a deposition method; and a drive element which causes discharge of the liquid from the pressure chamber through a nozzle.

Abstract: The liquid discharge head comprises: a three-dimensional structure which defines a space including a pressure chamber filled with liquid and a flow channel for supplying the liquid to the pressure chamber, at least a part of the three-dimensional structure being formed by depositing layers composed of at least two different composition materials on a substrate according to a deposition method; and a drive element which causes discharge of the liquid from the pressure chamber through a nozzle.

Abstract: The liquid discharge head comprises: a diaphragm; a first piezoelectric member which is formed on a first surface of the diaphragm, the first piezoelectric member driving the diaphragm; and a pressure chamber dividing wall which is formed on a second surface of the diaphragm opposite to the first surface, wherein the first piezoelectric member and the pressure chamber dividing wall are formed by a deposition method.

Abstract: A method for forming a polarization inversion portion, in which electrodes with a predetermined pattern are formed on one surface of a ferroelectric crystal that has been subjected to a single polarization, and a local polarization inversion portion corresponding to the pattern of the electrodes is formed in the ferroelectric crystal by applying electric field to both front and back surfaces of the ferroelectric crystal via the electrodes, makes it possible to accurately form a polarization inversion pattern. In this method, portions of the ferroelectric crystal corresponding to the respective electrodes and portions between these portions are subjected to a polarization inversion, and one polarization inversion portion is formed.

Abstract: A pattern electrode having a predetermined pattern and a connecting electrode connected to the pattern electrode are formed on one surface of a single-polarized ferroelectric substance crystal. An electric field is applied across the ferroelectric substance crystal with corona charging or electron beam irradiation from the side of the other surface of the ferroelectric substance crystal. A polarization inversion region having a shape corresponding to the predetermined pattern is thus formed in the ferroelectric substance crystal. The electric field is applied in a state, in which an electrical insulating material is located on the other surface of the ferroelectric substance crystal and at a position corresponding to at least a position of a certain area of the connecting electrode.

Abstract: A polarization reversion pattern is formed in ferroelectrics in accordance with image information. An image is obtained by surface charges corresponding to the polarization reversion pattern. The ferroelectrics are composed of an inorganic ferroelectric oxide such as LiNbxTa1-xO3(0≦x≦1).

Abstract: In a method for displaying an image: a polarization inversion pattern is produced in a ferroelectric member in accordance with image information so as to produce a surface charge pattern corresponding to the polarization inversion pattern; and an image contrast is produced in a contrast production member by the influence of the surface charge pattern, where the contrast production member is joined to the ferroelectric member. The polarization inversion pattern may be produced by heating the ferroelectric member so as to produce a heat distribution corresponding to the image information in the ferroelectric member. Further, the ferroelectric member may be heated by applying infrared light carrying the image information to the ferroelectric member.

Abstract: A method of forming a polarization inversion portion, in which electrodes with a predetermined pattern is formed on one surface of a ferroelectric crystal that has been subjected to a single polarization, and a local polarization inversion portion corresponding to the pattern of the electrodes is formed in the ferroelectric crystal by applying electric field both of front and back surfaces of the ferroelectric crystal via the electrodes, makes it possible to accurately form a polarization inversion pattern. In this method, portions of the ferroelectric crystal corresponding to the respective electrodes and portions between these portions are subjected to a polarization inversion, and one polarization inversion portion is formed.

Abstract: A polarization reversion pattern is formed in ferroelectrics in accordance with image information. An image is obtained by surface charges corresponding to the polarization reversion pattern. The ferroelectrics are composed of an inorganic ferroelectric oxide such as LiNbxTa1-xO3 (0≦x≦1).

Abstract: A method for fabricating domain reversals in predetermined periods without the occurrence of localized variations in refractive index. Localized areas of a unipolarized ferroelectric material which is made of an LiNbO.sub.3 substrate, or the like, and possesses a nonlinear optical effect are exposed to electron beams in a predetermined pattern, so that domain reversals are defined. Thereafter, this ferroelectric material is subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature below the Curie temperature of the ferroelectric material.

Abstract: A ferroelectric substance such as LiNbO.sub.3 that possesses a unipolarized non-linear optical effect is etched on its surface. An earth electrode is formed on one surface (the +z plane) of a ferroelectric substance. Domain reversals are created on the opposite side (the -z plane) of the substrate relative to the +z plane by irradiating electron beams onto the -z plane.