Abstract: A water-using apparatus includes a water-feeding unit configured to feed water, a water-treating unit connected to the water-feeding unit by a pipe and being configured to perform a function in which ionic substances contained in water fed from the water-feeding unit are removed by an electrical deionization unit, a water-using unit connected to the water-treating unit by a pipe and configured to use water having flowed through the water-treating unit, a drainpipe through which water with increased concentration of ionic substances removed by the water-treating unit is drained, and a controller configured to control a passage for water fed from the water-feeding unit and to cause water with increased concentration of ionic substances to be drained through the drainpipe.

Abstract: An ion removal apparatus according to this disclosure performs a desalination treatment on a liquid and includes: a first electrode guide having an inlet allowing the liquid to flow in, a first electrode holder holding a first electrode that adsorbs an ion in the liquid, and an inflow passage serving as a flow passage connecting the inlet and the first electrode holder to one another; and a second electrode guide having an outlet allowing the liquid to flow out, a second electrode holder allowing the liquid passing through the first electrode holder to flow in and holding a second electrode that adsorbs the ion in the liquid, and an outflow passage serving as a flow passage connecting the outlet and the second electrode holder to one another.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a drug for the treatment and/or prevention of pain, more specifically to a medicinal preparation for external use to treat and/or prevent peripheral neuropathic pain, the medicinal preparation containing as an active ingredient N2-{[1-ethyl-6-(4-methylphenoxy)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]methyl}-L-alaninamide.

Abstract: An oil passageway structure for internal combustion engines includes a cylinder head having an inter-bearing wall fluid communication oil passage for providing fluid communication between a plurality of bearing walls to allow oil to flow therebetween. The cylinder head further includes a bearing wall oil passage branched from the inter-bearing wall fluid communication oil passage to supply oil to a bearing surfaces of at least one of the bearing walls. The inter-bearing wall fluid communication oil passage is defined in one of facing side walls. The bearing wall oil passageway is defined in at least one of the bearing walls. The oil passageway structure is thus made up of a reduced number of parts, can be assembled with a reduced number of man-hours, can lead to productivity growth, and is inexpensive to manufacture.

Abstract: An engine variable valve train is provided with a cylindrical cam carrier fitted on a camshaft in a manner axially slidable to and co-rotatable with the camshaft. The cam carrier has therearound mutually adjoining low-speed and high-speed cam lobes selectively acting on the engine valve and being different in cam profile. The cam carrier has therearound lead grooves to be engaged with or disengaged from changeover pins for axial shift of the cam carrier. The lead grooves include a speed-increasing lead groove for changeover from the low-speed to the high-speed cam lobe and a speed-decreasing lead grooves for changeover from the high-speed to the low-speed cam lobe. The speed-increasing and speed-decreasing lead grooves are different in groove contour. This enables the cam carrier to axially shift smoothly and to improve the durability of the lead grooves.

Abstract: An engine camshaft has a lubricating oil passage formed along the longitudinal axis of the same, a cam communicating oil hole is radially formed from the lubricating oil passage to an outer peripheral surface of the camshaft at the same axial position as an engine valve. Cam lubrication holes are radially formed from the inside to cam surfaces of cam lobes formed around a cam carrier fitted around the camshaft. One of the cam lubrication holes of the cam lobes shifted to a position for operating the valve communicates with the cam communicating oil hole of the camshaft to supply lubricant oil.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine is provided with a variable valve operating apparatus, for use on a saddle-type vehicle. When a switching drive shaft is longitudinally moved under hydraulic pressure switched by a solenoid valve, a cam mechanism advances and retracts a switching pin. When the switching pin is advanced to engage in a lead groove in a cam carrier, the cam carrier is axially moved while rotating, to switch cam lobes to act on an engine valve. A solenoid valve is disposed on a left or right end in the leftward and rightward directions across the vehicle width, of a front or rear surface of a cylinder head. The solenoid valve is placed in an appropriate location in the cylinder head out of interference with other parts of the engine, thereby making the vehicle small in size.

Abstract: A variable valve operating device for an internal combustion engine includes a cam carrier supported on a camshaft and shifting switching pins that are advanced into and retracted out of shift lead grooves defined in the cam carrier. The shift lead grooves include shift groove side walls having shift groove side wall surfaces from shift starting inflection regions of the cam carrier to shift ending inflection regions thereof. The shift groove side walls include particular shift groove side walls extending from axial positions of the shift starting inflection regions toward shift intermediate regions and also extending from circumferential positions of the shift intermediate regions disposed between the shift starting inflection regions and the shift ending inflection regions toward the shift starting inflection regions.

Abstract: An engine variable valve operating apparatus includes a cam switching mechanism having a switching drive shaft. When the switching drive shaft is longitudinally moved, a cam mechanism advances and retracts a switching pin. When the switching pin is advanced to engage in a lead groove formed around a cam carrier and the cam carrier is axially moved while rotating, cam lobes around the cam carrier are switched to act on an engine valve. An actuator for the switching drive shaft includes an actuator drive body which is linearly reciprocally movable and is coupled to a longitudinal end of the switching drive shaft to axially move the same. The above arrangement enables the cam switching mechanism and the actuator mechanism to be simple and compact in structure for preventing the engine from becoming large in size.

Abstract: A variable valve operating device for an internal combustion engine includes a cam carrier supported on a camshaft and shifting switching pins that are advanced into and retracted out of shift lead grooves defined in the cam carrier. The shift lead grooves include shift groove side walls having shift groove side wall surfaces from shift starting inflection regions of the cam carrier to shift ending inflection regions thereof. The shift groove side walls include particular shift groove side walls extending from axial positions of the shift starting inflection regions toward shift intermediate regions and also extending from circumferential positions of the shift intermediate regions disposed between the shift starting inflection regions and the shift ending inflection regions toward the shift starting inflection regions.

Abstract: A variable valve train is provided with cylindrical cam carriers axially slidably and co-rotatably supported on camshafts. The cam carriers have thereon, respectively, plural cam lobes different in cam profile and axially adjacent to each other. Cam changeover mechanisms are provided for axially shifting the cam carriers and for changing over the cam lobes for operating on engine valves. At least one of the cam changeover mechanisms is disposed between axes of the two camshafts and on the side of an engine crankshaft relative to the axes.

Abstract: A variable valve train of an internal combustion engine has cylindrical cam carriers axially slidably and co-rotatably fitted on camshafts, respectively. The cam carriers have, respectively, first cam lobes and second cam lobes different in cam profile and axially adjacent to each other. Cam changeover mechanisms operate to axially shift the cam carriers to change over the first cam lobes and the second cam lobes to operate engine valves. An axial recess is formed in an axial end surface of an enlarged-diameter portion of the camshaft for axial insertion of an end of the cam carrier. The engine can thus be reduced in axial size, and a required axial shifting space for the cam carrier is secured.

Abstract: An oil passageway structure for internal combustion engines includes a cylinder head having an inter-bearing wall fluid communication oil passage for providing fluid communication between a plurality of bearing walls to allow oil to flow therebetween. The cylinder head further includes a bearing wall oil passage branched from the inter-bearing wall fluid communication oil passage to supply oil to a bearing surfaces of at least one of the bearing walls. The inter-bearing wall fluid communication oil passage is defined in one of facing side walls. The bearing wall oil passageway is defined in at least one of the bearing walls. The oil passageway structure is thus made up of a reduced number of parts, can be assembled with a reduced number of man-hours, can lead to productivity growth, and is inexpensive to manufacture.

Abstract: A variable valve-operating device for an internal combustion engine has a cam carrier with cam lobes formed therearound to act on an engine valve and with a speed increasing side lead groove and a speed decreasing side lead groove formed therearound to be engaged with a speed increasing side switching pin and a speed decreasing side switching pin, respectively, to axially shift the cam carrier, to selectively make one of the cam lobes to be operative. A speed increasing side entry lead groove portion of the speed increasing side lead groove is formed in a position axially overlapping a low speed steady position lead groove portion of the speed decreasing side lead groove. A speed decreasing side entry lead groove portion of the speed decreasing side entry lead groove is formed in a position axially overlapping a high speed steady position lead groove portion of the speed increasing side lead groove. The variable valve-operating device can thus be miniaturized by reducing the axial width of the cam carrier.

Abstract: An engine camshaft has a lubricating oil passage formed along the longitudinal axis of the same, a cam communicating oil hole is radially formed from the lubricating oil passage to an outer peripheral surface of the camshaft at the same axial position as an engine valve. Cam lubrication holes are radially formed from the inside to cam surfaces of cam lobes formed around a cam carrier fitted around the camshaft. One of the cam lubrication holes of the cam lobes shifted to a position for operating the valve communicates with the cam communicating oil hole of the camshaft to supply lubricant oil.

Abstract: A variable valve train is provided with cylindrical cam carriers axially slidably and co-rotatably supported on camshafts. The cam carriers have thereon, respectively, plural cam lobes different in cam profile and axially adjacent to each other. Cam changeover mechanisms are provided for axially shifting the cam carriers and for changing over the cam lobes for operating on engine valves. At least one of the cam changeover mechanisms is disposed between axes of the two camshafts and on the side of an engine crankshaft relative to the axes.

Abstract: An engine variable valve train is provided with a cylindrical cam carrier fitted on a camshaft in a manner axially slidable to and co-rotatable with the camshaft. The cam carrier has therearound mutually adjoining low-speed and high-speed cam lobes selectively acting on the engine valve and being different in cam profile. The cam carrier has therearound lead grooves to be engaged with or disengaged from changeover pins for axial shift of the cam carrier. The lead grooves include a speed-increasing lead groove for changeover from the low-speed to the high-speed cam lobe and a speed-decreasing lead grooves for changeover from the high-speed to the low-speed cam lobe. The speed-increasing and speed-decreasing lead grooves are different in groove contour. This enables the cam carrier to axially shift smoothly and to improve the durability of the lead grooves.

Abstract: A variable valve train of an internal combustion engine has cylindrical cam carriers axially slidably and co-rotatably fitted on camshafts, respectively. The cam carriers have, respectively, first cam lobes and second cam lobes different in cam profile and axially adjacent to each other. Cam changeover mechanisms operate to axially shift the cam carriers to change over the first cam lobes and the second cam lobes to operate engine valves. An axial recess is formed in an axial end surface of an enlarged-diameter portion of the camshaft for axial insertion of an end of the cam carrier. The engine can thus be reduced in axial size, and a required axial shifting space for the cam carrier is secured.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine is provided with a variable valve operating apparatus, for use on a saddle-type vehicle. When a switching drive shaft is longitudinally moved under hydraulic pressure switched by a solenoid valve, a cam mechanism advances and retracts a switching pin. When the switching pin is advanced to engage in a lead groove in a cam carrier, the cam carrier is axially moved while rotating, to switch cam lobes to act on an engine valve. A solenoid valve is disposed on a left or right end in the leftward and rightward directions across the vehicle width, of a front or rear surface of a cylinder head. The solenoid valve is placed in an appropriate location in the cylinder head out of interference with other parts of the engine, thereby making the vehicle small in size.

Abstract: An engine variable valve operating apparatus includes a cam switching mechanism having a switching drive shaft. When the switching drive shaft is longitudinally moved, a cam mechanism advances and retracts a switching pin. When the switching pin is advanced to engage in a lead groove formed around a cam carrier and the cam carrier is axially moved while rotating, cam lobes around the cam carrier are switched to act on an engine valve. An actuator for the switching drive shaft includes an actuator drive body which is linearly reciprocally movable and is coupled to a longitudinal end of the switching drive shaft to axially move the same. The above arrangement enables the cam switching mechanism and the actuator mechanism to be simple and compact in structure for preventing the engine from becoming large in size.