Abstract: A reaction cell is provided with a vessel-like cell main body and a circular piezoelectric/electrostrictive oscillator fixed to an outside of a bottom surface of the cell main body. The cell main body includes a circular bottom plate portion and a circumferential wall portion which rises from a circumferential edge of the bottom plate portion so as to thereby surround the bottom plate portion. The bottom plate portion and the circumferential wall portion are integrally formed from ceramics. A solution accommodation space is formed above the bottom plate portion and is partially enclosed by the circumferential wall portion. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive oscillator is concentrically adhered to the outside of the bottom surface of the cell main body.

Abstract: A piezoelectric/electrostrictive (P/E) device includes at least one actuator section secured to thin plate sections with an adhesive. The actuator section includes a multilayered member including at least three actuator films, each of which include a P/E layer and electrode films. One or more holes or recesses are formed in portions of the thin plate sections on which the P/E elements are formed. The electrode films contact upper and lower surfaces of respective P/E layers and alternately extend to opposite surfaces thereof. End surface electrodes electrically connect an electrode film that contacts one of the P/E layers and an electrode film that contacts another one of the P/E layers. The end surface electrodes are electrically connected to terminals which are provided on a surface of an outermost layer of the P/E layers, and which are separated from one another by a predetermined distance.

Abstract: An electron emitter has an emitter made of a dielectric material and an upper electrode and a lower electrode for being supplied with a drive voltage for emitting electrons. The upper electrode is disposed on an upper surface of the emitter, and the lower electrode is disposed on a lower surface of the emitter. The upper electrode has a plurality of through regions through which the emitter is exposed. Each of the through regions of the upper electrode has a peripheral portion having a surface facing the emitter and spaced from the emitter.

Abstract: A piezoelectric/electrostrictive device is provided, including a pair of mutually opposing thin plate sections and a fixation section for supporting the thin plate sections. A piezoelectric/electrostrictive element is arranged on each of the thin plate sections. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive device also includes movable sections defined by at least first end portions of the thin plate sections and a material which is different from that of the thin plate section.

Abstract: A piezoelectric/electrostrictive porcelain composition capable of being manufactured at a comparatively low firing temperature is provided, as well as a piezoelectric/electrostrictive ceramic or a piezoelectric/electrostrictive portion which is dense and superior in crystallinity and which has superior piezoelectric/electrostrictive characteristics and durability even under high temperature and high humidity conditions. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive porcelain composition includes a piezoelectric/electrostrictive component containing lead titanate zirconate, and 0.5 to 5% by mass of glass component containing 8% by mass or less of silicic acid.

Abstract: An electron emitter includes an emitter section having a plate shape, a cathode electrode formed on a front surface of the emitter section, and an anode electrode formed on a back surface of the emitter section. A gap is formed between an outer peripheral portion of the cathode electrode and the front surface of the emitter section. The front surface of the emitter section contacts a lower surface of the outer peripheral portion to form a base end as a triple junction. The gap expands from the base end toward a tip end of the outer peripheral portion.

Abstract: Primary electrons impinge upon an emitter section of an electron emitter for causing emission of the secondary electrons. The secondary electrons are outputted from the electron emitter. The secondary electrons emitted from the emitter section are accelerated in an electric field applied to the emitter section for generating an electron beam. The electron emitter has the emitter section having a plate shape, a cathode electrode formed on a front surface of the emitter section, an anode electrode formed on a back surface of the emitter section. A drive voltage from a pulse generation source is applied between the cathode electrode and the anode electrode through a resistor. The anode electrode is connected to GND. A collector electrode is provided above the cathode electrode. A bias voltage is applied to the collector electrode.

Abstract: A piezoelectric actuator capable of being driven with a high electric field intensity, obtaining a larger displacement and being high in electric conducting reliability of electrodes, and comprising: at least one cell defined by two side walls, a substrate and a ceiling wall; the two side walls being disposed on the substrate and being covered with the ceiling wall to define one cell, at least the two side walls comprising piezoelectric/electrostrictive devices, and the piezoelectric/electrostrictive devices being capable of changing a volume of the cell by displacement of the walls. Each of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive devices comprises a plurality of layered piezoelectric/electrostrictive bodies and electrodes which are alternately stacked, and end portions of the electrodes are embedded in the piezoelectric/electrostrictive bodies in at least the internal side of the cell.

Abstract: A piezoelectric/electrostrictive including a pair of mutually opposing vibration plates, each having a first portion and a second portion, a fixation section joined to the first portion of each of the vibration plates, and at least one piezoelectric/electrostrictive element arranged on at least one of the vibration plates. A surface of the device between the fixation section and the second portion of at least one of the vibration plates is curved.

Abstract: A cell driving type piezoelectric actuator comprising: a plurality of cell driving bodies each comprising a wall portion, a cell formed by the wall portion, a piezoelectric body formed on at least one of wall portions and at least one pair of electrodes formed on the piezoelectric body; said piezoelectric operation portion being capable of changing a volume of the cell on which said piezoelectric operation portion is formed by its displacement, wherein the piezoelectric actuator comprises at least one pair of support bodies, the plurality of cell driving bodies are formed completely independent of one another and are connected to one another through at least one pair of support bodies, and the cell driving bodies and the support bodies are integrally formed by firing a green body of said piezoelectric actuator. A method for manufacturing the same is also disclosed.

Abstract: A piezoelectric actuator 1 capable of being driven with a high electric field intensity, obtaining a larger displacement and being high in electric conducting reliability of electrodes, and comprising: at least one cell 3 defined by two side walls 6, a substrate 2 and a ceiling wall 7; the two side walls being disposed on the substrate and being covered with the ceiling wall to define one cell, at least the two side walls 6 comprising piezoelectric/electrostrictive devices 4, and the piezoelectric/electrostrictive devices 4 being capable of changing a volume of the cell 3 by displacement of the walls. Each of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive devices 4 comprises a plurality of layered piezoelectric/electrostrictive bodies 14 and electrodes 18, 19 which are alternately stacked, and end portions of the electrodes 18, 19 are embedded in the piezoelectric/electrostrictive bodies 14 in at least the internal side of the cell 3.

Abstract: A piezoelectric actuator is provided, including comb-shape piezoelectric actuators, each including a plurality of piezoelectric layers. The actuators are made by a process including the steps of (1) preparing a plurality of piezoelectric material green sheets on which electrode films are formed and forming slits on a first green sheet using a punch and a die, (2) pulling up the first green sheet using a stripper, (3) pulling up a top portion of the punch slightly from the lowest portion of the pulled up first green sheet, (4) forming second slits in a second green sheet by the punch, (5) pulling up the second green sheet jointly with the first green sheet, (6) pulling up the top portion of the punch slightly from the lowest portion of the pulled up second green sheet, and thereafter laminating green sheets by repeating steps (4) through (6). The layers are thereafter fired.

Abstract: A piezoelectric/electrostrictive including a pair of mutually opposing vibration plates, each having a first portion and a second portion, a fixation section joined to the first portion of each of the vibration plates, and at least one piezoelectric/electrostrictive element arranged on at least one of the vibration plates. A surface of the device between the fixation section and the second portion of at least one of the vibration plates is curved.

Abstract: A piezoelectric/electrostrictive device has a rotor substantially in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped, the rotor having a pair of opposite surfaces, a first movable section fixed to a first end of one of the surfaces, a first piezoelectric/electrostrictive element for actuating the first movable section, a second movable section fixed to a second end of the other one of the surfaces, the second end being diametrically opposite to the first end, and a second piezoelectric/electrostrictive element for actuating the second movable section.

Abstract: A light source has a rear glass substrate and a front glass substrate having a plate surface disposed in facing relation to a principal surface of the rear glass substrate. The plate surface of the front glass substrate is coated with a phosphor. A two-dimensional array of electron emitters is disposed on the principal surface of the rear glass substrate. A space defined between the rear glass substrate and the front glass substrate is filled with a gas. The gas may be an Hg (mercury) gas or an Xe (xenon) gas.

Abstract: A fused coating material is injected from a nozzle onto a copper foil, the temperature of which is lower than a fusion start temperature of the coating material, and the thus injected coating material is coagulated so as to form a mask on the copper foil. According to a mask pattern of the mask composed of the coagulated coating material, the copper foil is etched for patterning. After that, the coating material, which is the mask, is heated and fused so as to remove the coating material, which is the mask, from the copper foil.

Abstract: A workpiece fixing sheet comprises: a PET sheet as a base body; and a workpiece fixing agent coated on the PET sheet, for fixing a workpiece when the workpiece fixing agent is fused and coagulated according to a temperature, and a difference between a fusion start temperature and a fusion end temperature of the workpiece fixing agent is not more than 5° C.

Abstract: The present invention provides a piezoelectric/electrostrictive device including a pair of thin plate sections in an opposed relation to each other, a fixing section for supporting the thin plate sections, and at least one pair of piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements are provided to the pair of thin plate sections. The thin plate sections include movable sections having end surfaces in an opposed relation. Recesses are formed between the thin plate sections and the fixing section and/or the movable sections.

Abstract: A method of making a matrix type piezoelectric/electrostrictive device having a plurality of pillar shaped piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements, each having a piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance and at least a pair of electrodes being formed on the sides of the substance, are vertically provided on a thick ceramic substrate, such that the device is driven by displacement of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance. In this device, the piezoelectric/electrostrictive elements are integrally bonded to the ceramic substrate and independently arranged in two dimensions. The percentage of transgranularly fractured crystal grains on at least the sides of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive substance on which the electrodes are formed is 10% or less. The unit forms a curved surface near a joined section between the substance and the substrate.

Abstract: An electron emitter has an emitter section formed on a substrate, and a cathode electrode and an anode electrode formed on a same surface of the emitter section. A slit is formed between the cathode electrode and the anode electrode. A drive voltage from a pulse generation source is applied between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode. The anode electrode is connected to the ground. A charging film is formed on a surface of the anode electrode.