ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT This invention was made with government support under USDA/ARS 58-5358-4-025, USDA-NIFA-SCRI 2009-51181-06028, USDA-NIFA-AFRI 2014-67013-22421, and USDA-NIFA-SCRI 2016-04991 awarded by the United States Department of Agriculture. The government has certain rights in the invention.
INCORPORATION OF ELECTRONIC SEQUENCE LISTING The nucleic and amino acid sequences listed in the accompanying sequence listing are shown using standard letter abbreviations for nucleotide bases, and three letter code for amino acids, as defined in 37 C.F.R. 1.822. The Sequence Listing is submitted as an ASCII text file, created on Aug. 6, 2018, 8 KB, which is incorporated by reference herein.
BACKGROUND The present Invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of Corylus plant, botanically known as Corylus avellana, and hereinafter referred to by the name ‘PollyO’.
The new Corylus resulted from a controlled cross of OSU 684.104×OSU 669.104 made in 2001 (FIG. 1); the progeny was designated 01021. OSU 684.104 is from a cross of ‘Birk 5-39’ (unpatented) and ‘Mortarella’ (unpatented). ‘Birk 5-39’, an OSU selection growing in a small plot near Canby, Oreg., is from a cross of OSU 14.084 (‘Barcelona’בDaviana’, both unpatented) and ‘Negret’ (unpatented). OSU 669.104 is a full sib of the pollinizer ‘Zeta’ (unpatented). OSU 669.104 carries a dominant allele for a very high level of resistance to eastern filbert blight (EFB) from the grower selection ‘Zimmerman’ (unpatented). Microsatellite marker analysis indicates that ‘Zimmerman’ is from a cross of ‘Barcelona’ and the EFB-resistant pollinizer ‘Gasaway’ (Gökirmak et al., Characterization of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana) cultivars using SSR markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 56:147-172, 2009) (unpatented). The pedigree of ‘PollyO’ includes germplasm from Spain (‘Barcelona’, ‘Casina’, and ‘Negret’, all unpatented), Italy (‘Mortarella’ and ‘Montebello’, both unpatented) and England (‘Daviana’).
Hybrid seeds from the controlled cross were harvested in August 2001, stratified, and the resulting seedlings grown in a glasshouse during the summer of 2002. 99 seedlings from this cross were planted in the field in Corvallis, Oreg. in October 2002. The designation OSU 1108.001 indicates the row and tree location of the original seedling. Nuts were first observed on the original seedling in September 2006. The nuts were harvested from the original seedling tree and evaluated over four years (2006-2009).
‘PollyO’ was propagated by tie-off layerage of the suckers in the summer beginning in 2008. The rooted layers from the first propagation (2008) were lined out in a nursery row the year after layerage (2009), and used to plant a replicated yield trial the following spring (2010). The first trial included four trees of each variety. EFB-susceptible selections and check cultivars ‘Barcelona’, ‘Clark’ and ‘Sacajawea’ (unpatented) (Mehlenbacher et al., 2008. ‘Sacajawea’ hazelnut. HortScience 43:255-257) were planted on the same date in a trial adjacent to the first trial. Fungicides were applied to the trial of susceptible genotypes to reduce the incidence of EFB. The rooted layers from the second propagation (2009) were lined out in a nursery row in 2010 and used to plant a second trial in 2011. The second trial had seven blocks. Both trials were planted as randomized complete block designs with a single tree of each genotype in each block. EFB-resistant cultivars ‘Jefferson’ (unpatented) (Mehlenbacher et al., 2011. ‘Jefferson’ hazelnut. HortScience 46:662-664), ‘Yamhill’ (unpatented) (Mehlenbacher et al., 2009. ‘Yamhill’ hazelnut. HortScience 44:845-847) and ‘Gamma’ (unpatented) (Mehlenbacher and Smith. 2004. Hazelnut pollenizers ‘Gamma’, ‘Delta’, ‘Epsilon’ and ‘Zeta’. HortScience 39:1498-1499) served as checks in the first trial, while ‘Jefferson’ and ‘Yamhill’ were the checks in the second trial. Both trials included additional EFB-resistant selections.
The new cultivar was asexually reproduced by tie-off layerage of the suckers in the summer of 2008 and 2009 in Corvallis, Oreg. It was moved with a tree spade to the layer beds in spring, 2010. Of the 12 layers harvested in 2008, three were well-rooted, seven had a modest number of roots, and two had no roots. The size (caliper) was rated as medium. Layers harvested in 2009 showed improved rooting. Further propagation by layerage of about 28 suckers per year was performed in 2011-14, of which 39% were rated as well-rooted, 26% with fair rooting, 26% with poor rooting and 9% with no roots. In general, the layers rooted sufficiently well and size (caliper) was medium to small. The unique features of this new Corylus are stable and reproduced true-to-type in successive generations of asexual reproduction.
SUMMARY The following traits have been observed and are determined to be the unique characteristics of ‘PollyO’. ‘PollyO’ is well-suited to the blanched kernel market for use in chocolate products and baked goods. ‘PollyO’ combines high nut yield, early nut maturity, small round nuts and kernels, high kernel percentage, good kernel blanching and excellent flavor. The tree is vigorous and has a desirable growth habit. ‘PollyO’ is resistant to bud mite (primarily Phytoptus avellanae Nal.). DNA markers and field exposure indicate that it is highly resistant to eastern filbert blight (EFB) caused by Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller. The resistance is conferred by a dominant allele from ‘Zimmerman’, which microsatellite markers indicate is from a cross of ‘Barcelona’בGasaway’ (Gökirmak et al., Characterization of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana) cultivars using SSR markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 56:147-172, 2009). EFB is now present throughout the Willamette Valley where 99% of the U.S. hazelnut crop is grown. Pruning to remove cankers and fungicide applications are currently used to manage the disease in orchards of ‘Barcelona’ and other susceptible cultivars. ‘PollyO’ is suitable for planting in areas with high disease pressure, as are previous releases ‘Yamhill’ (2008, unpatented), ‘Jefferson’ (2009, unpatented), ‘Dorris’ (2012, US Plant Patent No. PP25,022) (Mehlenbacher et al., 2013. ‘Dorris’ hazelnut. HortScience 48:796-799), ‘Wepster’ (2013, US Plant Patent No. PP27,141) (Mehlenbacher et al., 2014. ‘Wepster’ hazelnut. HortScience 49:346-349) and ‘McDonald’ (2014, US Plant Patent No. PP28,200) (Mehlenbacher et al., 2016. ‘McDonald’ hazelnut. HortScience 51:757-760).
‘PollyO’ has incompatibility alleles S2 and S10. Both alleles are expressed in the stigmas, but only S10 is expressed in the pollen because of dominance. Female receptivity is early, with ‘Wepster’ and ‘McDonald’, while pollen is shed by ‘PollyO’ about ten days later than the other two. Pollen germination is high and similar to ‘Wepster’ and ‘McDonald’. Recommended pollinizers include ‘Wepster’ (S1 S2), ‘McDonald’ (S2 S15) and ‘York’ (S2 S21) (US Plant Patent No. PP24,972).
‘PollyO’ can serve as a companion for ‘Wepster’ and ‘McDonald’, and an alternative to ‘Yamhill’. Many growers find ‘Yamhill’ trees difficult to manage because of low vigor, and the kernels do not blanch well. ‘Wepster’ and ‘McDonald’ are cross-compatible with ‘PollyO’ in all directions, giving growers additional options in orchard design. All three cultivars (‘Wepster’, ‘McDonald’ and ‘PollyO’) could be planted together with each serving as a pollinizer for the others.
Comparisons in two replicated trials conducted in Corvallis, Oreg., plants of ‘PollyO’ differed from plants of other cultivars and selections of Corylus avellana known to the Inventors primarily in nut yield, time of nut maturity, nut size, and kernel percentage (ratio of kernel weight to nut weight). For example:
-
- Nut yield (kg per tree): First trial: ‘PollyO’ (29.39), ‘Jefferson’ (24.26), and ‘Yamhill’ (26.47); second trial ‘PollyO’ (23.46), ‘Jefferson’ (16.91), and ‘Yamhill’ (21.69);
- Nut maturity: ‘PollyO’ nuts mature 10-14 days earlier than ‘Barcelona’, a few days earlier than ‘Yamhill’;
- Nut size (L×W×D): ‘PollyO’ (19.5 mm×19.8 mm×17.2 mm), ‘McDonald’ (18.4 mm×18.9 mm×17.9 mm), ‘Wepster’ (18.3 mm×19 mm×16.6 mm) (see also FIG. 14); and
- Kernel Percentage: ‘PollyO’ (47.9%), ‘McDonald’ (51.5%), ‘Wepster’ (43.9%), ‘Felix’ (50.1%), ‘Dorris’ (43.0%), and ‘Barcelona’ (43.0%).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The accompanying colored photographs illustrate the overall appearance of the new cultivar, showing the colors as true as it is reasonably possible to obtain in colored reproductions of this type. Foliage colors in the photographs may differ slightly from the color values cited in the detailed botanical description which accurately describe the colors of the new Corylus.
FIG. 1 provides the pedigree of the ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) hazelnut tree. The pedigree of the female parent OSU 684.104 and the male parent OSU 669.104 are shown.
FIG. 2 shows a ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) hazelnut tree at the end of the seventh growing season. The pole height is 10 feet.
FIG. 3 shows nuts, blanched kernels and raw kernels of ‘Barcelona’ (left) and ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) (right).
FIG. 4 shows nuts and husks of ‘PollyO’ hazelnut.
FIGS. 5 and 6 show husks and nuts of ‘Barcelona’ (left) and ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) (right).
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the cumulative percentage of nuts harvested from the ground on four dates in fall 2016. Nuts were harvested by hand, dried and weighed. Nuts were harvested in the first trial planted in 2010. Nut maturity of ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) is a few days earlier than ‘Yamhill’ or 10-14 days before ‘Barcelona’.
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the estimated percentage of nuts on the ground for eight hazelnut cultivars on seven dates in fall 2017. Reading on the 60% drop line from left to right, the cultivars from earliest to latest nut maturity are: ‘McDonald’, ‘Sacajawea’ (unpatented), ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001), ‘Yamhill’ (unpatented), ‘York’, ‘Wepster’, ‘Dorris’ and ‘Jefferson’. ‘McDonald’, ‘Sacajawea’, ‘York’, ‘Wepster’ and ‘Dorris’ were in the guard row planted at the same time as the trial.
FIG. 9 is a graph showing the cumulative percentage of nuts harvested (based on weight) from the ground for four hazelnut cultivars on five dates in fall 2017. ‘McDonald’ trees were in the guard row planted at the same time as the trial. Nuts of ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) mature after those of ‘McDonald’ but before those of ‘Yamhill’.
FIG. 10 shows the time of female receptivity (bottom, red) and pollen shed (top, green) of ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) and other hazelnut cultivars in a trial planted in 2011 (December 2014-March 2015).
FIG. 11 shows the time of female receptivity (bottom, red) and pollen shed (top, green) of ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) and other hazelnut cultivars in a trial planted in 2011 (December 2015-March 2016).
FIG. 12 shows the time of female receptivity (bottom, red) and pollen shed (top, green) of ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) and other hazelnut cultivars in a trial planted in 2011 (December 2016-March 2017).
FIG. 13 shows the time of female receptivity (bottom, red) and pollen shed (top, green) of ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) and other hazelnut cultivars in a trial planted in 2011 (December 2017-March 2018).
FIG. 14 shows nuts, blanched kernels and raw kernels of ‘Wepster’, ‘McDonald’, and ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001).
SEQUENCE LISTING The nucleic acid sequences listed in the accompanying sequence listing are shown using standard letter abbreviations for nucleotide bases as defined in 37 C.F.R. 1.822. Only one strand of each nucleic acid sequence is shown, but the complementary strand is understood as included by any reference to the displayed strand. In the accompanying sequence listing:
SEQ ID NOS: 1-40 are primer sequences that can be used for genetic fingerprinting.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION The cultivar ‘PollyO’ has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. The phenotype may vary somewhat with variations in environment such as temperature and light intensity, without, however, any variance in genotype. The aforementioned photographs and following observations and measurements describe trees grown in Corvallis, Oreg. under commercial practice outdoors in the field during the fall, winter and spring. Plants used for the photographs and description were propagated by tie-off layerage and growing on their own roots, and seven or eight years old. In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 1966 Edition, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used. The list of UPOV descriptors are from the Mar. 28, 1979 Hazelnut guidelines from UPOV, unless otherwise noted.
Botanical Classification:
Corylus avellana cultivar ‘PollyO’.
Parentage:
Female, or seed, parent: Corylus avellana cultivar OSU 684.104
Male, or pollen, parent: Corylus avellana cultivar OSU 669.104
Comparison to Parents:
‘PollyO’ differs from both parents for alleles at the incompatibility alleles. ‘PollyO’ differs from its female parent OSU 684.104 in that it is resistant to eastern filbert blight. ‘PollyO’ nuts mature 17 days before those of its male parent OSU 669.104.
Propagation (Type Rooted Suckers):
Time to initiate roots: About 30 days at 20° C.
Time to produce a rooted young plant: About six months at 22° C.
Root description. Fine to thick; freely branching; creamy white in color.
Propagation (Type Whip Grafting):
Time to budbreak on the scions: About 14 days at 25° C.
Time to produce a grafted plant: About six months at 25° C.
Plant Description:
General appearance: natural habit is a perennial shrub, but in commercial orchards, is a single trunk tree. Upright-spreading plant habit.
Growth and branching habit: Freely branching; about 15 lateral branches develop per plant. Pinching, that is, removal of the terminal apices, enhances branching with lateral branches potentially forming at every node.
Vigor: Strong vigor
Growth habit. semi-erect
Size: Plant height is about 5 meters; plant diameter or spread is about 5 meters.
Trunk diameter at the end of the seventh leaf, averaged over two trials=12.14 cm.
Trunk color: 177D.
Trunk texture: smooth.
Lateral Branch Description:
Length: About 45.6 cm.
Diameter: About 4.4 mm.
Internode length: About 3.4 mm.
Texture: Smooth, glabrous.
Strength: Strong.
Color, immature: 139D.
Color, mature: 177D.
Foliage Description:
Arrangement: Alternate, simple.
Length: About 13.3 cm.
Width: About 11.8 cm.
Shape: Oblong to ovate.
Apex: Obtuse to acute.
Base: Cordate.
Margin: Serrate.
Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Slightly pubescent.
Venation pattern: Pinnate.
Color: Developing foliage, upper surface 141C, lower surfaces: 139C. Fully expanded foliage, upper surface: Spring, summer, and fall 146A; Fully expanded foliage, lower surface: Spring, summer, and fall, 146B. Venation, upper surface: Spring, summer, and fall, 146A. Venation, lower surface: Spring, summer, and fall, 146D.
Leaf Bud Description:
Shape: ovoid
Time of leaf budbreak: descriptor=6 (medium to late).
Color: 143C
Length is 6.4 mm, and width is 4.0 mm.
Petiole Description:
Length: About 16.3 mm.
Diameter: About 1.6 mm.
Texture, upper and lower surfaces: Pubescent.
Color, upper surface: Spring, summer, and fall, 146C.
Color, lower surface: Spring, summer, and fall, 146D.
Flower Description:
Male inflorescences are catkins, color prior to elongation 138B.
Catkin length: 20.1 mm
Catkin width (diameter): 5.4 mm
Female inflorescence style color 047B (with reference to the Voss and Hale, HortScience 33:13-17, 1998).
Time of female flowering: descriptor=6 (medium to late)
Time of female flowering compared to male flowering: protogyny (descriptor=2, same time).
Involucre constriction: absent
Involucre length: 1.25 times length of nut.
Size of indentation: descriptor=5 (medium)
Strength of serration of indentation: descriptor=5 (medium)
Pubescence on husk: descriptor=9 (present)
Thickness of callus at base: descriptor=7 (thick)
Jointing of bracts: descriptor=1 (absent)
Female inflorescences are modified leaf buds, with a color of 143C.
Nut Description:
Length: About 19.5 mm.
Width: About 19.8 mm.
Depth: About 17.2 mm.
Nut shape: Round. Nut shape index [(Width+Depth)/2*Length]=0.950. Nut compression index (Width/Depth)=1.15.
Nut shell color: 164A.
Nut shell texture: smooth.
Nut weight: About 2.88 grams.
Kernel weight: About 1.38 grams.
Kernel percentage (kernel weight/nut weight): About 47.9%.
Kernel length: from base to apex 19.2 mm.
Kernel width: at widest point 19.3 mm.
Kernel depth: perpendicular to width 17.4 mm.
Kernel texture: smooth.
Kernel pellicle color: brown 165C.
Number of fruits per cluster: 4.
Number of stripes on shell: descriptor=3 (few).
Prominence of fruit apex: slightly prominent, descriptor=3.
Size of fruit pistil scar on shell: small, descriptor=3.
Hairiness of top of fruit: weak to medium.
Curvature of nut basal scar: plane.
Double kernels: absent.
Kernel shape: globular.
Lateral groove in kernel: absent.
Skin of kernel: descriptor=5 (medium corky).
Nut yield (kg per tree): total 29.39 kg per tree in first trial, 23.46 kg per tree in second trial.
Storability of fruits: excellent, similar to OSU releases and check cultivars
Disease/Pest Resistance:
Plants of ‘PollyO’ are highly resistant to eastern filbert blight caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller, although a few small cankers may develop under high disease pressure. Plants of ‘PollyO’ are resistant to bud mites (Phytoptus avellanae Nal.), while plants of ‘Tonda Gentile delle Langhe’ are highly susceptible, and plants of ‘Barcelona’ are highly resistant.
Temperature Tolerance:
Plants of ‘PollyO’ have been observed to tolerate temperatures from −21 to 38° C. in the field in Corvallis, Oreg.
Comparative Data:
Tree Size, Growth Habit, Yield, and Yield Efficiency.
Tree sizes in the two trials were estimated by measuring trunk circumference 30 cm above the soil line, at the end of the 7th growing season (December 2016 and November 2017, respectively). Trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) was calculated from trunk circumference. In the first trial, TCA of ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) was 118 cm2 or 126% of ‘Jefferson’ and 91% of ‘Barcelona’ in the adjacent trial of EFB-susceptible selections. In the second trial, TCA of ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) was 117.6 cm2, or 146% of ‘Jefferson’. In previous trials, TCA of ‘Jefferson’ has been about 65-70% of the vigorous standard ‘Barcelona’, a size that pleases Oregon growers. Trees of ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) are vigorous, and their globose growth habit (FIG. 2) should be grower-friendly (easy to manage).
In the first trial, mean total nut yield (2013-16) of ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) was 29.4 kg compared to 24.3 kg for ‘Jefferson’ (Tables 1-2). Yield efficiency, the ratio of yield to TCA, adjusts yield for differences in tree size. Yield efficiency of ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) was 0.251 kg/cm2 which is not significantly different from ‘Jefferson’ (0.261 kg/cm2). In the second trial, mean total nut yield was 23.46 kg for ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) which is significantly higher than the 16.91 kg for ‘Jefferson’ (Tables 3-4). Yield efficiency was 0.201 kg/cm2 for ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) which is not significantly different from ‘Jefferson’ (0.210 kg/cm2).
TABLE 1
Nut yield of ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) in comparison
with other hazelnut cultivars and selections in the first trial,
planted in 2010. Randomized complete block design with four
blocks and a single tree of each selection in each block.
Nut Yield per tree (kg)
Selection CvNo 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
EFB-
resistant
selections
1069.092 1 1.06 2.76 3.54 7.93 15.29
1072.105 2 0.98 3.14 4.65 8.39 17.14
1081.101 3 1.03 4.02 4.23 7.45 16.73
1084.075 4 1.07 2.27 4.58 5.81 13.73
1085.066 5 2.57 3.97 6.24 8.47 21.25
1086.145 6 1.45 4.97 5.77 10.64 22.82
1102.032 7 1.02 3.86 3.83 8.29 17.00
1102.069 8 1.50 3.48 4.84 7.48 17.30
1108.001 9 2.69 7.21 8.07 11.42 29.39
1119.081 10 2.59 4.88 5.46 7.84 20.77
1130.006 11 1.59 4.44 4.36 8.22 18.61
1130.009 12 0.87 1.76 3.20 4.62 10.44
1131.072 13 2.39 4.70 3.60 10.05 20.74
Gamma 14 0.82 3.45 3.89 7.10 15.26
Jefferson 15 3.44 5.37 4.59 10.87 24.26
Yamhill 16 1.93 5.80 6.85 11.89 26.47
LSD (0.05) 0.56 0.97 1.13 2.55 3.83
TABLE 2
Trunk cross-sectional area (TCA), yield efficiency, and relative tree
size of ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) in comparison with other hazelnut
cultivars and selections in the first trial, planted in 2010. Randomized
complete block design with four blocks and a single tree of each
selection in each block.
Yield
TCA Efficiency Relative tree size (%)
Selection CvNo (cm2) (kg/cm2) To Barcelona To Jefferson
EFB-resistant
selections
1069.092 1 143.76 0.107 110 154
1072.105 2 131.08 0.130 101 141
1081.101 3 85.81 0.194 66 92
1084.075 4 82.73 0.166 64 89
1085.066 5 87.55 0.248 67 94
1086.145 6 122.81 0.186 94 132
1102.032 7 100.57 0.169 77 108
1102.069 8 90.98 0.190 70 98
1108.001 9 117.78 0.251 91 126
1119.081 10 64.16 0.327 49 69
1130.006 11 129.45 0.147 100 139
1130.009 12 88.23 0.119 68 95
1131.072 13 110.57 0.188 85 119
Gamma 14 108.68 0.141 84 117
Jefferson 15 93.15 0.261 72 100
Yamhill 16 79.32 0.334 61 85
LSD (0.05) 16.00 0.044
TABLE 3
Nut yield of ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) in comparison with other
hazelnut cultivars and selections in the second trial, planted
in 2011. Randomized complete block design with seven
blocks and a single tree of each selection in each block.
Nut yield (kg/tree)
Selection n 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
OSU 992.022 7 0.22 1.89 3.18 7.43 5.32
OSU 1014.058 7 0.56 2.35 3.21 5.49 5.60
OSU 1018.001 7 0.23 1.10 2.65 5.82 5.48
OSU 1086.053 7 0.38 1.59 2.59 6.57 4.39
OSU 1086.145 7 0.17 2.37 3.77 8.22 6.39
OSU 1102.069 7 0.33 0.99 2.98 4.35 3.70
OSU 1108.001 7 0.18 2.24 4.48 9.99 6.57
OSU 1108.042 7 0.19 1.57 4.12 8.73 4.73
OSU 1130.006 6 0.18 0.49 1.68 4.66 4.70
OSU 1130.009 7 0.18 0.79 1.28 2.87 3.04
OSU 1131.072 7 0.34 2.24 3.00 6.36 5.87
OSU 1136.051 7 0.67 2.42 2.78 5.28 4.02
OSU 1152.063 7 0.17 1.97 3.71 5.38 5.37
OSU 1153.052 6 0.21 0.88 2.94 7.03 4.96
OSU 1154.027 7 0.13 2.21 4.62 6.58 6.95
Jefferson 7 0.40 2.59 3.01 5.94 4.98
Yamhill 7 0.43 2.44 4.19 8.14 6.50
LSD(.05) 0.14 0.43 0.66 1.10 0.97
TABLE 4
TCA and yield efficiency of ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) in com-
parison with other hazelnut cultivars and selections in the second
trial, planted in 2011. Randomized complete block design with
seven blocks and a single tree of each selection in each block.
Total field-run yield Yield efficiency
(kg/tree)y (total kg/cm2)
Selection n TCA (cm2)z Nut Kernel Nut Kernel
EFB-resistant
selections
OSU 992.022 7 105.4 18.04 8.32 .171 .079
OSU 1014.058 7 93.9 17.21 7.90 .186 .085
OSU 1018.001 7 80.6 15.27 7.11 .190 .088
OSU 1086.053 7 105.4 15.52 6.76 .148 .066
OSU 1086.145 7 130.6 20.91 9.72 .160 .075
OSU 1102.069 7 78.5 12.34 5.85 .156 .074
OSU 1108.001 7 117.6 23.46 11.26 .201 .097
OSU 1108.042 7 108.6 19.34 8.51 .179 .079
OSU 1130.006 6 107.5 11.71 5.36 .110 .050
OSU 1130.009 7 73.9 8.15 3.74 .110 .050
OSU 1131.072 7 121.5 17.80 8.31 .147 .069
OSU 1136.051 7 70.1 15.18 6.60 .217 .095
OSU 1152.063 7 103.4 16.60 7.60 .162 .077
OSU 1153.052 6 106.3 16.02 7.46 .151 .070
OSU 1154.027 7 111.3 20.49 9.47 .184 .084
Jefferson 7 80.3 16.91 7.53 .210 .094
Yamhill 7 84.4 21.69 9.89 .258 .118
LSD (.05) 11.0 2.10 0.98 .021 .009
zTCA = Trunk cross-sectional area calculated from trunk circumference measured 30 cm above the soil line in November 2017;
yCumulative kernel yield and yield efficiency are based on field-run samples, with defects not removed.
Nut and Kernel Defects.
Samples of 100 nuts were cracked from each tree in each year. No problems were noted in either trial, although many differences among selections in the trials lack statistical significance because of the small number of replications. In both trials (Tables 3-5), ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) showed a high percentage of good nuts, and low percentages of blanks, brown stain, poorly filled nuts, twins, and kernels with black tips. In the first trial, the frequency of moldy kernels (2.56%) was similar to ‘Yamhill’ and lower than ‘Jefferson’. In the second trial, the frequency of moldy kernels (3.4%) was similar to ‘Jefferson’ (4.3%). Percent kernel (the ratio of kernel weight to nut weight) for ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) was 47.9% in the first trial based on well-filled nuts, and 46.9% in the second trial based on field-run nuts. In the same trials, the percent kernel for ‘Jefferson’ was 45.7% and 44.4%, respectively. Yields of kernels per acre would be high for ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001). In the two trials, nut yields of ‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) were consistently good and the nuts consistently well-filled. In contrast, ‘Yamhill’ trees occasionally set very heavy nut crops, and the nuts can be so poorly filled that the kernels are not marketable. This was the case for ‘Yamhill’ in the final year of the first trial, when 27% of the nuts were poorly filled.
TABLE 5
Nut weight, kernel weight, and percent kernel of ‘PolyO’ (OSU
1108.001) in comparison with other hazelnut cultivars and selections
in the first trial, planted in 2010. Randomized complete block design
with four blocks and a single tree of each selection in each block.
Nut Kernel Percent
Selection CvNo Weight (g) Weight (g) Kernel
1069.092 1 3.20 1.47 45.93
1072.105 2 2.73 1.22 44.65
1081.101 3 3.01 1.34 44.58
1084.075 4 2.53 1.22 48.42
1085.066 5 3.40 1.45 42.70
1086.145 6 2.60 1.26 48.60
1102.032 7 3.08 1.46 47.48
1102.069 8 2.94 1.46 49.64
1108.001 9 2.88 1.38 47.90
1119.081 10 3.09 1.37 44.36
1130.006 11 2.56 1.19 46.57
1130.009 12 2.57 1.24 48.00
1131.072 13 2.99 1.43 47.73
Gamma 14 2.48 1.29 51.90
Jefferson 15 3.65 1.67 45.70
Yamhill 16 2.32 1.10 47.11
LSD (0.05) 0.16 0.07 0.94
TABLE 6
Ratings for fiber, blanching (pellicle removal), and bud mite suscepti-
bility of ‘PollyO’(OSU 1108.001) in comparison with other hazelnut
cultivars and selection sin the first trial, planted in 2010.
Randomized complete block design with four blocks
and a single tree of each selection in each block.
Fiber Blanching Bud Mite
Selection CvNo Rating (1-4) Rating (1-7) Rating (1-5)
1069.092 1 2.66 5.59 1.13
1072.105 2 1.38 4.56 2.42
1081.101 3 2.69 4.34 2.49
1084.075 4 2.47 4.28 1.02
1085.066 5 1.44 2.97 1.94
1086.145 6 1.61 4.03 2.35
1102.032 7 2.39 4.96 1.91
1102.069 8 1.25 4.31 1.04
1108.001 9 3.28 3.66 1.15
1119.081 10 2.72 3.28 1.97
1130.006 11 2.97 4.00 2.88
1130.009 12 2.88 3.69 2.25
1131.072 13 3.06 3.94 1.56
Gamma 14 3.09 6.28 2.96
Jefferson 15 3.00 4.34 1.34
Yamhill 16 1.25 5.00 1.10
LSD (0.05) 0.26 0.29 0.26
Fiber amount on the pellicle rated from 1 (no fiber) to 4 (heavy fiber).
Blanching after roasting at 275 F. for 15 min rated from 1 (complete pellicle removal) to 7 (no pellicle removal).
Bud mite: incidence of blasted bud rated in 5 years in December on a scale of 1.
TABLE 7
Frequency of good nuts, and of nut and kernel defects in ‘PollyO’
(OSU 1108.001) and other hazelnut cultivars and selections
in the first trial, planted in 2010.
Frequency (%)
Selection CvNo Good Blank Brown Stain Moldy
1069.092 1 81.62 3.26 0.56 4.12
1072.105 2 83.62 2.32 2.06 4.32
1081.101 3 80.18 7.18 0.18 6.44
1084.075 4 80.88 3.06 0.18 6.18
1085.066 5 78.50 3.38 0.32 4.94
1086.145 6 73.86 9.00 0.30 9.02
1102.032 7 83.02 4.14 0.36 4.08
1102.069 8 74.44 7.50 1.00 6.26
1108.001 9 83.38 4.00 0.06 2.56
1119.081 10 75.32 4.26 0.18 6.12
1130.006 11 84.32 5.06 0.44 4.38
1130.009 12 80.32 8.32 0.26 5.12
1131.072 13 78.68 7.38 1.26 3.44
Gamma 14 75.38 7.62 1.26 5.38
Jefferson 15 73.68 4.00 0.18 6.12
Yamhill 16 74.18 2.18 0.26 2.68
LSD (0.05) 6.80 2.75 1.18 2.38
TABLE 8
Frequency of nut and kernel defects in ‘PollyO’
(OSU 1108.001) and other hazelnut cultivars and
selections in the first trial, planted in 2010.
Frequency (%)
Selection CvNo Shrivels Poor Fill Twins Black Tips
1069.092 1 2.18 6.44 1.76 0.38
1072.105 2 0.56 7.00 0.12 0.38
1081.101 3 0.82 3.18 1.18 1.06
1084.075 4 0.68 8.82 1.18 0.26
1085.066 5 1.06 11.32 0.38 0.88
1086.145 6 1.30 4.94 0.94 1.62
1102.032 7 0.88 6.00 2.00 0.16
1102.069 8 1.18 6.80 4.00 0.18
1108.001 9 1.50 8.62 0.12 0.06
1119.081 10 3.06 11.32 0.76 0.12
1130.006 11 0.68 4.06 0.12 1.12
1130.009 12 0.38 5.68 0.26 0.26
1131.072 13 1.82 7.12 1.18 0.26
Gamma 14 0.88 8.32 0.12 0.26
Jefferson 15 0.56 13.26 0.88 2.12
Yamhill 16 3.88 16.76 0.06 0.12
LSD (0.05) 1.83 5.12 0.88 0.66
TABLE 9
Nut weight, kernel weight, and percent kernel in ‘PollyO’
(OSU 1108.001) and other hazelnut cultivars and selections
in the second trial, planted in 2011.
Frequency (%)
Nut Kernel Percent
Selectionz n weight (g) weight (g) Kernel
OSU 992.022 7 2.57 1.18 46.0
OSU 1014.058 7 2.31 1.05 45.6
OSU 1018.001 7 2.35 1.07 45.4
OSU 1086.053 7 2.58 1.11 43.2
OSU 1086.145 7 2.38 1.12 46.7
OSU 1102.069 7 2.80 1.32 47.0
OSU 1108.001 7 2.75 1.29 46.9
OSU 1108.042 7 2.57 1.12 43.5
OSU 1130.006 6 2.39 1.08 45.0
OSU 1130.009 7 2.40 1.08 45.2
OSU 1131.072 7 2.86 1.31 45.7
OSU 1136.051 7 2.69 1.16 43.2
OSU 1152.063 7 2.38 1.10 46.1
OSU 1153.052 6 2.68 1.22 45.8
OSU 1154.027 7 2.34 1.06 45.4
Jefferson 7 3.45 1.53 44.4
Yamhill 7 2.28 1.04 45.8
LSD(.05) 0.15 0.03 0.8
zData from seven replications of each selection (2013-17) unless otherwise noted, with a single tree of each selection in each block.
TABLE 10
Frequency of good nuts and of nut and kernel defects in
‘PollyO’ (OSU 1108.001) and other hazelnut cultivars and
selections in the second trial, planted in 2011.
Good Blanks
Selectionz n Blanch Nuts (Frequency %)
OSU 992.022 7 4.1 89.3 4.8
OSU 1014.058 7 4.7 96.0 1.2
OSU 1018.001 7 3.9 90.6 4.5
OSU 1086.053 7 3.7 89.1 6.1
OSU 1086.145 7 4.4 87.8 6.0
OSU 1102.069 7 4.1 85.9 4.1
OSU 1108.001 7 3.5 93.0 2.5
OSU 1108.042 7 4.6 91.8 3.3
OSU 1130.006 6 4.5 91.6 3.5
OSU 1130.009 7 3.9 89.8 5.1
OSU 1131.072 7 4.2 90.5 3.8
OSU 1136.051 7 3.4 86.5 3.6
OSU 1152.063 7 4.2 92.7 4.7
OSU 1153.052 6 3.9 89.9 2.9
OSU 1154.027 7 4.9 95.0 2.1
Jefferson 7 4.6 89.0 3.9
Yamhill 7 5.1 95.6 1.6
LSD (.05) 0.3 2.2 1.4
zData from seven replications of each selection (2013-17) unless otherwise noted, with a single tree of each selection in each block.
TABLE 11
Frequency of nut and kernel defects in ’PollyO’ (OSU
1108.001) and other hazelnut cultivars and selections in
the second trial, planted in 2011.
Frequency (%)
Brown Poor Black
Selectionz n Stain Mold Shrivel Fill Twin Tip
OSU 992.022 7 0.1 4.4 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.2
OSU 1014.058 7 0.0 1.9 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2
OSU 1018.001 7 0.1 3.3 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.3
OSU 1086.053 7 0.0 4.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
OSU 1086.145 7 0.0 3.6 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.7
OSU 1102.069 7 0.3 4.1 0.7 0.4 3.6 0.8
OSU 1108.001 7 0.1 3.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.4
OSU 1108.042 7 0.1 2.9 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.2
OSU 1130.006 6 0.1 2.6 0.2 0.3 0.1 1.7
OSU 1130.009 7 0.2 4.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2
OSU 1131.072 7 0.2 1.9 0.8 1.0 1.7 0.1
OSU 1136.051 7 0.3 4.5 2.6 0.4 1.4 0.4
OSU 1152.063 7 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.4
OSU 1153.052 6 0.4 5.2 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.8
OSU 1154.027 7 0.1 1.5 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.2
Jefferson 7 0.1 4.3 0.4 0.0 0.6 1.7
Yamhill 7 0.1 1.7 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1
LSD (.05) 0.3 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5
zData from seven replications of each selection (2013-17) unless otherwise noted, with a single tree of each selection in each block.
Nut and Kernel Characteristics.
‘PollyO’ can be used for the blanched kernel market as a companion for ‘Wepster’ and ‘McDonald’, and an alternative to ‘Yamhill’. The nut shape is nearly round and lends itself well to sizing and cracking (FIG. 3). The shells are thin and easy to crack, and most kernels remain whole when the shell is broken. The kernel size of ‘PollyO’ is small, similar to ‘McDonald’ but larger than ‘Wepster’ and ‘Yamhill’. The amount of fiber on the pellicle was rated on a scale of 1 (no fiber) to 4 (heavy fiber). Raw kernels have fibrous pellicles (mean rating 3.3) and thus are not particularly attractive. Pellicle removal (blanching) is rated on a scale of 1 (complete pellicle removal) to 7 (no pellicle removal), with ratings <4.0 being desired. Most of the pellicle on ‘PollyO’ kernels is removed from the kernels with dry heat in the blanching process (ratings=3.7 and 3.5 in the first and second trials, respectively) which is better than ‘Yamhill’ (ratings=5.0 and 5.1) and ‘Jefferson’ (ratings 4.3 and 4.6). Blanching removes about half of the pellicle from ‘Barcelona’ kernels (FIG. 3). Kernel texture, flavor and aroma were evaluated in September 2016 or 2017. Tasters consider kernel quality to be excellent, and well-suited for use in baked goods and chocolate products.
Nut Maturity Date.
The nuts of ‘PollyO’ are borne in clusters of 3-4 in husks about 25% longer than the nuts (FIG. 4). The husks are slit down the side, and flare open as they dry at maturity (FIG. 6). About 92% of the nuts fall free of the husk at maturity (range 85-97%). The other 8% of the nuts would come out of the husks as they moved through the harvester. When mature, the shells are light tan in color. Nuts in the first trial were hand-harvested and notes recorded at the time of harvest. Notes included the date, the percentage of nuts on the ground (as opposed to in the tree), and the percentage of the nuts on the ground that were free of the husk (as opposed to inside the husk). More than 2000 trees are harvested by hand every fall, visiting a block once every 7 to 10 days, and harvesting a tree if >70% of the nuts are on the ground. Thus the percentages in the first trial are estimates. The harvest dates and percentage down indicate that maturity of ‘PollyO’ is 10-14 days earlier than ‘Barcelona’, allowing harvest before the start of the rainy season. To more precisely estimate nut maturity, four trees each of ‘PollyO’, ‘Jefferson’ and ‘Yamhill’ in the first trial and four trees of ‘Barcelona’ in adjacent rows were harvested by hand at weekly intervals in the final year of the trial (2016). The maturity curves from the 2016 harvest (FIG. 7) show that nuts of ‘PollyO’ drop a few days earlier than ‘Yamhill’ and 10-14 days sooner than ‘Barcelona’. Average harvest dates compared to ‘Barcelona’ are about 14 days early for ‘McDonald’, 10 days early for ‘Yamhill’ and 7 days early for ‘Wepster’. ‘Jefferson’ nuts mature with ‘Barcelona’ or up to three days later. Nuts in the second trial were annually raked and fed through a Mave harvester. Prior to harvest, the percentage of nuts on the ground was estimated weekly in the final year of the trial, beginning on September 15 (FIG. 8). The nut drop estimate curves indicate that nut maturity of ‘PollyO’ is between ‘McDonald’ and ‘Yamhill’. Plantings of ‘PollyO’ with ‘McDonald’ and ‘Wepster’ with additional ‘York’ pollinizer trees would allow harvest to begin two weeks earlier than ‘Barcelona’. Nuts were harvested from four cultivars in the second trial on five dates (FIG. 9), and confirmed the relative maturities. Early harvest before the rainy season begins results in lower drying costs and higher nut quality.
Incompatibility and Pollinizers.
Trees of ‘PollyO’ set a moderate to high amount of catkins that shed copious amounts of pollen in early mid-season, with ‘McDonald’, ‘Wepster’, ‘York’ and ‘Yamhill’. Pollen has been collected and used in several controlled pollinations, and both quantity and viability appear to be very good. Pollen of ‘PollyO’ has germinated well on agar plates (85% in 2014, 81% in 2015 and 48% in 2017), in contrast to ‘Barcelona (36%, 36% and 40%, respectively). ‘PollyO’ has incompatibility alleles S2 and S10 as determined by fluorescence microscopy. Both alleles are expressed in the females, but only S10 is expressed in the pollen because of dominance. By convention, alleles expressed in the pollen are underlined.
Time of pollen shed and female receptivity were recorded weekly from mid-December to mid-March and are shown for four years (2014-2018) (FIGS. 10-13). Female inflorescences of ‘PollyO’ emerged in early mid-season and were fully receptive in mid-January, overlapping the period of receptivity of ‘McDonald’, ‘Wepster’, ‘Yamhill’ and ‘York’. Time of pollen shed peaks in the first half of February, about ten days later than the other four cultivars. There would be good overlap between female receptivity and pollen shed for any combination of these five cultivars, which are also cross-compatible in all combinations and directions. Many orchard designs are possible using ‘PollyO’ (S2 S10), ‘McDonald’ (S2 S15) and ‘Wepster’ (S1 S2). Inclusion of a few trees of the pollinizer ‘York’ (S2 S21) is also recommended. ‘Yamhill’ (S8 S26) is also a suitable pollinizer for ‘PollyO’ but its tree is lower in vigor and its kernels do not blanch well. Pollen of ‘Jefferson’ (S1 S3) is also compatible on females of ‘PollyO’, but ‘Jefferson’ females emerge very late in the season, and ‘Jefferson’ has large nuts for the in-shell market whereas all of the others are for the kernel market. Pollen of ‘Dorris’ (S1 S12), ‘Sacajawea’ (S1 S22) and ‘Barcelona’ (S1 S2) is also compatible on females of ‘PollyO’; of these only ‘Dorris’ is highly resistant to EFB. Pollen of ‘Felix’ (S15 S21) and ‘Theta’ (S5 S15) is also compatible but they shed pollen too late to be effective pollinizers for ‘PollyO’. Pollen of ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ (S2 S23) (unpatented) is incompatible because it expresses S2. Inclusion of ‘McDonald’ and ‘Wepster’ as companion cultivars in the orchard results in no loss in total nut yield. Alternative orchard designs include plantings of different cross-compatible cultivars in adjacent rows. The inclusion of pollinizers with a high level of EFB resistance would eliminate the need for fungicide control in the entire orchard.
Pests and Diseases.
Based on DNA marker data, ‘PollyO’, like ‘McDonald’, ‘Wepster’ and ‘Yamhill’, has a very high level of resistance to EFB conferred by a dominant allele from ‘Gasaway’ through the grower selection ‘Zimmermean’, so fungicide applications are not needed. RAPD markers 152-800 and 268-580 that flank the resistance allele in ‘Gasaway’ are present in ‘PollyO’, and these markers are transmitted to its seedlings. Additional RAPD markers linked to resistance are also present. No cankers have been observed on the 11 trees of ‘PollyO’ in the yield trials, while several cankers have been noted on adjacent trees of susceptible genotypes. During the trials, a nearby heavily infected commercial orchard provided high EFB disease pressure on all plantings. ‘PollyO’ and many other selections were propagated by tie-off layerage of the suckers in 2013. Eight trees of ‘PollyO’ were potted and grown in the lathhouse in the summer of 2014 and exposed to EFB under a structure topped with diseased branches in spring 2015. Unfortunately, inspection in December 2016 showed that very few trees became infected, even the highly susceptible check ‘Ennis’ (unpatented). It seems that the diseased branches were of low-quality inoculum due to freeze injury, as no useful data were provided by this exposure.
Susceptibility to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina has not been quantified, but no trees in the two trials were affected.
Susceptibility to big bud mite (primarily Phytoptus avellanae Nal.) was rated in the first trial (Tables 5-6) after leaf fall once per year for five years (December 2012-2016). The scale was from 1 (no blasted buds) to 5 (many blasted buds), with chemical control considered unnecessary for cultivars with a mean rating <3.3. The average ratings indicate high resistance for ‘PollyO’ (1.15) and ‘Jefferson’ (1.34), and an intermediate rating for ‘Gamma’ (2.96). Blasted buds are very rare on ‘PollyO’, so chemical applications should not be necessary to control bud mite.
Microsatellite Marker Analysis:
Twenty microsatellite (simple sequence repeat) markers were used. PCR products were multiplexed post-PCR and sized using capillary electrophoresis (Tables 12-13, and see for example Bassil et al., Acta Horticulturae 686:105-110, 2005; Gökirmak et al., Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 56:147-172, 2009; Gürcan and Mehlenbacher. Molecular Breeding 26:551-559, 2010; Gürcan et al. Tree Genetics and Genomes 6:513-531, 2010).
TABLE 12
Primers for the microsatellite
marker loci used to fingerprint
′PollyO′ and other hazelnut cultivars.
Lo- Repeat Allele Primers (5′-3′)
Set cus Motif sizes (SEQ ID NO:)
3 A613 (TC)13(CA)12 149- Ned- R-
177 CACACGCCT CCCCTTT
TGTCACTCT CACATGT
TT(1) TTGCTT
(2)
2 A614 (TC)17(CA)10 125- Hex- R-
NNN(CA)6 156 TGGCAGAGC GCAGTG
TTTGTCAGC GAGGAT
TT(3) TGCTGAC
T(4)
3 A616 (AC)11 136- Fam- R-
162 CACTCATAC ATGGCTT
CGCAAACTC TTGCTTC
CA(5) GTTTTG
(6)
1 A640 (CT)15(CA)13 354- F- Fam-
378 TGCCTCTGC CGCCAT
AGTTAGTCA ATAATTG
TCAAATGTA GGATGC
GG(7) TTGTTG
(8)
3 B617 (GA)15 280- Fam- R-
298 TCCGTGTTG TGTTTTT
AGTATGGAC GGTGGA
GA(9) GCGATG
(10)
2 B619 (TC)21 146- Fam- R-
180 AGTCGGCTC GCGATCT
CCCTTTTCT GACCTC
C(11) ATTTTTG
(12)
4 B634 (AG)15 218- Hex- R-
238 CCTGCATCC GTGCAG
AGGACTCAT AGGTTG
TA(13) CACTCA
AA(14)
4 B657 (AG)15 210- Ned- R-
228 GAGAGTGCG AGCCTC
TCTTCCTCT ACCTCCA
GG(15) ACGAAC
(16)
3 B671 (AG)6NN 221- Hex- R-
(GA)17 249 TTGCCAGTG ACCAGC
CATACTCTG TCTGGGC
ATG(17) TTAACAC
(18)
2 B709 (GA)21 219- Ned- R-
233 CCAAGCACG GCGGGT
AATGAACTC TCTCGTT
AA(19) GTACACT
(20)
1 B733 (TC)15 161- Ned- R-
183 CACCCTCTT CATCCCC
CACCACCTC TGTTGGA
AT(21) GTTTTC
(22)
2 B749 (TC)12 200- Hex- R-
210 GGCTGACAA TCGGCTA
CACAGCAGA GGGTTA
AA(23) GGGTTTT
(24)
4 B751 (GA)15 141- Fam- R-
153 AGCTGGTTC AAACTC
TTCGACATT AAATAA
CC(25) AACCCCT
GCTC(26)
1 B774 (AG)15 195- Ned- R-
213 GTTTTGCGA TGTGTGT
GCTCATTGT GGTCTGT
CA(27) AGGCAC
T(28)
3 C115 (TAA)5 167- Fam- R-
(GAA)12 225 CATTTTCCG GTTTCCA
CAGATAATA GATCTGC
CAGG(29) CTCCATA
TAAT(30)
3 KG807 (TAAA)AA 226- F- Fam-
(TAAA)2A 248 AAGCAAGAA CTTACAG
(TAAA)2 AGGGATGGT ATAAAT
(31) GGCTCA
AA(32)
1 KG809 (AGG)6 333- F- Hex-
345 GGAAGGTGA AGGCAT
GAGAAATCA CAGTTCA
AGT(33) TCCAA
(34)
2 KG811 (GA)17 240- F- Ned-
278 GAACAACTG AAGGCG
AAGACAGCA GCACTC
AAG(35) GCTCAC
(36)
4 KG827 (CT)13AA 264- Fam- R-
(CA)7 282 AGAACTCCG GAGGGA
ACTAATAAT GCAAGT
CCTAACCCT CAAAGT
TGC(37) TGAGAA
GAAA
(38)
2 KG830 (CT)14GTATT 279- Ned- R-
(CA)8 311 TGGAGGAAG AAAGCA
TTTTGAATG ACTCATA
GTAGTAGAG GCTGAA
GA(39) GTCCAAT
C(40)A
Set = Multiplex set, with samples mixed after PCR but before submission for sizing by capillary electrophoresis; Allele size = range of sizes; Primers, forward (F, listed first) and reverse (R, second) (Hex and Fam are dyes).
TABLE 13
Annealing temperatures for the microsatellite marker loci used to
fingerprint ‘PollyO’ and other hazelnut cultivars.
Tm
Set (° C.) n He Ho PIC r LG Locus Reference
3 60 14 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.00 11R A613 Gurcan et
al., 2010
2 60 14 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.00 65,6R A614 Gurcan et
al., 2010
3 60 13 0.85 0.85 0.83 0.00 8R A616 Gurcan et
al., 2010
1 67 11 0.80 0.73 0.77 0.04 lOR A640 Gurcan et
al., 2010
3 60 9 0.80 0.78 0.78 0.01 85,8R B617 Gurcan et
al., 2010
2 60 14 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.00 35,3R B619 Gurcan et
al., 2010
4 60 9 0.76 0.76 0.73 0.00 4R B634 Gurcan et
al., 2010
4 60 8 0.84 0.98 0.82 −0.08 11S,11 B657 Gurcan et
al., 2010
3 60 13 0.86 0.88 0.84 −0.01 95,9R B671 Gurcan et
al., 2010
2 60 8 0.74 0.76 0.70 −0.01 55,5R B709 Gurcan et
al., 2010
1 60 8 0.68 0.68 0.63 0.00 75,2R B733 Gurcan et
al., 2010
2 60 6 0.60 0.64 0.51 −0.03 1R B749 Gurcan et
al., 2010
4 60 7 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.01 75,2R B751 Gurcan et
al., 2010
1 60 8 0.80 0.80 0.77 0.00 55,5R B774 Gurcan et
al., 2010
3 60 10 0.84 0.90 0.82 0.035 45,4R C115 B assil et
al., 2005b;
Gokirmak
et al., 2009
3 54 4 0.67 0.78 0.60 −0.07 11 KG807 Gurcan
and
Mehlen-
bacher,
2010
1 55 5 0.66 0.64 0.60 0.01 4 KG809 Gurcan
and
Mehlen-
bacher,
2010
2 58 12 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.01 2 KG811 Gurcan
and
Mehlen-
bacher,
2010
4 67 9 0.78 0.84 0.75 −0.04 9 KG827 Gurcan
and
Mehlen-
bacher,
2010
2 67 9 0.79 0.78 0.76 0.00 9 KG830 Gurcan
and
Mehlen-
bacher,
2010
Tm = Annealing temperature ; n = Number of alleles; He = expected heterozygosity; Ho = observed heterozygosity; PIC = Polymorphism information content; r = frequency of null alleles; LG = linkage group (S is susceptible female parent ‘OSU 252.146’; R is resistant parent ‘OSU 414.062’); Reference is the journal article where additional
details were published.
Table 14 shows allele sizes at 20 microsatellite markers for ‘PollyO’, its parents ‘OSU684.104’ and ‘OSU 669.104’, cultivars and selections that appear in the pedigree of ‘PollyO’ (‘Mortarella’ to ‘Montebello’), and four kernel cultivars (‘Yamhill’, ‘Tonda Pacifica’, ‘McDonald’ and ‘Wepster’). ‘PollyO’ is easily distinguished from all others shown in Table 13. ‘PollyO’ is different from its female parent ‘OSU 684.104’ at 11 of the 20 marker loci. ‘PollyO’ is different from its male parent ‘OSU 669.104’ at 14 of the 20 marker loci. ‘PollyO’ is the same as both parents at 3 loci. ‘PollyO’ is the same as one parent at 9 loci. ‘PollyO’ is different from both parents at 8 loci. Allele A614-125, Allele A616-144, Allele B617-285, Alleles B709-223 and B709-227, and Allele KG807-238 observed in ‘PollyO’ are not found any of ‘Yamhill’, ‘Tonda Pacifica’, ‘McDonald’, and ‘Wepster’.
TABLE 14
Allele sizes at 20 microsatellite markers
Marker ‘PollyO’ ‘OSU 684.104’ ‘OSU 669.104’ ‘Mortarella’
A613 153/167 153/167 153/153 151/153
A614 125/158 125/132 132/158 132/135
A616 144/152 150/152 144/150 150/158
A640 354/354 354/374 354/354 354/374
B617 285/295 285/293 289/295 293/295
B619 158/166 158/178 166/176 158/172
B634 228/236 236/236 222/228 228/236
B657 218/218 218/218 218/218 218/224
B671 229/249 225/249 229/237 225/243
B709 223/227 223/229 227/229 221/229
B733 175/181 175/175 175/181 175/175
B749 216/216 216/216 214/216 214/216
B751 144/154 144/154 154/154 144/154
B774 209/209 209/215 209/215 209/220
C115 194/215 194/215 174/215 182/215
KG807 238/252 238/252 238/252 230/234
KG809 342/342 342/342 339/342 342/342
KG811 261/267 261/267 261/267 261/267
KG827 272/284 272/282 272/284 282/282
KG830 291/295 291/295 295/295 291/307
‘OSU ‘OSU
Marker 14.084’ ‘Negret’ ‘Barcelona’ ‘Daviana’ 342.019’
A613 153/167 153/159 153/161 167/179 153/153
A614 125/148 132/132 125/132 148/150 125/132
A616 144/152 152/160 144/152 150/152 144/160
A640 354/354 354/368 354/374 354/354 354/354
B617 289/295 285/291 285/289 289/295 293/295
B619 172/178 166/170 158/172 168/178 158/166
B634 228/236 228/234 228/228 228/236 228/232
B657 218/226 218/222 218/222 218/226 218/218
B671 229/249 229/237 225/229 239/249 229/229
B709 229/235 223/227 227/235 229/229 227/227
B733 173/181 167/175 173/175 173/181 175/181
B749 216/216 216/216 216/216 216/216 214/216
B751 144/152 152/154 144/154 144/152 152/154
B774 213/213 209/215 209/213 213/215 209/213
C115 174/194 182/215 174/194 174/194 174/197
KG807 252/252 238/252 238/252 238/252 238/252
KG809 339/342 339/342 339/339 339/342 339/342
KG811 261/267 259/267 261/267 255/261 267/267
KG827 272/284 272/284 282/284 272/272 284/284
KG830 295/295 295/303 291/295 289/295 295/295
Marker ‘Zimmerman’ ‘Gasaway’ ‘Casina’ ‘Montebello’
A613 153/163 161/163 151/153 151/153
A614 132/158 143/158 125/139 125/132
A616 144/150 150/150 144/152 152/160
A640 354/368 362/368 354/372 362/374
B617 289/295 291/295 285/295 285/293
B619 172/176 172/176 150/158 160/166
B634 222/228 222/234 228/232 232/236
B657 218/224 224/228 216/218 218/226
B671 229/237 237/249 229/249 225/243
B709 229/235 229/229 227/233 229/235
B733 175/175 175/175 175/175 175/185
B749 216/216 214/216 214/216 216/216
B751 144/154 144/144 152/154 154/154
B774 213/215 209/215 209/215 209/213
C115 174/215 215/218 174/197 174/197
KG807 238/252 242/252 238/252 238/242
KG809 339/339 339/348 339/339 339/348
KG811 261/267 257/261 251/267 251/267
KG827 272/284 272/282 272/284 282/282
KG830 295/305 291/305 295/303 291/295
Marker ‘Yamhill’ ‘Tonda Pacifica’ ‘McDonald’ ‘Wepster’
A613 153/163 159/169 153/169 159/167
A614 132/158 135/150 135/158 135/158
A616 150/150 150/160 150/160 152/160
A640 354/368 368/374 362/368 368/374
B617 289/295 293/295 293/295 293/295
B619 158/172 166/172 158/172 166/172
B634 236/236 228/228 222/228 228/228
B657 218/228 210/226 210/218 226/226
B671 225/243 229/239 229/237 239/249
B709 229/229 229/235 229/229 229/235
B733 181/185 173/175 173/175 173/175
B749 216/216 214/216 214/216 214/216
B751 152/152 144/154 144/144 144/144
B774 209/217 209/213 209/220 209/213
C115 197/215 174/182 174/197 182/194
KG807 230/252 228/252 252/252 252/252
KG809 348/348 339/342 339/339 342/342
KG811 251/261 245/257 245/267 257/257
KG827 282/282 270/284 272/284 270/282
KG830 291/295 291/295 291/295 295/305
