Abstract: A silicon solar energy cell having an antireflective coating on its light impinging surface. The coating consists essentially of a suboxide of tantalum having the generic formula Ta.sub.2 O.sub.y, in which y is a number between about 2.5 and 4.8 on an atomic ratio basis.

Abstract: A cobalt-rare earth alloy sintered product is substantially magnetized by heating or cooling it to a temperature at which its intrinsic coercive force H.sub.ci is significantly lower than at room temperature, applying a relatively small magnetizing field to it at such temperature and cooling or warming it in the magnetizing field to room temperature.

Abstract: A cable comprising a central armour, a dielectric helically grooved core and an optical fibre housed in each one of the plurality of the grooves is produced by extrusion of the profiled core on the armour, pulling vertically the core through an annular laying unit comprising a plurality of take off reels supplying optical fibre guiding each of said fibre within one of the grooves by mechanical and pneumatic means and taping fibre filled core.

Abstract: A heat recuperator comprises a monolithic refractory block containing a first array of waste gas passages and a second array of combustion air passage segments oriented perpendicular to the waste gas passages. At least one turnaround manifold interconnects successive combustion air passage segments into multiple-pass passages. Preferably waste gas passages are tapered from a larger area entry aperture to a smaller area exit aperture. Successive combustion air segments are preferably tapered in opposite directions in the refractory block so that they can be interconnected to form a multiple pass passage with a substantially continuous taper from a smaller area initial entry aperture to a larger area exit aperture. The monolithic refractory block containing integral passages can be formed in a single casting or ramming operation.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for heating discrete areas of a surface bearing a thermoplastic or heat-activated adhesive or coating for the purpose of producing a thermal sealing of the surface with respect to another contacted surface as in the thermal sealing of flaps of paperboard containers. The method consists of the utilization of a radiant energy source focused onto the seal area to be activated. The radiant energy source is selected to have characteristics enhancing the focusability of its emissions, i.e., approximating a point source and having a relatively high proportion of visible and near visible range wavelength emissions.

Abstract: Disclosed are three embodiments of a hand-held apparatus for printing and applying pressure sensitive labels. All the embodiments are disclosed as having a housing, a rigid, metal, frame plate mounted by the housing, a platen and a cooperating print head, a delaminator for delaminating printed labels from the web of supporting material on which the labels are carried, an applicator for applying the printed labels, a feed wheel having teeth for engaging and advancing the web, a manually operable actuator drivingly connected to the feed wheel and the print head, a brake, and an ink roll for inking the print head. The apparatus also includes a feed wheel assembly having a feed wheel driven by a pawl and ratchet mechanism. The pawl and ratchet mechanism is adjustably connected to the feed wheel and a rolling contact type one-way clutch prevents loss of tension in the web between the brake and the feed wheel.

Abstract: Hydrophilic polyolefin fibers may be prepared, for example, by discharging a heated and pressurized solution of an anionic polyolefin composition containing carboxylic functionality into a zone of reduced temperature and pressure, and then modifying the fibers so produced by treatment with an aqueous admixture of selected cationic and anionic water-soluble, nitrogen-containing polymers. Blends of the hydrophilic fibers with wood pulp provide paper products having improved physical properties.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for cooling the wall of the vessel of a fast neutron reactor comprising a main vessel which surrounds a second vessel containing the core and separating a volume of liquid metal contained in the main vessel into two regions called the hot collector and the cold collector respectively. The liquid metal drawn into the cold collector and passed through the core to the hot collector is circulated by means of pumps distributed around the core. A baffle and a counter-baffle are arranged concentrically to the main vessel wall and respectively define a first and second annular space issuing into the cold collector. The first annular space is traversed by a tapped flow of cooling liquid metal circulating from bottom to top in the first space in contact with the main vessel wall up to an upper constant level adjacent to the edge of the baffle.

Abstract: In a fermentation employing microorganisms or enzymes the nutrient medium is mixed in the fermenter with a filter aid and the inoculum. After completion of the fermentation the fermentation broth is passed into a filter where it is directed through filtration elements whereby a filter cake is caused to deposit on the filtration means, which filter cake is composed of or includes the filter aid and all or a substantial part of the microorganisms or enzymes. The fermentation filtrate is then discharged while the passage of fermentation broth from the fermentor to the cake filter is suspended. A centrifugal motion is then imposed on the filter elements whereby the filter cake is loosened from the filter elements followed by recycling of the detached filter cake into the fermentor for reuse of the microorganisms or enzymes after resuming the fermentation.

Abstract: A casing is supported above a kettle such as an electric kettle or the like and contains a condensing unit or coil connected to a source of cooling water. Steam from the kettle passes upwardly through the coil and into the casing and is condensed and collected at the base and discharged as distilled water. A feed from the heated cooling water replenishes the water supply in the kettle and may be automatic if desired.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the partial separation of water from gas mixtures formed in the manufacture of vinyl acetate by reaction of ethylene with acetic acid and oxygen in the gaseous phase and in the presence of catalysts. In a "predehydration column", more than half of the water formed in the reaction is eliminated without requiring energy feed. The mixture obtained which is relatively poor in water is worked up according to known methods.

Abstract: Acrolein and other light ends are removed from the effluent of a process for the production of acrylic acid by the vapor phase catalytic oxidation of acrolein or an acrolein precursor, such as propylene, by passing the effluent to the base of a fractionation tower and contacting such with the descending stream of liquid within the tower so as to partially condense the condensibles in the effluent, a portion of the liquid bottoms being recycled to the upper portions of the tower and a portion withdrawn as crude acrylic acid product. Acrolein is removed overhead.

Abstract: A wear-resistant article comprises a zinc base metal having a substantially continuous, hard chromium skin layer on at least one surface thereof and a chromium-enriched subsurface layer of the zinc base metal situated immediately below the chromium skin layer. The chromium-enriched subsurface layer has a gradually decreasing chromium content in a direction inwardly away from the skin layer and is at least as thick as the skin layer. The wear-resistant article of this invention is produced by direct electrodeposition of chromium onto the zinc base metal from a self-regulating bath under controlled conditions.

Abstract: A method for recovering lithium from its molten amalgam by electrolysis of the amalgam in an electrolytic cell containing as a molten electrolyte a fused-salt consisting essentially of a mixture of two or more alkali metal halides, preferably alkali metal halides selected from lithium iodide, lithium chloride, potassium iodide and potassium chloride. A particularly suitable molten electrolyte is a fused-salt consisting essentially of a mixture of at least three components obtained by modifying an eutectic mixture of LiI-KI by the addition of a minor amount of one or more alkali metal halides. The lithium-amalgam fused-salt cell may be used in an electrolytic system for recovering lithium from an aqueous solution of a lithium compound, wherein electrolysis of the aqueous solution in an aqueous cell in the presence of a mercury cathode produces a lithium amalgam. The present method is particularly useful for the regeneration of lithium from the aqueous reaction products of a lithium-water-air battery.

Abstract: Low molecular weight polyhydroxyl compounds are made from formaldehyde hydrate by an improved process comprising adjusting the pH of an aqueous solution of formaldehyde and co-catalyst to 9-12 with calcium hydroxide at 80.degree.-110.degree. C. to begin condensation and then adding to this reaction mixture aqueous formalin and/or paraformaldehyde and calcium hydroxide to maintain a pH of 7.5-9.5 and temperature of 80.degree.-110.degree. C.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for electro-chemical treating or electro-polishing the interior surfaces of a domed end, including an access port extending therefrom, of a large cylindrical vessel. For electro-polishing, the apparatus includes a cathode rod unit which is fastened to a mounting flange on the access nozzle such that the cathode thereof extends through the length of the nozzle in spaced relation to its interior surface. The cathode rod is insulated from the nozzle by a dielectric mounting disc positioned on the rod perpendicularly thereto. The external end of the cathode rod unit includes an electrical terminal to which direct current may be applied during electro-polishing. The external electrical terminal mounting lessens the amount of apparatus required to be inside the vessel during electro-polishing. The method for electro-polishing utilizes the cathode rod unit by mounting one of the same in each nozzle in one domed end before it is welded to a vessel body.

Abstract: Improved efficiencies in the treatment of a fluid such as oxygen or an oxygen containing gas by electron emission so as to produce a product such as ozone may be achieved by regulating the manner in which energy is used within a fluid treatment cell and the circuit used to power such a cell. Such a cell normally consists of two electrodes separated from one another by a dielectric layer and an air gap. The apparatus used to power such a cell preferably includes a power supply, a timing generator, transistors for releasing power from the power supply to a transformer at periodic intervals, diodes for permitting power to be reconveyed from the transformer to the power supply, an inductance either built into or associated with the secondary of the transformer, this secondary being connected across the terminals of the cell. With this circuit energy is stored in the cell and in both of the inductances as power is supplied.

Abstract: An electrolytic diaphragm cell for the production of halogen, hydrogen and an alkali metal hydroxide solution by electrolysis of an aqueous alkali metal halide solution, the cell comprising a plurality of anodes vertically mounted on the base of the cell, a cathode box providing cathodes between adjacent anodes, and a hydraulically permeable diaphragm between adjacent anodes and cathodes comprising one or more sheets of a porous non-melt-processable fluorine-containing polymer joined into the form of an endless-belt by a strip or strips of melt-processable fluorine-containing polymer fused into the sheet or sheets at or near juxtaposed edges of the sheet or sheets, the diaphragms being connected to upper and lower slotted supports of a melt-processable fluorine-containing polymer by means of strips of a melt-processable fluorine-containing polymer bonded to the supports at or near the slots therein and fused to the upper and lower edges of the diaphragm.

Abstract: Hydrocarbons are converted by contacting them at hydrocarbon conversion conditions with a novel activated and attenuated multi-metallic catalytic composite comprising a combination of a catalytically effective amount of a pyrolyzed ruthenium carbonyl component with a porous carrier material containing a uniform dispersion of a catalytically effective amount of a platinum group component which is maintained in the elemental metallic state and of a zinc component. In a highly preferred embodiment, this novel catalytic composite also contains a catalytically effective amount of a halogen component. The platinum group component, pyrolyzed ruthenium carbonyl component, zinc component and optional halogen component are preferably present in the multimetallic catalytic composite in amounts, calculated on an elemental basis, corresponding to about 0.01 to about 2 wt. % of the uniformly dispersed platinum group metal, about 0.01 to about 2 wt. % of carbonyl-derived ruthenium, about 0.01 to about 5 wt.

Abstract: A process for treating a mercaptan-containing sour petroleum distillate is disclosed. The process comprises passing said distillate in admixture with an oxidizing agent through a fixed bed of a supported mercaptan oxidation catalyst at oxidation conditions in the presence of a quaternary ammonium hydroxide.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a process and a cleaning machine for seed, grain and similar goods, in which the cleaning is realized by means of air circulated in an enclosed path by at least one fan, the air passing the grain adjacent the discharge opening of the machine for the air-cleaned grain. In the machine the resistance to the air circulating in the enclosed path is adjusted such that the static O-point will be located in the vicinity of the discharge opening for the air-cleaned grain. Furthermore, for the purposes of the above-disclosed process, the fan cooperates with a duct for the cleaning air moving to the fan, and with a duct for the air recycled to the cleaning station at the discharge opening, the ducts being of roughly the same length.

Abstract: A concentrated calcium fluoride ore, having a decreased foam value which is particularly adapted for the manufacture of hydrogen fluoride is provided by a process which comprises: (a) grinding calcium fluoride ore containing calcite and quartzite particles to form calcium fluoride particles and to liberate at least a portion of said calcite and quartzite particles; (b) admixing the ground ore with aqueous medium and an effective amount of a suitable flotation agent to form a first aqueous slurry containing said flotation agent and calcium fluoride, calcite and quartzite particles; (c) contacting said first aqueous slurry with a gas under conditions sufficient to produce (i) a foam containing a major portion of said flotation agent and foamed particles comprising calcium fluoride particles together with a minor portion of the calcite and quartzite particles in said first slurry, and (ii) separated solids containing a major portion of the calcite and quartzite particles in said first slurry; (d) recovering at l

Abstract: In a system for decantation treating of liquid containing therein suspended material, the liquid to be treated is pulsatingly introduced into the bottom of a sludge bed and pulsated therein. The liquid is passed upwardly through the sludge bed at a predetermined speed whereby the suspended material is agglomerated and removed from the liquid. The liquid is forced through the sludge bed from the bottom to the top thereof in paths which are inclined both to the horizontal and to the vertical. Specifically, the liquid passes generally upwardly through an assembly of inclined flow control devices which are positioned within the sludge bed throughout substantially the entire height thereof. Sludge settles within the inclined passageways between the flow control devices for a slight distance until the sludge contacts an inclined bottom wall. The sludge then slides downwardly in an inclined manner along the bottom wall in a concentrated path or current.

Abstract: A process for recovery of fresh water by reverse osmosis from high salt content feed, such as sea water, comprises treating the feed water in an initial stage at relatively low pressure (between about 300 and 550 psi) employing a loose semipermeable membrane, to produce an intermediate product water containing one-fourth to one-half the TDS (total dissolved solids) content of the original feed water. The intermediate product water is treated in a subsequent stage also at a relatively low pressure (between about 300 and 550 psi) employing a tight semipermeable membrane, to produce a fresh product water containing less than 2,000 ppm TDS, and preferably a potable water containing less than 1,000 ppm TDS.

Abstract: High salt content, alkaline waste solutions containing plutonium and americium are contacted with a sodium titanate compound to effect removal of the plutonium and americium from the alkaline waste solution onto the sodium titanate and provide an effluent having a radiation level of less than 10 nCi per gram alpha emitters.

Abstract: A unit is disclosed for removal of impurities present in liquids such as waste water effluent. The unit comprises a vessel containing a loose quantity of particulate treating material for absorption or reaction with the impurities in the liquid. A wall of the unit has multiple small openings therein, each of the openings filled with a finely-divided, compacted, particulate filter material such as diatomaceous earth which is retained in the openings by one or more layers of a woven inert material such as nylon or polyester having mesh openings sufficiently small to prevent passage of the particulate filter material therethrough. The woven material is secured over the outer surface of the openings in the wall of the vessel.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for treating water/wastewater to remove grit, susped and colloidal solids of organic and inorganic nature, microorganisms and surfactants. Dense suspended solids (grit) are first removed by a centrifugation process. The influent water/wastewater is then passed through coagulation and flocculation chambers, an upflow clarifier and a high-rate settling chamber for final sedimentation. Next, the influent passes through a foam filter to remove colloidal particles. The water/wastewater under treatment is then pressurized and saturated with air and subsequently depressurized, causing the dissolved gas to bubble out of solution floating out suspended contaminants. At this point, ozone is introduced into the influent to create a thicker, more dense foam by oxidizing organic matter and for disinfection purposes. The foam floated to the surface of the influent is scraped off and furnishes the foam for the foam filter.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the drainage or dewatering of ore concentrates and more particularly to an improved method for dewatering as by filtration, to produce solids which have a desirably low moisture content and which are readily and easily handled by conventional methods of materials handling. The method employs the use of linear or branched alkyl ethoxylated alcohols as dewatering aids.

Abstract: A method for treating a body of liquid with a gas, which method comprises passing a stream of the liquid through a conduit, injecting gas intermittently into the stream at high pressure so as to dissolve at least some of the gas in the liquid stream, and introducing the stream containing dissolved gas and undissolved bubbles of gas into the main body of liquid under turbulent conditions such that the undissolved bubbles are shattered into even finer bubbles which dissolve in, or are consumed within, the main body of liquid.

Abstract: A self-cleaning filtration device comprising a casing; a device inlet and a device outlet formed integrally with said casing; a cylindrical filter structure mounted in said casing and defining an inner zone in communication with said device inlet, and also defining with the adjacent walls of the casing an outer zone in communication with said device outlet whereby all flow from said device inlet to said device outlet passes through said filter structure, said structure including an axial stack of annular support elements, each support element comprising a flange portion and an inwardly located axially directed skirt portion, and a sleeve-like filter element surrounding said axial stack and bearing against the outermost edges of said flange portions, at least one plunger body reciprocatably displaceable in said filter structure and including a pair of axially spaced apart sealing rings of such axial extent and respective axial separation as to ensure that at all times sealing contact is maintained between said

Abstract: An apparatus for sterilizing fluids comprises a radiation chamber which comprises a source of ultraviolet radiation; a housing surrounding said source and including an inner casing permeable to ultraviolet radiation and bounding a channel with said source, and an outer casing surrounding said inner casing and forming a treating space therewith; a conduit for conducting a stream of gas containing molecular oxygen through said channel for exposure to said ultraviolet radiation to produce an ozone-enriched gas; a conduit for conducting a fluid through said treating space so as to become sterilized by the ultraviolet radiation; and a conduit for introducing at least a portion of said ozone-enriched gas from said channel into said treating space to become united with said fluid, whereby said introduced portion of ozone-enriched gas is again exposed to ultraviolet radiation in order to produce an increased content of ozone in said ozone-enriched gas and an additional sterilizing effect is produced in said fluid.

Abstract: A three phase power ozonator system in which the head of an ozonator cell containing multiple cylindrical type elements is tri-partitioned to define three sectors in the cell each of which contains a portion of the total number of cylindrical type dielectric elements. The partitions are made of insulating material such as polyvinyl chloride. Each sector is distinct and each sector is adapted to be operated with single phase electrical power. As a result the ozonator cell as a whole is able to operate using three phase electrical power. This arrangement allows for the operation of the ozonator cell in a system having any number of other three phase electrically operated components of equal or smaller electrical load than the ozonator cell in such a way that a balanced electrical load is maintained throughout the system.

Abstract: For the conversion of sodium tetraborate (e.g. "5 mole borax" or sodium tetraborate pentahydrate) to a solid, particulate mass of flame-retardant chemical, a slurrying amount of water (e.g. 3-5 moles per mole of tetraborate) is first added, so that a stable slurry can be formed. Then 0.95 to 0.98 mole of sulfuric acid is added to the slurry, and the tetraborate is substantially converted to a moist, particulate mixture of boric acid and sodium sulfate, the water in the slurry having been largely driven off as steam. The moist particulate mixture is suitable for imparting flame retardency to cellulosic insulation; preferably, however, it is first dried to <20 wt.-% moisture.

Abstract: A lubricating grease composition is provided having improved salt water corrosion resistance and comprising a lithium complex grease thickener, a metal naphthenate and a quaternary ammonium salt.

Abstract: Hydrosulfides of sodium, potassium, calcium, barium and strontium are prepared by reaction of the oxide or hydroxide of the metal with sulfur in aqueous medium at elevated temperature and pressure.

Abstract: Disclosed is a ball point ink pen, its ink and its eradicator. The ink is carried at one end of the pen and the eradicator portion is carried at the other. If an error is made, the pen can be reversed and the eradicator used to neutralize the ink. The ink also neutralizes the eradicator so that when one rewrites with the same ink, any remaining eradicator on the paper is neutralized and the original ink acts as fresh ink.

Abstract: A method is provided for fixing radioactive ions in porous media by injecting into the porous media water-soluble organic monomers which are polymerizable to gel structures with ion exchange sites and polymerizing the monomers to form ion exchange gels. The ions and the particles of the porous media are thereby physically fixed in place by the gel structure and, in addition, the ions are chemically fixed by the ion exchange properties of the resulting gel.

Abstract: A method of reforming a fluid to make it suitable for use as a reducing gas in a direct reduction process is provided. The method is also taught in conjunction with a specific process for which it is particularly suited. The method uses a high-temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor as a heat source for a catalytic reformer which is coupled with a cryogenic gas separation step to remove a substantial amount of the unreacted hydrocarbon.

Abstract: High yields of unsaturated nitriles are obtained by the oxidation of olefin-ammonia mixtures in the presence of a catalyst comprising the oxides of bismuth, molybdenum, iron and at least one element of the Group II B metals as essential components, and optionally the oxides of cobalt, nickel, phosphorus, arsenic and an alkali metal.

Abstract: A method of decreasing the electrical resistivity of a rare-earth chromite material by substituting bivalent metal ions for some of the chromium or rare-earth ions therein. The method includes applying a solution containing the bivalent metal ions to the rare-earth chromite under vacuum conditions, drying the solution on the chromite, and diffusing the bivalent metal ion into the rare-earth chromite by firing the chromite in a controlled atmosphere.

Abstract: The compounds 1-[3-(methylthio)butyryl]-2,6,6-trimethyl-cyclohexene and/or the corresponding 1,3-cyclohexadiene analog having the generic structure: ##STR1## wherein the dashed line could be a single or a double carbon-carbon bond and processes and compositions containing same are described for the use in perfume augmenting and enhancing compositions and for use perfume aroma imparting compositions; produced by a process illustrated by the reaction: ##STR2## The above-mentioned compounds produce: In perfumes, fruity, floral, natural rose oil-like and earthy aromas with potato top notes and minty, tomato vine, Brussel sprout-like and woody undertones.

Abstract: Phosphorus- and bromine-containing polymers having the formula ##STR1## WHEREIN R.sub.1 is an alkylene group having 2-3 carbon atoms; ##STR2## WHEREIN M IS AN INTEGER OF 1-4 AND B is an alkylene or alkylidene group having 1-6 carbon atoms or sulfone group; Z is --R.sub.2 or --OR.sub.2, provided that R.sub.2 is an alkyl or aryl group; Y is sulfur or oxygen; l is 0 or 1; p and q are integers of at least 1 and a sum of p and q is an integer of not more than 4; and n is an integer of 3-40 are colorless and have an excellent thermal property. The polymers are excellent as a flame retardant for inflammable organic high polymers, and flame resistant compositions having excellent washing resistance, light resistance and whiteness can be obtained by compounding the phosphorus- and bromine-containing polymer with the inflammable organic high polymer.

Abstract: Film forming starch-hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile graft copolymer and latex composition.

Abstract: Aqueous dispersions of cross-linkable alkyd and/or amino resins, which contain reactive surface active compounds produced by addition of glycide and/or ethylene oxide to a starting compound having a hydrophobic aliphatic radical, optionally substituted by an aryl radical, which contains al least one labile hydrogen atom which can react with an epoxide, wherein the number of hydroxyl groups in said surface active compounds is between 2 and 30, are useful as coating agents or varnish binding agents.

Abstract: A degradable synthetic resin composition comprising a polyolefin, about 0.2 to 10% by weight of an organic degradation promotor and, optionally, about 10 to 60% by weight of an inorganic filler, and films for use in the agricultural environment prepared therefrom.

Abstract: Aqueous heat-curable coating compositions comprise polyester resin, aminoplast resin, and an allyl ether of a diol or triol wherein the allyl ether alcohol functions as a conventional co-solvent for aiding in dispersing the polyester resin in water and under curing conditions becomes an integral part of the cured coating.

Abstract: A glass mat, the fibers of which are sized with a size comprising a polyester compatible material, the fibers of the mat being bonded with an emulsion bonding agent comprising a polyvinyl acetate and a polyester.

Abstract: Improved aqueous vinylidene chloride copolymer latexes are provided in which the dispersed polymer particles are heterogeneous and comprise from about 35 to about 75 weight percent of polymerized vinylidene chloride. The heterogeneous polymer particles of such latexes contain a major amount of a soft copolymer core comprising vinylidene chloride and an aliphatic conjugated diene. Such particles also contain a minor amount of a polymeric shell which encompasses the core portion and which consists essentially of (a) a monomer selected from the group consisting of aliphatic conjugated dienes, monovinylidene aromatic monomers and saturated aliphatic esters of monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids; (b) optionally, up to about 30 weight percent (based upon the shell) of vinylidene chloride; and (c) optionally, up to about 10 weight percent based upon such shell of a monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid.

Abstract: This disclosure describes novel 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thien-4-ylureas useful as herbicidal agents and animal growth regulants and processes for the preparation thereof.

Abstract: Production of a solution of a chloroprene polymer, suitable for use as a component for an adhesive, by dissolving the polymer in a solvent, and heating the solution, adding a free-radical catalyst and contacting the solution with a molecular oxygen containing gas, until the viscosity of the solution is lowered by at least about 10%.