Abstract: A lead wire unit of a DC rotary electric machine having a frame and a plurality of brushes is comprised of an outside power supply wire, one or more brush-lead wires, a metal joint andagrommet fixedtotheframe. Themetal joint has anoutside surface to which the outside power supply wire is welded and an inside surface to which said brush lead wire are welded. The grommet has a hollow portion to which the metal joint is force-fitted and a holding portion for holding the outside power supply wire near the metal joint.

Abstract: A shroud is provided for a dynamoelectric device such as an electric motor comprising a rotor and a wire wound stator, where the shroud fully contains the end turns of the stator wire windings, provides terminal connections for winding leads, and includes a circuitry compartment to house a temperature and current protective device.

Abstract: A motor with a plurality of electrode terminals, wherein at least a portion of a case (20) for the motor (1) forms at least one of the plurality of electrode terminals.

Abstract: The invention relates to a self-centering timing disk hub with a timing disk support surface and a tubular hub sleeve, wherein the end of the hub sleeve can be pushed onto a motor shaft so as to provide in the hub sleeve a contact surface between the inner wall surface of the hub sleeve and the motor shaft. The outer wall surface of the hub sleeve has an at least approximately conical form, wherein the cone angle opens from the sleeve end to the timing disk support surface. The hub sleeve is slotted at least in the region of the motor shaft and a clamping element is movably arranged on the outer wall surface at the sleeve end.

Abstract: A wet-running direct-current motor for a fuel pump having a commutator (2) formed from carbon lamellas (5), and carbon brushes (3) having brush running faces (6) which are fluted in the direction of rotation. The fluting is obtained by curved, parallel ribs of triangular cross-sections whose apexes define the brush running face. The curved ribs have radii offset from the curvature of the commutator surface, the offset being achieved by offset of the center of the radius of each rib in a direction counter to the direction of relative rotation of the commutator and brushes. The motor is rendered usable for fuel pumps of diesel engines.

Abstract: An electric motor for hand power tools has a rotor shaft, a rotor provided with a metal plate pack which is rotatably supported and non rotatably connected with the rotor shaft, the metal plate pack having a plurality of grooves which are spaced from one another in a peripheral direction and provided with a coating of insulating material, a rotor winding received in the grooves provided with the groove coating, the metal plate pack having an end plate composed of insulating material and arranged at each end side of the metal plate pack, the groove coatings and the end plates together with the rotor shaft as shaft ends axially projecting from the end plates being formed as synthetic plastic parts produced by an injection molding.

Abstract: A gravitational wave generating device comprising an energizing means which act upon energizable elements such as molecules, atoms, nuclei or nuclear particles in order to create nuclear reactions or collisions, the products of which can move in a single preferred direction with an attendant impulse (jerk or harmonic oscillation) of an ensemble of target nuclei or other energizable elements over a very brief time period. The target nuclei or energizable elements acting in concert generate a gravitational wave. A preferred embodiment involves the use of a pulsed particle beam moving at the local gravitational wave speed in a target mass, which is comprised of target nuclei, to trigger a nuclear reaction and build up a coherent gravitational wave as the particles of the beam move through the target mass and impact target nuclei over very short time spans.

Abstract: In order to excite Lamb waves in a plate (8) or container wall (8), it is proposed that an IDT transducer (interdigital transducer), which is known per se and comprises a layer (1) composed of piezoelectric material, and on one of whose surfaces two electrodes (2, 3) which engage in one another like fingers are applied, be acoustically coupled to the plate (8) or container wall (8) by means of the surface facing away from the electrodes (2, 3). If a radio-frequency AC voltage is applied to the connections (6, 7) of the electrodes (2, 3), then a thickness vibration is initiated in the piezoelectric layer (1).

Abstract: An integrated anti-rebound mechanism with stop feature for a rail assembly. Two stop/anti-rebound pieces are individually attached at the forward end of a first rail and a second rail of the rail assembly. The stop/anti-rebound pieces engage one another when the first and second rails are in a closed position to prevent the first and second rails from moving beyond a closed position from an extended position. The stop/anti-rebound pieces also cooperate to resist movement of the first and second rails from a closed position. A third rail may be included in the rail assembly including a stop mechanism and an anti-rebound mechanism. The stop and anti-rebound mechanisms cooperate with on of the stop/anti-rebound pieces of the other rail to prevent the third rail from moving beyond a closed position, and to resist movement of the third rail from a closed position in relation to the other rail.

Abstract: Method for fabricating a screen in a color CRT, in which, in formation of a color filter film and a fluorescent film on the same time, a pigment layer is formed, a photo sensitive resin solution is coated thereon, a fluorescent material layer is sprayed thereon, and the pigment layer and the fluorescent film are exposed and developed, to prevent the pigment layer and the fluorescent film from peeling off and to form thin and close packed fluorescent films on the photo sensitive resin solution, for enhancing a contrast and a color purity as well as a luminance and cutting characteristics, the color display having three color (blue, green, and red) color filter films and fluorescent films in a color pixel region of an inside surface of a panel having a black matrix formed thereon, wherein each of three color pigment filter layers and fluorescent material layers are formed in succession by a method including the steps of (1) coating pigment dispersed slurry to form a pigment filter layer, (2) coating photosensit

Abstract: A field emission device (FED) and a method for fabricating the FED are provided. The FED includes micro-tips with nano-sized surface features. Due to the micro-tips as a collection of a large number of nano-tips, the FED is operable at low gate turn-on voltages with high emission current densities, thereby lowering power consumption.

Abstract: A color cathode ray tube equipped with an in-line electron gun comprising three cathodes for emitting three electron beams of an in-line arrangement toward a fluorescent screen, and a main lens for focusing the aid three electron beams on the fluorescent screen. The main lens includes a first main lens electrode and a second main lens electrode arranged in a spaced relationship in a direction of an axis of the tube and having different voltages applied thereto.

Abstract: A deflection yoke of Braun tube having a horizontal deflection coil for horizontally deflecting electron beams radiated from an electron gun, a vertical deflection coil for vertically deflecting the electron beams, and a holder inserted between the horizontal and the vertical deflection coils for mechanically fixing them and electrically insulating them, including: an auxiliary coil having a first deflection portion coil extendedly formed from a ‘3-o'clock’ position of a neck side to a ‘3-o'clock’ direction of a screen side on the basis of the lengthy direction of the deflection coil; a first flange coil extendedly formed for a predetermined length from a ‘3-o'clock’ position of the screen side to a ‘12-o'clock’ direction of the screen side; a second deflection portion coil extendedly formed for a predetermined length from a ‘12-o'clock’ position of the screen side to a ‘12-o'clock’ direction of the neck side; a second flange coil extende

Abstract: A light-absorptive antireflection film comprising a light-absorptive film formed on a glass substrate containing pigment microparticles and having a physical thickness of not less than 10 nm and an antireflection multilayer film attenuating reflected light of incident light by interference of light, wherein at least one layer of the antireflection multilayer film is an electroconductive thin film having a surface resistance of not more than 1000 &OHgr;/□, and a display device including the same and methods of producing them.

Abstract: A field emission device (FED) and a method for fabricating the FED are provided. The FED includes micro-tips with nano-sized surface features, and a focus gate electrode over a gate electrode, wherein one or more gates of the gate electrode is exposed through a single opening of the focus gate electrode. In the FED, occurrence of arcing is suppressed. Although an arcing occurs in the FED, damage of a cathode and a resistor layer is prevented, so that a higher working voltage can be applied to the anode. Also, due to the micro-tips with nano-sized surface features, the emission current density of the FED increases, so that a high-brightness display can be achieved with the FED. The gate turn-on voltage can be lowered due to the micro-tip as a collection of nano-sized tips, thereby reducing power consumption.

Abstract: An alternating current driven type plasma display device having; (a) a first panel comprising a first substrate; a first electrode group constituted of a plurality of first electrodes formed on the first substrate; and a protective layer formed on the first electrode group and on the first substrate, and (b) a second panel comprising a second substrate; fluorescence layers formed on or above the second substrate; and separation walls which extend in the direction making a predetermined angle with the extending direction of the first electrodes and each of which is formed between one fluorescence layer and another neighboring fluorescence layer, wherein discharge is caused between each pair of the first electrodes facing each other, and a recess is formed in the first substrate between each pair of the facing first electrodes.

Abstract: A color display device (19) is disclosed having an improved focus performance. In state-of-the-art color display tubes, a static voltage is applied to the focusing electrode (23). This means that only one focus voltage is available for the entire range of beam currents. In general, due to the fact that the diameter of the electron beams (7,8,9) increases as the beam current increases, the focus voltage is a function of this beam current, which itself is determined by the cathode voltage. In this invention, a color display device (19) is disclosed in which the voltage on the focusing electrode (23) is changed as a function of the cathode voltages, thereby significantly improving the focus performance.

Abstract: A neon sign includes a transformer module and a receptacle attached to the neon sign for receiving the transformer module. The transformer module is configured to mate with the receptacle as the transformer module is plugged into the receptacle in order to connect the transformer module to the neon sign. The transformer module includes a high voltage transformer for transforming a primary input voltage into a secondary high voltage output. The transformer module also includes secondary contacts for connecting the secondary high voltage output of the transformer module to the neon sign when the transformer module is plugged into the receptacle. The receptacle also includes secondary contacts configured to mate with the secondary contacts of the transformer module as the transformer module is plugged into the receptacle thereby electrically connecting the secondary high voltage output of the high voltage transformer to the neon sign.

Abstract: In a fluorescent display device having control electrodes and anodes, each anode having an anode electrode and a fluorescent layer formed thereon, a filament is installed between the control electrodes and the anode electrodes. When an anode is selected to be turned on to emit light, a first voltage (V1) is applied to the filament, a second voltage (V2) is applied to the selected anode and a third voltage (V3) is applied to a control electrode facing the selected anode, wherein V2 is greater than V1 and V3 is equal to or greater than V1. When a voltage applied to a target control electrode is lower than a voltage applied to the filament by more than a predetermined voltage difference, an anode facing the target control electrode is not turned on to emit light even when V2 is applied thereto.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of energizing a polyphase motor by means of a plurality of coils (E1, E2, E3), each coil intended to be excited by means of a control signal (I1, I2, I3).

Abstract: In a rotation speed control apparatus for controlling a rotation speed of a direct-drive motor (300) comprising a stator (320) including three-phase coils (322; 601, 602, 603) and a rotor (310) rotatably supported on the stator, an electronic processing arrangement (611, 612, 613) electronically processes an electromotive force induced in one of the three-phase coils that is put into a high-impedance state to obtain a servo signal. A control arrangement (614-621) controls the rotation speed of the direct-drive motor on the basis of the servo signal. The stator includes N poles (321) around which the three-phase coils is wound. The rotor includes a ring-shaped permanent magnet (315) having M main magnetized elements. For instance, a ratio M:N is equal to 4:3.

Abstract: The rotor of the direct-drive motor comprises the casing which has an upper surface of the disk-shape and an outer peripheral wall, a part of which is cut to form a cut portion. The magnet is fitted in the casing so that the positive and the negative poles of the magnet are exposed outside of the rotor through the cut portion and are arranged along the tangential direction of the disk-shape of the rotor. The index signal generator comprises the Hall element and generates the original signal at the time when the poles of the magnet passing in front of the Hall element are changed from the negative pole to the positive pole. The index signal is generated by delaying the original signal by the predetermined delay time.

Abstract: The index signal generator generates an original signal every the rotor of the direct-drive motor rotates, and delays the original signal by a delay time to produce index signal. The index signal generator comprises, as the delay giving the delay time, the delay counter that can be set the initial value, instead of an analog delay circuit, a variable register and a capacitor. The delay counter comprises the counter and the counter value selector for determining the initial value of the counter. The counter starts to count the clock signals generated by the clock in response to the original signal, and stops counting the clock signals and generates the index signal when the number of the clock signals counted by the counter reaches the initial value.

Abstract: Each of motor local controllers for controlling operation of electric motors based on command data sent from a central controller has a memory 28 for storing a plurality of command data for a predetermined period. When the motor local controller fails to receive normal command data, a CPU of the motor local controller predicts new command data from the command data in the past stored in the memory, and controls operation of the electric motor based on the predicted new command data.

Abstract: A control device for an alternating current motor includes: a target current generating unit which generates a current order value, based on a torque order, as a d-axis target current and a q-axis target current on dq coordinates; a current detection device which detects an alternating current supplied to each phase of a polyphase alternating current motor; a coordinate transforming unit which transforms the alternating current detected by the current detection device into a d-axis current and a q-axis current on the dq coordinates; and a vector control unit which carries out a current feedback control so that the d-axis current follows up the d-axis target current and the q-axis current follows up the q-axis target current.

Abstract: A battery charger for a cellular phone, having a speaker includes an ear jack connected to an ear jack of the cellular phone, for transmitting a voice signal of the cellular phone to the battery charger, a voice amplifier for amplifying the voice signal from the ear jack, and a speaker for converting the voice signal output from the voice amplifier into voice. The battery charger for a cellular phone, having a speaker further includes a communication port connected to a communication port of the cellular phone when the cellular phone is inserted(connected) to the battery charger, for mutually transmitting the voice signal, and a selector for connecting either the communication port or the ear jack with the voice amplifier.

Abstract: A battery capacity recovery apparatus and method thereof periodically conducts discharge and recharge operations for a battery used in a wireless telephone to prevent a memory effect on the battery. The battery capacity recovery apparatus includes a control unit for controlling the system of the wireless telephone, and a voltage detecting unit for measuring a voltage condition of the battery, and outputting a signal indicative of the measured voltage condition to the control unit. A recharge detecting unit is connected to a constant voltage unit and is included in a recharge device. The recharge detecting unit detects whether or not a handset unit of the telecommunication device is connected to the recharge device, and a recovery path establishing unit is adapted to establish a path for recovering the capacity of the battery under a control of the control unit.

Abstract: In the method of fast-charging of a rechargeable battery, full-charge state is determined on the basis of a peak battery voltage or a decrease &Dgr;V in the battery voltage after the peak voltage. At the beginning of the fast-charge process, an initial battery voltage is measured. In case where the initial voltage is higher than a preselected voltage, the battery is fast-charged with a normal fast-charge current. In case where the initial voltage is lower than the preselected voltage, the battery is fast-charged with a restricted fast-charge current that is weaker than the fast-charge current.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an integrated circuit which is connected to a reference-ground potential and to a supply potential. Since differing activity in the integrated circuit results in a fluctuating current being drawn by the integrated circuit, current surges may arise on the supply potential. To prevent current surges on the supply potential, a controllable load is produced together with the integrated circuit, with the result that the power drawn by the combination of integrated circuit and the load is approximately constant.

Abstract: The circuit generates an auxiliary direct current voltage from a supply voltage for a circuit element conducting a high-frequency useful signal. The circuit has a voltage converter controlled by the high-frequency useful signal, and its working frequency is identical to the frequency of the high-frequency useful signal.

Abstract: A reset circuit for deactivating a circuit configuration, which is fed by a supply voltage, in the case of an undervoltage supply. In this case, active components 1,2 (FIG. 1); or 3,2 (FIG. 3) are provided and their forward paths are connected in series between the supply voltage Uv and ground reference potential. The active components are fed directly or indirectly by a current mirror circuit 9 from a respective current source 10, 11. A reset signal Ureset (active=low signal) being present at the junction point 5 of the active components, where the junction point 5 is connected to ground reference potential via a resistor Rdown.

Abstract: A power supply apparatus 200 comprises an energy supplying circuit 210 for supplying energy at a predetermined timing, and an energy preserving circuit 220 for receiving the energy supplied from the energy supplying circuit 210 and preserving the energy. The energy preserving circuit 220 includes an inductor 221, a capacitance 223 connected to one end of the inductor 221 at a node 222, and a capacitance 225 connected to the other end of the inductor 221 at a node 224. Energy is supplied to a load via at least one of the node 222 and the node 224.

Abstract: An integrated circuit disclosed in the present invention comprises a unit for generating an integrated voltage corresponding to a phase error between a reference voltage of a PLL circuit and a dividing signal so as to compare the generated integrated voltage with said reference voltage. With this disclosed structure, it is possible to reduce the test cost and measure the duty value error of the PLL circuit.

Abstract: A detection of an angular position of a rotatable part is performed by associating a transducer with a transducer wheel, transmitting signals of the transducer means to a control device, and simultaneously detecting a position of the transducer wheel by the transducing means which include an increment transducer and an absolute angle transducer operative for simultaneous detection of a position of the transducer wheel.

Abstract: In fast imaging of a multi-echo method represented by a fast spin echo (FSE) method, a pulse sequence is arranged such that a basic condition relating to a CPMG method is satisfied and a spoiler gradient magnetic field pulse is independently applied immediately after a flop pulse. The spoiler gradient magnetic field pulse for suppressing an undesired signal is applied by a predetermined amount or more so as to prevent superimposition of other gradient magnetic field components such as a phase encoding component, a rewind component, etc., and to prevent a residual component of an FID signal caused by a certain RF pulse from being refocused by a subsequent RF pulse.

Abstract: The connector checker has a main body with a block accommodating a plurality of detection pins movable forward and backward in the block each for detecting an incorrect insertion state of a terminals which is inserted in a terminal accommodation chamber of a connector by inserting the detection pin into the terminal accommodation chamber. The checker main body has a plurality of through holes vertically elongated in section and a plurality of through holes horizontally elongated in section, and the vertically elongated through holes are disposed to partially overlap with the horizontally elongated through holes to define a plurality of rectangular openings. Through one of the rectangular openings, the detection pin is inserted so as to adequately limit vertical and horizontal movements of the detection pin within the terminal accommodation chamber.

Abstract: Redundant circuitry is provided for a programmable logic device that uses an interleaved input multiplexer circuit arrangement. The programmable logic device has at least one row of logic regions and has multiple columns, each of which contains one of the interleaved input multiplexers and one of the logic regions. A set of conductors associated with the row of logic regions is used to convey signals between the logic regions. Each interleaved logic region distributes logic signals from the conductors in the row to two adjacent logic regions. Bypass circuitry is provided in each column for bypassing the interleaved input multiplexer and logic region in that column. If a defect is detected in a column during testing of the device, the manufacturer can repair the device using the bypass circuitry to bypass that column. Spare logic is provided to replace the circuitry lost when a defective column is bypassed.

Abstract: A programmable logic device has a plurality of super-regions of programmable circuitry disposed on the device in a two-dimensional array of such super-regions. Each super-region includes a plurality of regions of programmable logic and a region of programmable memory. Each logic region includes a plurality of subregions of programmable logic. Each super-region has associated interconnection resources for allowing communication between the logic and memory regions of that super-region without the need to use, for such relatively local interconnections, the longer-length inter-super-region interconnection resources that are also provided on the device.

Abstract: A low noise output buffer to simultaneously reduce switching noise and output signal ringing for output ringing and maintain DC current. A temporary and a steady-state output buffers are supplied by a buffer voltage source and an internal circuit voltage source, respectively. Each driver has a pull-up and a pull-down transistors. While switching the output buffer from a high voltage level to a low voltage level or from a low voltage level to a high voltage level, a predriver and a single steady-state circuit are designed to respectively generate a large simultaneous switching noise at the buffer voltage source and a small simultaneous switching noise at the internal circuit voltage source. A Schmitt trigger circuit is also used to turn off the temporary driver, so as to reduce the output signal ringing while the steady-state driver maintains a supply of DC current.

Abstract: A data latch circuit of the present invention, which corresponds to the semiconductor circuit, is provided with a master flip-flop and a slave flip-flop. The master flip-flop fetches a first signal in response to a first clock signal, holds first data corresponding to the first signal as binary data in response to the first clock signal, and also outputs the first data as a second signal. The slave flip-flop fetches the second signal in response to an OR-gated result obtained between the first clock signal and either one or a plurality of second clock signals, and the slave flip-flop holds second data corresponding to the second signal in response to the OR-gated result, and also the slave flip-flop outputs a third signal corresponding to the second data.

Abstract: A programmable circuit includes a first node and provides a programmed signal based on the state of the first node. A first anti-fuse has a programmed state and an unprogrammed state and couples the first node to a first power supply when in the programmed state and decouples the first node from the first power supply when in the unprogrammed state. A second anti-fuse has a programmed state and an unprogrammed state and couples the first node to a second power supply when in the programmed state and decouples the first node from the second power supply when in the unprogrammed state. The state of the programmed signal can be used to replace a primary circuit element of an integrated circuit with a redundant circuit element.

Abstract: A select circuit switches a connection from a gate terminal of an NMOS transistor or a substrate voltage terminal to a semiconductor substrate or well by a Select signal. At this time, a voltage of the substrate voltage terminal is set to be lower than a gate voltage in an OFF state. Consequently, when the semiconductor substrate or well is connected to the gate terminal in an active state, the off-current can be reduced to 10−10 A/&mgr;m. When the substrate voltage terminal is connected to the semiconductor substrate or well in a standby state, the off-current can be further reduced to 10−12 A/&mgr;m. Thus, leakage currents in the standby state and leakage currents flowing from the power supply voltage terminal to the ground voltage terminal in an active state can be suppressed.

Abstract: A control signal is conditioned such that it produces a conditioned control signal which is the sum of two exponentially varying components. The resulting conditioned control signal, applied to an amplifier circuit, produces a gain which varies linearly in dB with changes in the control voltage.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a predistortion linearizer for a power amplifier which is capable of improving nonlinear character of a high power amplifier. The predistortion linearizer for the power amplifier includes first and second envelope detectors, which separately detect an envelope of input signals and output signals, respectively, a DSP, which adjusts a tally of a work function by comparing the output signals of the first and the second envelope detector, and a work function generator, which generates a work function from an envelope of input signals to output gain and phase control voltage in accordance with work function tally inputted from the DSP. It also includes a vector modulator, which pre-distorts the input signal in accordance with the control voltages inputted from the work function generator to output a distortion compensation signal to the power amplifier.

Abstract: A device for controlling voltage in a power amplifier of a portable wireless terminal according to the present invention, includes a power amplifier adapted to adjust an amplification degree of a signal inputted in response to a supply state of a reference voltage to output the adjusted signal. The device also includes a comparator/limiter adapted to compare a value of a transmitting automatic gain controlled (TX_AGC) supply voltage and a value of an operating supply voltage to output the compared result and a power supply conversion section adapted to convert a state of the compared result outputted from the comparator/limiter into a reference voltage state for application to the power amplifier as a reference voltage thereof.

Abstract: Voltage controlled oscillator assembly comprising means for detecting a control voltage input and means for generating an output frequency signal depending on said control voltage input. Said voltage controlled oscillator assembly comprises at least two voltage controlled oscillators, means for reading data from an external source, and means for individually switching the at least two voltage controlled oscillators on and off in accordance with the data read.

Abstract: An amplification circuit includes an inverter whose input node is connected to an output node of an oscillation circuit and a resistance element connected in parallel with the inverter. A filter circuit is connected to an input node of the amplification circuit, and both a level-shift circuit and a Schmitt circuit are connected to a stage subsequent to the filter circuit. The filter circuit, level-shift circuit and Schmitt circuit eliminate noise from an oscillation signal. The Schmitt circuit wave-shapes the oscillation signal and outputs the wave-shaped signal as a clock.

Abstract: A voltage-controlled oscillator has a frequency of oscillation that is varied using a substrate on which the same circuit pattern as that of the voltage-controlled oscillator is printed. In a resonant circuit included in the voltage-controlled oscillator, a first land is arranged substantially parallel to an inductor. A second land is arranged substantially parallel to the inductor and to a variable-capacitance diode. The capacitances of capacitors attached to the first land and second land are changed in order to vary the frequency of oscillation of the voltage-controlled oscillator. The frequency of oscillation can be varied without the necessity of scraping the inductor through which a major signal passes. Therefore, electrical characteristics of the voltage-controlled oscillator are not degraded and the frequency of oscillation is very steady. The frequency of oscillation can be varied merely by changing the capacitances of the capacitors attached to the first and second lands.

Abstract: In an input signal power dynamic range compressing circuit, an input signal is distributed by a directional coupler to a linear signal transfer path and a compressing signal generating path, and in the compressing signal generating path a compressing signal, which keeps the peak-to-average-power ratio of the input signal below a predetermined value, is generated from the input signal. The compressing signal is combined by a power combiner with the input signal having passed through the linear signal transfer path.

Abstract: A microwave filter is disclosed, which filters only a signal of a desired band in a radio communication system. The microwave filter includes a plurality of feed lines and resonators on an upper portion of a substrate, and a ground surface below the substrate. Each of the resonators includes coupled meander lines, the meander lines having three or more sections. The resonators are arranged in such a manner that the adjacent resonators are symmetrical to each other. The feed lines are formed at one side of the resonators at both edges, and are coupled spaced apart from the resonators in parallel to the resonators. Thus, the microwave filter can be fabricated at a small size because the meander-lined resonators have a small size. The microwave filter also has excellent transmission characteristics such as pseudo-elliptic characteristics.