Abstract: An intake system mounted to a vehicle controls an opening angle of a variable flap according to an RPM of an engine, an intake pressure, and an opening angle of a variable flap to optimize performance in various operation regions by detecting engine RPM and an intake air pressure, and determining an operation region based on the RPM of the engine; applying the intake pressure to determine a target amount of air and an opening angle of a variable flap for an operation region; driving an actuator to adjust an opening angle of the variable flap to a target opening angle; and analyzing an operation position of the actuator to detect an opening angle of the variable flap, and, when the target opening angle is not followed, correcting a drive of the actuator such that an opening angle of the variable flap follows the target opening angle.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for fuel drift estimation and compensation using exhaust oxygen levels and fresh air flow measurements. An actual fueling to the engine cylinders is determined from the exhaust oxygen level and fresh air flow to the internal combustion engine. The actual fueling is compared to an expected fueling based on the fueling command provided to the internal combustion engine. The difference between the actual fueling and expected fueling is fuel drift error attributed to changes or drift in the fuel injection system and is used to correct or compensate future fueling commands for the fuel drift.

Abstract: A method and a device for supplying fuel into a combustion chamber of a cylinder of an internal combustion engine, in which an air-fuel mixture is supplied to the cylinder via at least two intake sections, which are connected to the cylinder via an intake valve, and each of the intake sections is assigned an injector, fuel being injected into the intake sections in at least intermittently asynchronous manner.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a dual fuel injection valve having a pumping nozzle for a diesel engine and a gas engine, and an objective of the present invention is to provide a fuel injection valve in which, by using two kinds of fuel entering into a fuel valve, a warming up and injection of pilot fuel may be performed in an initial injection and injection of main fuel may be performed subsequently such that subsequent dual fuel is used for combustion, thereby increasing fuel injection performance.

Abstract: In a drive unit of a fuel injection device, an electric current is supplied to the fuel injection device by applying a high voltage to the fuel injection device from a high voltage source whose voltage is boosted to a voltage higher than a battery voltage at the time of opening a valve of the fuel injection device. Thereafter, the electric current supplied to the fuel injection device is lowered to a current value at which a valve element cannot be held in a valve open state by stopping the applying of the high voltage from the high voltage source. Thereafter, in a stage where a supply current is switched to a hold current, another high voltage is applied to the fuel injection device from the high voltage source.

Abstract: A vapor management system (10) includes a sense tube (47) disposed in a fuel tank (12). A differential pressure sensor (17) has one side connected to the sense tube and another side connected to a vapor cavity so that the pressure sensor can measure a differential pressure (DP) between a volume of the vapor cavity and a volume of the sense tube containing liquid fuel. A temperature sensor (26) is in the vapor cavity. A processor 1) receives DP and T measurements at certain time intervals to determine the temperature at time zero (T0), the differential pressure at time zero (DP0), the temperature at a certain time (Tt), and the differential pressure at a certain time (DPt), and 2) when (Tt-T0) is greater than a certain value, compares DPt to a certain differential pressure value.

Abstract: An exhaust gas treatment system includes: confirming that an engine stops operation; sensing present pressure difference between front and rear sides of an EGR value; setting learning value by performing large offset learning, if the present pressure difference exceeds an absolute value of a first lower or upper values; setting learning value by performing step learning, if the present pressure difference exists between first and second lower values that is larger than the first lower value or the present pressure difference a between first and second upper values that is smaller than the first upper value; and setting the present pressure difference value as a learning value, if the present pressure difference exists between the second lower and second upper values. The exhaust gas treatment method accurately learns the pressure difference of the EGR system to improve the quality of the exhaust gas and securely control the EGR system.

Abstract: An exhaust gas recirculation device for an internal combustion engine includes: an opening command signal output unit 52 which outputs an opening command signal in relation to an EGR control valve on the basis of an operating condition of the internal combustion engine; a variation component separation unit 54 which separates the valve opening command signal from the opening command signal output unit 52 into a basic component and a variation component generated so as to be superimposed on the basic component; a variation component determination unit 56 which determines whether the EGR control valve is in a steady state or a transient state on the basis of a magnitude of the variation component separated by the variation component separation unit 54; and an EGR control valve diagnosis device 58 that performs an abnormality diagnosis on the EGR control valve when the variation component determination unit determines that the EGR control valve is in the steady state.

Abstract: In the engine including an MPL-EGR system having an HPL-EGR mechanism 6 and an LPL-EGR mechanism 7, a pressure difference between upstream side pressure and downstream side pressure of a low pressure EGR cooler 73 provided in the LPL-EGR mechanism 7 is detected by a pressure difference sensor 89. When an actual pressure difference value detected is higher than a reference pressure difference value in a state where no blocking occurs in the LPL-EGR mechanism 7, and the deviation amount therebetween reaches a predetermined amount, it is determined that the blocking occurs in the inside of the low pressure EGR cooler 73. In contrast, when the actual pressure difference value detected is lower than the reference pressure difference value, and the deviation amount therebetween reaches a predetermined amount, it is determined that the blocking occurs in the inside of the pipe members 74 and 75 except the low pressure EGR cooler 73.

Abstract: A four-stroke engine for a working machine with a rod is provided, where a tool is attached to one end of the rod in a longitudinal direction and the four-stroke engine is fixed to the other end of the rod in use. The four-stroke engine includes: an oil circulation pathway; and a gas-liquid separating chamber configured to separate oil from blowby gas. The gas-liquid separating chamber includes: an inflow part into which the blowby gas is introduced from the oil circulation pathway; oil discharge parts configured to flow the oil separated from the blowby gas back to the oil circulation pathway; and a blowby gas discharge part configured to discharge the blowby gas not containing oil mist from the gas-liquid separating chamber and supplies the blowby gas to an intake passageway to a combustion chamber.

Abstract: A ball (100) having a foam core (110) with a channel recess (114) formed on its surface is enclosed by a cover assembly including a rubber channel assembly (120) in the shape of a spherical curve, such as a baseball curve, and fabric panels (132) that are fixed to the channel assembly. The channel assembly is configured to be inserted into the channel recess in the core. In an embodiment, a heat-activated adhesive substrate is disposed between the cover assembly and the core. In an embodiment, a launcher engages the channel assembly to aid in throwing the ball. In an embodiment, a removable insert (220) is insertable to be retained in the channel assembly.

Abstract: An arrow rest for a bow, according to various embodiments, comprises (1) a launcher, (2) a cord, and (3) a locking mechanism disposed adjacent the launcher. The launcher is adapted to lift an arrow from a first position to a second, ready-to-fire position, the cord is adapted to move the arrow rest from the first position to the second, ready-to-fire position when the cord is pulled, and the locking mechanism is selectively adapted to exert opposing lateral forces on the cord to selectively lock the cord in place while the launcher is in the second, ready-to-fire position.

Abstract: A launcher for a bow, according to various embodiments, comprises (1) a base, (2) at least one brush that is disposed on the base and defines an arrow support surface, and (3) a linking mechanism between the bow and the base. The linking mechanism is adapted to move the launcher from a first position to a second, ready-to-fire position, and the launcher is adapted to lift an arrow when moving from the first position to the second, ready-to-fire position. The brush may, for example, serve as a support surface for an arrow being fired from the bow.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for controlling surface profiles of wafers cut in a wire saw machine. The systems and methods described herein are generally operable to alter the nanotopology of wafers sliced from an ingot by controlling the shape of the wafers. The shape of the wafers is altered by changing the temperature and/or flow rate of a temperature-controlling fluid circulated in fluid communication with bearings supporting wire guides of the saw. Different feedback systems can be used to determine the temperature of the fluid necessary to generate wafers having the desired shape and/or nanotopology.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for controlling the displacement of bearings in a wire saw machine. The systems and methods described herein are generally operable to alter the nanotopology of wafers sliced from an ingot by controlling the shape of the wafers. The shape of the wafers is altered by controlling displacement of bearings in the wire saw by changing the temperature and/or flow rate of a temperature-controlling fluid circulated in fluid communication with bearings supporting wire guides of the saw. Different feedback systems can be used to determine the temperature of the fluid necessary to generate wafers having the desired shape and/or nanotopology.

Abstract: A gravity-style furnace subunit for a gas-induced draft furnace. A heat conduction tube configured to be located inside of a gas-induced draft furnace cabinet, the heat conduction tube being separated from a row of draft-induced heat conduction tubes inside the cabinet. A burner assembly having a burner tube located within the heat conduction tube through an inlet opening of the heat conduction tube. The burner assembly permits air flow through the inlet opening into the heat conduction tube. A pilot assembly located within the heat conduction tube and adjacent to the burner tube. A thermopile module having located adjacent to a flame outlet of the pilot assembly within the heat conduction tube. A gas valve configured to control gas flow to the burner assembly, the gas valve electrically coupled to the thermopile module and to actuate gas flow there-through when the thermopile module generates a predefined voltage difference.

Abstract: A cabinet for a heating appliance. The cabinet has an integrated viewing window to permit inspection of the interior components of the appliance. The viewing window comprises an elongate transparent viewing member integrated into the cabinet. The viewing member is generally aligned with a burner or burner tray of the appliance such that the functionality and operation of the burner or burners can be viewed and inspected exterior to the cabinet. The viewing member is positioned at an angle relative to both the top and the front surfaces to facilitate the viewing and inspection of the burners through the viewing member and from an elevated position in front of the cabinet.

Abstract: A solar energy collection system can include a plurality of heliostats configured to reflect sunlight to a target mounted on a tower. Each of the heliostats can have a heliostat controller configured to control a respective heliostat so that the sunlight reflected therefrom is directed to at least one of a plurality of cameras. The cameras can be oriented to image the heliostat. A second controller can be configured to compute geometry data that defines a geometry of the surface of the heliostat from captured images thereof. The geometry data can designate a plurality of subsections of the surface. The computing by the second controller can include storing data indicating sections of the captured images corresponding to the plurality of subsections of the heliostat. The second controller can also calculate data indicating respective surface normals of each of said subsections of each of said heliostat.

Abstract: The invention relates to a solar concentrator with a supporting and solar tracking system, which proposes a solar concentrator comprising one or several lenses and one or several collectors and at least two attachment structures (2) for attaching the collector solar and the lens and at least two fastening structures (1) which allow a rotation according to a longitudinal axis. The attachment structure can be rotated or displaced, allowing the displacement of the lens (3) and the collector (4) in opposite directions and the variation of their relative distance, which solves the problem of the variation of the focal distance for each individual angle of incidence of the radiation.

Abstract: A system of passively heating water using solar energy and an absorber formed from two identical halves of molded darkened glass that are fused together. The absorber is essentially a plurality of black glass struts that are sandwiched between two black glass surfaces. The struts act as baffle plates and define cells. Water is carried through the system via the thermosiphoning effect.

Abstract: A thermal energy generation system having a working fluid and a system fluid, including an energy system for heating the working fluid by applying heat thereto, a main heat exchanger assembly for transferring heat from the working fluid to the system fluid, a thermal energy consumption system for receiving the heated system fluid from the main heat exchanger assembly when the temperature of the system fluid is at or above a predetermined temperature, and a thermal energy conservation assembly for receiving the heated system fluid from the main heat exchanger assembly and for reintroducing the system fluid thereto when the temperature of the system fluid is less than the predetermined temperature.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a solar heating device comprising at least one incidence collector and a thermal container. The thermal container includes at least one light absorbing recess, wherein at least one of the incidence collectors focuses solar beams on a focal point, which is located inside the light absorbing recess. The inner surface of the light absorbing recess converts the energy of the solar beams into radiant heating.

Abstract: A linear solar energy concentrator includes a fastening rack, a concentrating lens, and a line-shaped solar panel. The concentrating lens is fastened on the fastening rack. When sunlight irradiates on and penetrates through the concentrating lens, the light is concentrated onto a focal line parallel to a direction of the linear geometric structure of the concentrating lens. The solar panel is installed under the concentrating lens and located at the focal line, wherein when an incident angle of sunlight constantly changes, the light irradiating on and penetrating through the concentrating lens still is able to be concentrated onto a same location or onto locations slightly shifted each other along the focal line on the solar panel, so as to perform an energy conversion from solar energy to electricity at a substantially same amount of light without being affected by the incident angle of sunlight.

Abstract: The oxygen transport reactor-based oven is an oven for heating articles, such as bread, using oxygen transport reactor-based combustion in order to recycle carbon dioxide, rather than releasing the carbon dioxide into the environment. The oven includes an upper furnace chamber having a plurality of oxygen transport reactors disposed therein. A mixture of fuel and gaseous carbon dioxide is delivered to the interior of each oxygen transport reactor. Pressurized air is then delivered to the upper furnace chamber, so that oxygen from the pressurized air is driven through an ion transport membrane of each oxygen transport reactor to combust with the fuel. This combustion produces carbon dioxide, water vapor and heat. The generated heat is used to heat the articles to be heated, which are received within a heating chamber positioned beneath the upper furnace chamber.

Abstract: A system and process for refining raw sugar, comprising a melting unit configured to receive the raw sugar and an eluent to produce a melt liquor, a decolorization unit configured to receive the melt liquor and to produce a fine liquor, a crystallization unit configured to fractionate high-purity crystalline sucrose from the fine liquor and to provide a run-off syrup, a softening unit configured to receive the run-off syrup to produce a softened syrup, at least one separation unit configured to receive the softened syrup to produce a low-invert sucrose product, and a recycle line configured to relay the low-invert sucrose product from the at least one separation unit to the melting unit.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a method for liquefying biomass, including: (a) mixing a solid organic ammonium salt containing single nitrogen with at least one organic compound which is capable of forming a hydrogen bond with the solid organic ammonium salt to form a first mixture; (b) heating the first mixture until the first mixture becomes a solution; (c) mixing a biomass and an acid catalyst with the solution to form a second mixture; and (d) heating the second mixture to make the biomass therein convert into a liquefied product.

Abstract: A hot air extraction vaporizer that is provided with a heat exchanger, a filling chamber for accommodating a substance generating an aerosol when subjected to heat, and a vaporizer outlet for inhaling the aerosol/air mixture. The heat exchanger is in a thermally conductive connection with the filling chamber that when heated up subjects the substance to radiant heat. The heat exchanger is provided with at least one airflow channel generating a hot airflow. The filling chamber comprises at least one of airflow passages and a mesh allowing the hot airflow to pass through the filling chamber and the substance provided therein.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an inhaler assist device shaped and dimensioned for supporting a metered dose inhaler and an associated anti-static chamber in a manner allowing for assisted compression of the metered dose inhaler to dispense a dosage therefrom. The inhaler assist device includes an L-shaped housing assembly pivotally connected to a lever actuator. The housing assembly includes a planar base wall and lateral side walls extending from base wall, wherein the base wall and the lateral side walls create a cavity shaped and dimensioned for receipt of the metered dose inhaler and an anti-static chamber.

Abstract: A fluid dispenser device comprising: a dose counter for indicating the number of doses that have been dispensed or that remain to be dispensed, said counter comprising: at least one rotary counter element provided with indicator means, such as digits or numbers, and provided with a first set of teeth and with a second set of teeth; a movable actuator element adapted to co-operate with said first set of teeth of said counter element so as to turn it; and anti-return means adapted to co-operate with said second set of teeth so as to prevent said counter element from turning in the direction opposite to the direction that is imposed by said actuator element; said anti-return means comprising a tip that is substantially V-shaped, and that, after each actuation of the counter, co-operates with a respective tooth of said second set of teeth in a blocking position, said tip comprising a first branch that is adapted to co-operate in the blocking position with a blocking shoulder of said tooth, and a second branch tha

Abstract: Portable personal respiratory protection devices include a self-contained head gear member with a chin collar that has a front segment that defines a mouth portion and attaches to a back segment that resides over ears of a user and extends about a lower back segment of a head of the user. The head gear includes a visually transmissive face mask extending upwardly from the front segment of the chin collar that, in position, sealably engages a face of the user. The head gear has an open upper portion residing between an outer upper perimeter of the face mask and the back segment of the chin collar that, when worn, is adapted to expose a top and upper rear portion of a head of the user to environmental conditions.

Abstract: A process and a device for oxygen regulation of a patient having at least two SPO2 monitors and a control for automatic recognition of which measurements are more reliable. The measurement from one or more of the two SPO2 is used to control the oxygen concentration delivered to a patient based on a comparison of the measurements from the at least two SPO2 monitors.

Abstract: A filtering device 10, 10? that has a fluid inlet 12, a plenum 14, first and second filter layers 16 and 18, first and second fluid outlets 20 and 22, and a housing 24. The plenum 14 receives air that passes through the fluid inlet 12, and the first and second filter layers 16 and 18 are located on opposing sides of the plenum 14. The first and second fluid outlets 20 and 22 are located downstream to the first and second filter layers 16 and 18, respectively, on a side of each filter layer 16, 18 opposite the plenum 14. The housing 12 supports the first and second filter layers 16, 18 on opposing sides of the plenum 14. Very good distribution of fluid through the device 10 may be achieved because the plenum 14 and the filtering layers 16, 18 maintain their original relative positioning throughout use. Complex shapes can be produced, which enable the filtering device to accommodate devices of various configurations.

Abstract: A sleep apnea treatment device that includes a first chamber, a second chamber, and an energy storage component. The first chamber receives a patient's exhaled breath, which causes the second chamber to be expanded with fresh air that is drawn in during expansion of the second chamber. Energy from the patient's exhaled breath is stored in the energy storage component and then used to expel the air in the second chamber under positive pressure into the patient's airway. The first chamber can expand during the patient's exhaled breath which causes a plate or other movable member to simultaneously expand the second chamber to thereby draw in the fresh air that is subsequently expelled to the patient using the energy in the energy storage component.

Abstract: An interface system for use in providing a flow of pressurized gas to a patient. The interface system comprises a mask (18) structured to engage a nasal and/or oral orifice of a patient, a conduit (16) coupled to the mask, and a valve mechanism (20) operatively coupled to the mask or the conduit. The conduit is structured to communicate the flow of pressurized gas to the mask. The valve mechanism is structured to selectively impede the flow of pressurized gas to the patient and is actuated by the patient, thus allowing the patient to speak without interference from the flow of pressurized gas.

Abstract: A patient interface storage system (2) includes a patient interface device (4) structured to deliver a flow of breathing gas to a patient, the patient interface device including a mask, and a storage shell (6) having an outer peripheral wall and a bottom wall which together define a cavity. The cavity is sized and configured to receive and hold at least a portion of the mask. The bottom wall includes a first attachment member structured to be selectively engaged with a second attachment member associated with a gas delivery device in a manner such that the storage shell and the patient interface device are coupled to and held by the second attachment member.

Abstract: A mask system including a headgear and cushion module and a seal and frame module provided to the headgear and cushion module. The seal and frame module includes a sealing portion adapted to form a seal with the patient's face and a frame portion adapted to form a breathing chamber. The headgear and cushion module includes a cushion region adapted to support and shape the sealing portion and a headgear region adapted to support and stabilize the mask system on the patient's face.

Abstract: A filtering face mask 10 that has a harness 14 and a mask body 12. The mask body 12 includes a filtering structure 18 and a cup-shaped shaping layer 20 where the latter comprises a closed cell foam layer that has a plurality of fluid permeable openings 22 located in it. The openings 22 are surrounded by recessed regions 31. The filtering structure 18 does not make substantial contact with the shaping layer 20 at the recessed regions. The shaping layer 20 makes contact with the wearer's face at the mask body perimeter 19 when the respirator is being worn. The use of a foam shaping layer that has openings surrounded by recessed regions provides sufficient structural integrity or stiffness to prevent mask body collapse during respirator use while also exhibiting a low pressure drop and rapid fluid distribution of air within the mask to allow for low breathing resistance and extended wearer comfort.

Abstract: Methods and tools for producing a filled hollow structure, comprising producing an open hollow structure from a first material, providing a closing structure to at least partially close the open hollow structure, filling the hollow structure with a filler medium, and overmoulding the filled hollow structure with a second material as well as hollow structures obtainable by said methods and the use of said tools.

Abstract: A device for securing a tube in position includes a strip of material and first, second, and third attachment members. The strip of material defines a first surface and a second, opposed surface. The strip of material further includes a first end portion, a second end portion, and an intermediate portion. The first attachment member is disposed on the first surface of the strip of material and is positioned adjacent the first end portion. The second attachment member is disposed on the first surface of the strip of material and is positioned adjacent the second end portion. The third attachment member is disposed on the second surface of the strip of material and is positioned adjacent the intermediate portion. The strip of material is configured to wrap around a tube with the first, second, and third attachment members releasably engaging a strap member to secure the tube in position.

Abstract: The various embodiments of the present inventions provide stabilization devices and methods for use of the stabilization devices with minimally invasive gynecological procedures such as methods of preventing pregnancy by inserting intrafallopian contraceptive devices into the fallopian tubes.

Abstract: The invention provides intrafallopian devices and non-surgical methods for their placement to prevent conception. The efficacy of the device is enhanced by forming the structure at least in part from copper or copper alloy. The device is anchored within the fallopian tube by a lumen-traversing region of the resilient structure which has helical outer surface, together with a portion of the resilient structure which is biased to form a bent secondary shape, the secondary shape having a larger cross-section than the fallopian tube. The resilient structure is restrained in a straight configuration and transcervically inserted within the fallopian tube, where it is released. Optionally, permanent sterilization is effected by passing a current through the resilient structure to the tubal walls.

Abstract: An insertion device and method of use for treating obstructive sleep apnea. The device includes an outer tubular element with a tissue penetrating end and a side opening, an inner tubular element positioned partially within the outer member and movable longitudinally relative to it, a grasping device fixedly coupled to the inner element, and a central shaft extending through the inner tubular element and movable longitudinally relative to the inner and outer tubular elements. The central shaft is slidably coupled with the grasping device. The inner tubular element is further movable between a retracted position wherein the grasping device is positioned entirely within the outer tubular element, and an extended position wherein it extends outwardly therefrom through the side opening. In the extended position, the grasping device is adapted to grasp a filamentary element positioned external of the outer tubular element and in proximity thereto.

Abstract: A liner for use with a respiratory mask having a face-engaging portion, such as a CPAP mask, includes a body constructed from an absorbent material, the body having an outer edge, an inner edge, and an opening bounded by the inner edge. A perimeter of the outer edge is larger than a perimeter of the face-engaging portion of the respiratory mask for forming an extending portion of the body, and the liner is configured to be releasably held by the mask and a user's face such that the outer edge extends beyond the face-engaging portion.

Abstract: A mask and a method of manufacturing the same that intercept a virus are provided. The mask includes: a mask body; an exhalation module that is formed at one surface of the mask body; and an inhalation module that is formed at the one surface of the mask body and that includes an inhalation filter. The inhalation filter includes an anodized aluminum oxide film.

Abstract: This application presents retention devices that afford the user quick and easy placement. These retention devices may accommodate objects of various shapes and sizes. The device provides sturdy means for retaining and securing an object to a surface without the need to handle and position flaps of tape. The device allows easy removal from the retained object without adhesives directly contacting or damaging it sensitive surfaces. The retention described here may be used to quickly secure anatomic structures during operations, such as securing the penis against the abdomen during vasectomy, without causing discomfort or damage to sensitive skin during application or removal.

Abstract: Devices, systems and methods for magnetically assisted agent delivery are included. These devices, systems, and methods make use of a plurality of magnets or magnetic configuration.

Abstract: An electronic cigarette includes a battery assembly, an atomizer assembly and a cigarette bottle assembly. An external thread electrode is located in one end of battery assembly. An internal thread electrode is located in one end of atomizer assembly. The battery assembly and the atomizer assembly are connected by the screwthread electrode. The cigarette bottle assembly is inserted into the other end of the atomizer assembly and both form a cigarette type or cigar type body.

Abstract: Porous beads are provided of a polymer of a non-acidic monomer and a cross-linker having polar functionality, one of which is hydrophilic, the other of which is hydrophobic, further comprising residues of polyvinyl alcohol. The beads may be molecularly imprinted or non-molecularly imprinted. The use of such beads in the removal of nitroso-containing compounds from material containing them is also disclosed. Also disclosed is a non-molecularly imprinted polymer which is selectively adsorbent for at least one tobacco specific nitrosamine in the presence of nicotine, said polymer being a polymerization product of a non-acidic monomer and a cross-linker having polar functionality, one of which is hydrophilic, the other of which is hydrophobic.

Abstract: A class of molecularly imprinted polymers that specifically recognizes and binds to TSNAs are useful, for example, in analysis and separation of TSNAs from biological fluids. Such polymers are also useful in methods of treating and manufacturing tobacco products and materials. Also disclosed are selectively adsorbent non-molecularly imprinted polymer of a non-acidic monomer and a cross-linker having polar functionality, one of which is hydrophilic, the other of which is hydrophobic, and the use of such polymers in the treatment of materials containing nicotine and nitrosamine.

Abstract: A smoking article (130) comprises a variable flow system configured to vary gaseous flow into or through the smoking article.