Abstract: An architectural panel comprises a structured core embedded in a resin material such that the resin material fills the cells of the structured core. In at least one implementation, a method of making the panel comprises pressing two or more resin substrates about the structured core at a pressure and temperature such that the resin substrates flow into and fill the cells of the structured core. In at least one other implementation, a method of making the panel comprises placing the structured core into a form, pouring a liquid resin material into the form, and allowing the resin material to harden.

Abstract: A structural member with a core bar which reduces manufacturing costs, enables easy construction of various curved building structures such as a dome-shaped building structure or an arch-shaped building structure without a truss structure or a formwork. The structural member includes: at least one elastic core bar formed in a bar shape; and an outer body or an outer cover into which the at least one core bar is inserted. The core bar is formed at least one of wood such as a bamboo strip or a composite bamboo bar, a synthetic resin material, a glass fiber composite material, and a carbon fiber composite material. The outer body or the outer cover is formed of at least one of a metallic material such as aluminum, a synthetic resin material, a glass fiber composite material, and a carbon fiber composite material.

Abstract: A weather resistant shingle system is provided, wherein a starter strip course of shingles is applied to a roof, and with successive courses of field shingles applied thereover, with adjacent underlying and overlying shingles adhesively secured together to provide wind resistance to tabs of next overlying shingles from being upwardly lifted under wind conditions, and to prevent moisture, such as rain, from entering beneath tabs of shingles.

Abstract: A fitting for connecting first and second pieces of channel framing to one another includes a coupling component having first and second coupling portions. The first coupling portion has a dovetail cross-sectional shape, and the second coupling portion having a dovetail cross-sectional shape which is inverted relative to the first coupling portion. The first coupling portion is configured for reception in a fitting groove of the first piece of channel framing, and the second coupling portion is configured for reception in a fitting groove of the second piece of channel framing to connect the first and second pieces of channel framing to one another such that the fitting sides of the first and second pieces of channel framing are juxtaposed and face one another.

Abstract: The invention relates to a set of panels, in particular floor panels, comprising a first panel and at least a second panel. The panels are respectively provided with a first edge and with a second edge, wherein the first edge and the second edge are configured to establish a connection between the first and the second panel. The first edge can have a lower lip with a step, and the second edge can have a downwardly open locking groove. A separate clip can be provided which can be attached to the first edge or the second edge and has a moveable clip head, which in the connected state of the panels can cooperate with a locking surface on the second edge or the first edge, respectively, in order to lock the panels vertically relative to the plane of laying.

Abstract: The invention relates to a panel with complementary locking means provided in pairs on opposite panel edges. One of the locking means is hook profiles with a receiving hook and a locking hook. The fee step end of the locking hook is designed narrower than the width of the receiving opening of the receiving hook. The locking contour of the locking hook protrudes at least partially past the plane of the joint surface of the receiving hook so that the free step end fits into the receiving opening far enough at first that a part of the horizontal locking surface of the locking hook makes contact with the horizontal locking surface of the receiving hook during a joining motion without elastic deformation of the hook profiles, and that the receiving hook bends so that the width of the receiving opening con be expanded so that the locking step can be inserted entirely I to the receiving recess and the locking contour of the locking hook is further inserted into a form-fit contour of the receiving hook.

Abstract: The invention concerns a processing apparatus for processing an upper segment edge of a pylon segment of a concrete pylon for preparing the pylon segment for placement thereon of at least one further pylon segment. According to the invention it is proposed that the processing apparatus includes a processing means for processing the segment edge, and a carrier apparatus to be fixed in the region of the segment edge for displaceably carrying and guiding the processing means along the segment edge.

Abstract: The multi-purpose tile is formed solely of randomly arranged and uniformly distributed non-woven plastic fibers. The non-woven plastic fibers are fused together without a binder and compressed while in a heated state to establish a predetermined thickness of the tile. The tile is flexible, self-supporting and non-collapsible, and can be installed as a lay-in ceiling tile on a grid for use as a suspended ceiling, or bonded directly to a ceiling, or bonded directly to a wall.

Abstract: A fitting for channel framing includes a coupling component and a washer secured to the coupling component. At least a portion of the coupling component has a generally dovetail cross-sectional shape configured for reception in an external fitting groove of the channel framing. The washer engages outside surfaces of a second side of the channel framing at opposite sides of the external fitting groove when the coupling component is received in the external fitting groove.

Abstract: A fitting for channel framing includes a first clip arm configured to extend into a first external fitting groove of the channel framing and clip onto the channel framing, and a second clip arm configured to extend into a second external fitting groove of the channel framing and clip onto the channel framing. An outer portion connected to and extending between the first and second clip arms is configured to span across the continuous slot when the first and second clip arms extend into the respective first and second external fitting grooves and are clipped onto the channel framing.

Abstract: A method for forming floral packaging materials from oxo-biodegradable polymeric materials is provided. Methods of utilizing such floral packaging materials are also provided.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for charging the gas compartment portion of a bag (1) in which incisions (9) are formed in gas introduction section (6a) of the gas compartment portion (6). A pair of gas injection nozzles (23, 24) are disposed so as to be on the opposite sides of the bag and reciprocate between its standby and advanced positions, so that in the advanced position, the discharge outlets (23a, 24a) of the gas injection nozzles are aligned with the gas introduction section on both sides, and compressed gas is injected into the gas introduction section through the incisions. A small gap (L) is provided between the discharge outlets of the gas injection nozzles when they are in the advanced position. As the gas is injected, film sheets of the expanded gas introduction section closely adhere to the discharge outlets, so that the gas injection state becomes stable.

Abstract: A method for on-line printing onto water-soluble film on-line with water-soluble detergent pouch process.

Abstract: Methods for making an using convenience kits for hazardous drug (liquid) transfer from vials to syringes and target IV connectors. The following methods for making and using are disclosed: (1) Using a conventional plastic bag as a vial and vial adapter enclosing shroud. (2) Using of a flange (i.e. latch arm) free vial adapter which may, therefore, be used for a large variety of vial sizes. (3) Providing a seal about an access hole through which a vial adapter dispensing portion provides a closed fluid dispensing pathway. (4) Using the shrouding bag and an associated elastic band to provide desired stability of a spiked vial. (5) Accessing, measuring and transferring vial contents directly from a vial to a target IV container via an elongated connecting tube.

Abstract: The present invention relates to polymorphic forms of Febuxostat and processes for the preparation of polymorphic forms of Febuxostat.

Abstract: A method is provided for printing unprinted, or blank, cartons for packaging that have been cut and creased. The method includes receiving, at a printing apparatus, blank cartons that have been cut and creased to be ready for folding and at least one of gluing, tucking and locking. The printing apparatus is adjusted based on at least one attribute of the blank cartons and configured to print an image before the printing apparatus starts printing the image on the blank cartons. The method also includes printing the image on each of the blank cartons to produce packaging cartons printed with the image. The method may further include automatically separating each blank carton in a multiple-up layout configuration after the image is printed on the blank cartons in the multiple-up layout configuration. In some embodiments, the blank cartons include at least one of uneven side edge(s), an uneven leading edge, and an even trailing edge.

Abstract: A method of using a packaging unit with a selected beverage container comprises obtaining a packaging unit having a receiving chamber for popcorn or the like and a square pocket coupled to the outside of the receiving chamber, a lower end portion of the pocket having one or more strip-shaped wall sections; selecting either a conical beverage cup or a beverage bottle; configuring the pocket based on the configuration of the selected beverage container; and inserting the selected beverage container into the correspondingly configured pocket, wherein in a first configuration, the conical beverage cup is held in a clamp seat, or in a second pocket configuration the beverage bottle is supported on a partial bottom support member formed by the strip-shaped wall sections.

Abstract: Disclosed are a chain link, a chain conveyor, a filling machine, and a package-flap folding method. The chain conveyor comprises a hinge part and a support part; the support part is fastened with a blade for clamping and pushing a package; the blade divides the support part into a rectangular front support part and a rear support part; multiple chain links can be hinged to form an annular chain, and the distance between the blades of two neighboring chain links in a straight line segment equals to the width of the package; the length of the support surface of the front support part equals to or is slightly smaller than the distance between an flap at the end to the rear side surface of the package; the rear end surface of the rear support part forms the guiding surface for guiding the folding of the flap at the end.

Abstract: A sectional driveshaft arrangement of a corn head comprises a first row unit that is driven by a first driveshaft. The first row unit in turn drives a second driveshaft that drives a second row unit.

Abstract: In accordance with one embodiment, a machine for generating electrical energy comprises a housing. A rotor has interior blades for rotation in response to receipt of material. The rotor has an outer surface and an inlet. A first magnet assembly is secured to the outer surface of the rotor. A first stator winding is in electromagnetic communication with the corresponding first magnetic assembly, such that if the rotor rotates a first electromagnetic signal energizes the first stator windings based on the flow of material into or through the inlet.

Abstract: A turf mower has one or more electrically powered cutting units and a traction drive system that is operatively powered by an internal combustion engine. A motor generator is also powered by the engine and is operatively connected to the engine and the traction drive system. A battery pack stores electrical energy and is charged by the motor generator during normal mowing on flat ground. When mowing on hillsides with increased mechanical power requirements above that supplied by the horsepower of the engine, a control system first removes the load imposed by the cutting units by supplying the electrical energy to the cutting units from the battery pack instead of the motor generator. If that is insufficient, the control system then uses energy from the battery pack to power the motor generator as a motor to supply additional mechanical power for use by the traction drive system.

Abstract: A crop header has generally horizontal flail disks mounted on a cutter bar for driven rotation about generally upright axes. A pair of conditioner rolls is mounted in a discharge opening. A crop converging system includes two over-shot auger elements defined by a common rotary member with an auger flight carried thereon arranged generally longitudinal of the cutter bar so as to carry the cut crop longitudinally of the cutter bar to the entrance opening. The common rotary member includes two portions connected at a center location driven at one end and supported at the center location by a bearing and support plate connected to the cutter bar attached to one portion and a universal joint between the end of the supported portion and the other portion to allow flexing of the cutter bar to be transmitted though the universal joint.

Abstract: A reel for a harvester, such as for a combine harvester. The reel includes a reel supporting pipe and star-shaped supports at the ends of the reel, the star arms being connected to each other by means of tine rods which run parallel to the supporting pipe, wherein the star-shaped supports are specifically at least partially reinforced as a result of which at least one of the tensile and compression forces acting on the supporting pipe can be absorbed by one or more tine rods.

Abstract: A fruit harvester has an extensible pole and a cutting head unit connected to the pole. The cutting head unit includes a pair of opposing cutting blades moveable such that a stem placed between the pair of opposing cutting blades is severed upon movement of the cutting blades from an open position to a closed position. A solenoid is attached to the pair of cutting blades to move the pair of cutting blades between the open position and the closed position. A chute located below the pair of opposing cutting blades has a rigid portion with a first opening and a second. The pair of opposing cutting blades is disposed over the first opening, and a flexible portion is attached over second opening. An electrical switch in communication with the solenoid initiates movement by the solenoid of the cutting blades between the open and closed positions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a spinning point (1) of a spinning machine, whereas the spinning point (1) includes a spinning unit (5), a drawing-off device (6) for the yarn (2) downstream of the spinning unit (5) in the direction of transport (T) and a yarn accumulator (7) downstream of the drawing-off device (6) for the intermediate accumulation of a section of yarn, whereas the yarn accumulator (7) is allocated a sensor system (8) for monitoring the filling level of the yarn accumulator (7), whereas the spinning point includes a spooling device (9) for the yarn (2) downstream of the yarn accumulator (7), along with a return unit (10), with the assistance of which an end of the yarn (11), which is found within the yarn accumulator (7) after a yarn break, is able to be returned in the area of the spinning point (1).

Abstract: The invention relates to an opening roller (1) for an open-end spinning device with a base body (2) that is detachably connected to a mountings carrier (3) by means of a screw cap (8), whereas the mountings carrier (3) for connecting to the base body (2) in respect of this is rotatable around an axis of rotation (A) from a disengaged position into an engaged position and, from this, further into an end-layer locking position. In accordance with the invention, the screw cap (8) includes at least one securing element (23), which prevents the mountings carrier (3) from, during operation, moving in respect of the base body (2) from the engaged position into the disengaged position.

Abstract: The gas turbine system (GT) includes a combustor (2) having a fuel injection nozzle assembly (4) for jetting hydrogen gas (H) and pure water (W), a reservoir (12) for pooling the pure water (W) to be supplied to the combustor (2), a gas compressing device (10) for boosting the hydrogen gas (H) to be supplied to the combustor (2), a fuel supply passage (6) for guiding the boosted hydrogen gas (H) towards the combustor (2), and a pressurizing passage (16) communicating between the reservoir (12) and the fuel supply passage (6) for pressurizing the pure water (W) by means of the boosted hydrogen gas (H).

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and a method for feeding a propulsion chamber 5 of a rocket engine 1 with at least with a first propellant. The device comprises at least a first tank 2 for containing said first propellant, a first feed circuit 4 connected to the first tank 2, and a first electric pump 10 within said first tank 2 in order to pump said first propellant through the first feed circuit 4. In the method, the first propellant is pumped through the first feed circuit 4 from the first tank 2 by at least said first electric pump 10 that is immersed in the first propellant within the first tank 2.

Abstract: A turbofan engine includes a gas generator section for generating a gas stream flow with higher energy per unit mass flow than that contained in the ambient air and a power turbine that converts the gas stream flow into shaft power. The turbofan engine further includes a propulsor section including a fan driven by the power turbine through a geared architecture at a second speed lower than the first speed for generating propulsive thrust as a mass flow rate of air through a bypass flow path. An Engine Unit Thrust Parameter defined as net engine thrust divided by a product of the mass flow rate of air through the bypass flow path, a tip diameter of the fan and the first rotational speed of the power turbine is less than about 0.15 at a take-off condition.

Abstract: A propulsion system includes a fan, a gear, a turbine configured to drive the gear to, in turn, drive the fan. The turbine has an exit point, and a diameter (Dt) is defined at the exit point. A nacelle surrounds a core engine housing. The fan is configured to deliver air into a bypass duct defined between the nacelle and the core engine housing. A core engine exhaust nozzle is provided downstream of the exit point. A downstream most point of the core engine exhaust nozzle is defined at a distance from the exit point. A ratio of the distance to the diameter is greater than or equal to about 0.90.

Abstract: A method of controlling an exhaust gas temperature at a particulate filter inlet is disclosed. The particulate filter is located in an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine. The method of controlling exhaust gas temperature at the particulate filter inlet includes a late injection, whose quantity is estimated as function of an exhaust gas volumetric flowrate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for determining the state of an exhaust-gas purification device. The exhaust-gas purification device is one which can store gas and/or particles. By means of the proposed process, it is for example possible for the loading state of the exhaust-gas aftertreatment system, for example the oxygen storage state of a catalytic converter which is provided with an oxygen-storing material, such as for example a three-way catalytic converter, to be analysed.

Abstract: An air-fuel ratio control apparatus for an internal combustion engine according to an embodiment of the invention (the present control apparatus) sets a target air-fuel ratio to a target rich air-fuel ratio when it is determined on the basis of the output value Voxs of a downstream air-fuel ratio sensor 67 that the oxygen adsorption amount of a catalyst 43 tends to be excessive, and sets the target air-fuel ratio to a target lean air-fuel ratio when it is determined on the basis of the output value Voxs that the oxygen adsorption amount of the catalyst 43 tends to be insufficient. Further, the present control apparatus determines whether or not an operation state in which a large amount of nitrogen oxide flows into the catalyst 43 is reached on the basis of “whether a predetermined condition is fulfilled”, and makes the target rich air-fuel ratio obtained when the predetermined condition is fulfilled less than the target rich air-fuel ratio obtained when the predetermined condition is not fulfilled.

Abstract: An injection device for the metering or addition of a liquid additive into an exhaust gas treatment device, includes an outlet region to be brought into contact with the exhaust gas treatment device, a connector region spaced apart from the outlet region and having a fluid-line connector, and a duct or channel for the additive extending from the connector region to the outlet region. A valve controls the metering or addition of the additive, and at least one heat-flow adjustment device defines a direction of freezing in the duct from the outlet region towards the connector region. A method for freezing an injection device, a method for producing an injection device and a motor vehicle are also provided.

Abstract: A heat pipe includes a metal cylindrical body including a sealed storage space for storing water, a heat absorbing portion at one end portion of the cylindrical body to absorb heat by means of evaporation of the water, and a heat radiating portion at another end portion of the cylindrical body to radiate heat by means of condensation of steam generated by the evaporation. The cylindrical body includes a base material mainly including a stainless steel, a first metal layer mainly including a nickel and a second metal layer mainly including a copper, the first metal layer being formed on an inner surface of the base material and the second metal layer being formed on an inner surface of the first metal layer. The second metal layer is exposed to the storage space.

Abstract: A method is used for synchronizing the speed of a hydraulic crane drive having at least one hydraulic consumer, which is fed with a variable volumetric rate of flow by way of at least one hydraulic variable displacement pump. The at least one hydraulic variable displacement pump is driven by way of a drive unit of the crane. By way of the crane control system, a swashplate angle of the at least one variable displacement pump is open and/or closed loop controlled as a function of the demanded volumetric flow rate for at least one consumer and/or on the basis of one additional parameter.

Abstract: A drive system suppresses cylinder speed fluctuation at times of load inversion in a hydraulic closed circuit system in which a single rod cylinder is driven by a hydraulic pump. The drive system has a control device including: pressure detection means which detect pressure in a rod-side hydraulic chamber of the hydraulic cylinder and pressure in a head-side hydraulic chamber of the hydraulic cylinder; load calculation means which calculates the load on the hydraulic cylinder from the pressure in the rod-side hydraulic chamber and the pressure in the head-side hydraulic chamber; load switching means which calculates a first proportional gain in accordance with the polarity of the calculated load; and multiplication means which calculates a command signal by multiplying the calculated first proportional gain and an operation amount input from the operating device together and outputs the calculated command signal to the delivery flow rate control means.

Abstract: In a lowering operation of a boom, the amount of operation of a control lever is detected by a pressure sensor and input to a controller. Based on the input operation amount, the controller obtains a target flow rate Q0 of return oil discharged from a boom cylinder, calculates a deviation ?Q between the target flow rate Q0 and an actual flow rate Q obtained from an actual rotation speed N of an electric motor acquired by a rotation speed sensor, calculates a signal Sm for controlling the opening area of a proportional solenoid valve in a manner allowing hydraulic fluid to flow to a control valve in just as much as ?Q, and controls an operation pilot pressure of the control valve supplied from a sub-pump in accordance with the signal Sm so that the hydraulic fluid will flow to the control valve exactly in the amount of ?Q.

Abstract: A shuttle valve connects a second flowpath and a drain flowpath when the hydraulic pressure in a first flowpath is greater than the hydraulic pressure in the second flowpath. The shuttle valve connects the first flowpath and the drain flowpath when the hydraulic pressure in a second flowpath is greater than the hydraulic pressure in the first flowpath. The ratio between the pressure receiving area of a first pressure section and the pressure receiving area of a second pressure section is the same as the ratio between the pressure receiving area of a first chamber side and the pressure receiving area of a second chamber side of a cylinder rod.

Abstract: In one embodiment according to the invention, there is provided a method for generating electrical energy using a thermal cycle of a working gas. The method comprises using the motion of a piston in a cylinder, containing the working gas performing the thermal cycle, to electromagnetically induce current in an electrical circuit coupled to the cylinder; using the electrical circuit to store the electrical energy, produced by the current induced in the electrical circuit, in an electrical storage device; and using the electrical energy stored in the electrical storage device to electromagnetically provide a motive force to the piston. Cyclically using the electrical circuit to store the electrical energy and using the stored energy to provide a motive force to the piston effect a net positive average power transfer into the electrical storage device over the course of the thermal cycle.

Abstract: A hydraulic system (1) is provided comprising a pressure source (2), an output (3), and a pressure booster (6) arranged between the pressure source (2) and the output (3). The operational possibilities of such a system should be extended. To this end inactivating means are provided inactivating or activating said pressure booster.

Abstract: A brake control apparatus includes a master cylinder configured to generate a brake pressure according to a depressing force of a brake pedal; an electric motor configured to operate the master cylinder; a control board configured to control the electric motor; and a board receiving portion arranged along an outer circumference of the master cylinder. The board receiving portion receives the control board such that a component-mounting surface of the control board faces in an axial direction of the master cylinder.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to satisfy various constraints associated with supercharging pressure control even during transitional operation in a turbocharged diesel engine of which a supercharging pressure is actively controllable through operation of an actuator. The control device calculates a steady target value that is a target value of the supercharging pressure during steady operation on the basis of an engine rotation speed and a fuel injection amount, and operates the actuator through feedback control such that an actual supercharging pressure calculated from a signal of a supercharging pressure sensor is brought close to the steady target value. However, when any condition of a plurality of different conditions, which can be satisfied during transitional operation, is satisfied, a transitional target value of the supercharging pressure, suitable for the satisfied condition is calculated in accordance with a calculation rule prepared for each condition.

Abstract: A solar powered electrical generation system can produce electrical power by utilizing energy from the sun to vaporize liquids, such as bromine. The system of the present invention allows liquid to be vaporized by a heating unit powered by the sun. The vapor can travel to a condenser that is disposed at a height higher than a holding tank. The holding tank can collect liquid, which then drains back to the heating unit through a turbine. The turbine powers a generator to produce electricity. Because bromine has a high specific gravity (3.12 at 20° C.) and a relative low boiling point (58.8° C.), it may be ideal for use in the system of the present invention, where gravity provides the motive force of the condensed liquid through the turbine.

Abstract: The present invention provides an integrated system for the combined purpose of electricity generation and water treatment and biofuel production. The configuration combines complementary sub-systems whereby outputs from one system are used as inputs to another creating a positive feedback mechanism that significantly increases system efficiency and output. Compensatory mechanisms between system components create a natural hedge in energy and water production against temporal variation in solar insolence levels. Secondary benefits of the invention may include carbon abatement, ground water improvements, and land regeneration.

Abstract: A system reclaiming contaminated water includes a heat exchanger that receives the contaminated water and converts at least a portion of the contaminated water into steam and collects at least a portion of the contaminants within the heat exchanger. A thermal transfer fluid is heated by a heat exchanger is communication with a heat source. The heated fluid is circulated through the heat exchanger to heat the contaminated water. A steam engine is coupled to a generator, the steam engine receives the steam from the heat exchanger to drive the generator to provide power for the system. Steam exhausted from the steam engine is supplied to supplemental heat loads and then condensed in a modular condensing system. The collected contaminants are directed to an evaporation device to remove residual liquid.

Abstract: Provided is a steam turbine system including: at least one high pressure turbine, and/or at least one intermediate pressure turbine, and at least one first low pressure turbine, mounted on a first rotary shaft that is coupled to drive at least one first electrical generator; and at least one further low pressure turbine, mounted on a further rotary shaft that is coupled to drive at least one further electrical generator; and the turbine system further including a steam supply system to supply low pressure steam to the low pressure turbines provided with a steam outlet to enable extraction of auxiliary process steam from a location in the steam supply system upstream of the further low pressure turbine but not upstream of the first low pressure turbine.

Abstract: An aircraft (1) having at least one rotor (2) driven by a main gearbox (3), at least one fuel-burning engine (4), an on-board electricity network (7), and at least one electrical machine (10) corresponding to the engine (4) and capable of operating both in electric motor mode and also in electricity generator mode, each electrical machine (10) being mechanically connected to said main gearbox (3) by first connection means (20) and being electrically connected to said on-board electricity network (7). Second mechanical connection means (40) connect each electrical machine (10) mechanically to a gas generator (5) of an engine.

Abstract: Turbine systems are provided. In one embodiment, a turbine system includes a transition duct comprising an inlet, an outlet, and a duct passage extending between the inlet and the outlet and defining a longitudinal axis, a radial axis, and a tangential axis. The outlet of the transition duct is offset from the inlet along the longitudinal axis and the tangential axis. The duct passage includes an upstream portion extending from the inlet and a downstream portion extending from the outlet. The turbine system further includes a rib extending from an outer surface of the duct passage, the rib dividing the upstream portion and the downstream portion.

Abstract: A ram air fan assembly includes a motor/bearing housing that extends along a horizontal length of the ram air fan assembly. An inner housing assembly is in fluid communication with the motor/bearing housing to define a joint. The inner housing assembly includes first and second ellipse-shaped slots. The first slot is positioned at a first angle with respect to a radial axis of the inner housing assembly that is perpendicular to the horizontal length, and the second slot is positioned at a second angle with respect to the radial axis, the second angle being different from the first angle, and each slot extending along a first direction parallel to the horizontal length to define an axial width and extending along a radial axis to define a radial width being greater than the axial width.