Abstract: A control system is provided for an actuating member including a controller, a solenoid valve electrically coupled to the controller, a fluid driven actuator operatively coupled to the solenoid valve, an actuating member operatively coupled to the fluid driven actuator, a potentiometer operatively coupled to the actuating member for converting a rotational position of the actuating member into a proportional electrical resistance, signal converting means for converting the electrical resistance to a proportional electrical current, and means for conducting the current to the controller. The controller includes means for comparing the current to a control signal indicative of a desired position of the actuating member, and means for generating a voltage pulse to the solenoid valve to displace the fluid driven actuator and move the actuating member to the desired position. A method utilizing the above system is also provided.

Abstract: Methods and devices for controlling the viscosity of the slag in incinerating kilns. The alkali content is measured in the stream of the off-gasses, and additives are added in order to counteract the effect of the alkalis on the slag viscosity. The rate of addition of additives depends on the alkali analysis and the off-gas temperature in the kiln.

Abstract: A method and a device for preheating a particulate fluidized bed which is supplied with air for fluidization of bed material and for combustion of main fuel through gas paths that include fluidization members for injection and distribution of the air over the fluidized bed. The bed material is preheated to the ignition temperature for the main fuel used in the fluidized bed by members arranged in the gas paths for combustion of starting fuel. These members are designed and arranged so that the air is supplied to the fluidized bed along the same path through gas paths and fluidization members upon preheating with starting fuel as upon combustion of main fuel in the fluidized bed. The members for combustion of starting fuel are arranged in the fluidization members and comprise fuel injectors, fuel pipes, ignition members and control members.

Abstract: A livestock incinerator is provided, and includes a compartment or incineration chamber defined by opposite sidewalls, opposite end walls, a bottom wall, and an open top which is selectively closed by a plurality of lids pivotally connected to the walls of the incinerator. The interior of the incinerator is lined with firebricks, including all the walls and the lids. The firebricks are secured in place by a plurality of T-shaped brackets which define channels for receiving the edges of the firebricks. A primary burner is operatively connected to the incinerator for heating the chamber such that the carcasses burn to ashes. An exhaust stack is connected to one of the lids, and includes an afterburner for further combusting the products of combustion from the chamber so as to prevent atmospheric pollution. The primary burner and afterburner are operatively connected in series so that if one burner fails to operate, the other burner will automatically cease operation.

Abstract: A sulfur trioxide conditioning system includes a catalytic converter that converts a portion of the sulfur dioxide in a flow of flue gas to sulfur trioxide. The catalytic converter includes a catalyst support, which is disposed across at least a portion of the cross section of a main duct from a burner to a heat recovery apparatus, and a catalyst on the catalyst support. The amount of the catalyzed surface exposed to the flow of flue gas is selectively varied to control the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.

Abstract: Methods and devices for controlling rotary incineration kilns by determining and controlling the viscosity of slag which is formed in such kilns. These methods and devices are based on measuring one or more properties or parameters of drippings of the slag falling from the ceiling of the kiln, as the kiln rotates. The parameters are size of drippings, shape of drippings, aspect ratio of drippings, and number of drippings.

Abstract: A method and system for controlling and providing guidance in reducing the level of NO.sub.x emissions based on controllable combustion parameters and model calculations while maintaining satisfactory plant performance and not causing other harmful consequences to the furnace. To implement such a system, boiler control values of flow, pressure, temperature, valve and damper positions in addition to emission sensors for data associated with the production of NO.sub.x, O.sub.2, CO, unburned carbon and fuel. This information is received from standard sensors located throughout a boiler which are connected either to a distributed control system (DCS), or another data acquisition system which is time coordinated with the DCS. The DCS passes this information to a computing device which then processes the information by model based optimization simulation programs, also referred to as the NO.sub.x Emissions Advisor.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling the viscosity of slag contained in a rotary incinerating kiln by detecting the position at which the slag exits the outlet of the kiln, thereby determining changes in the viscosity of the slag. If the viscosity deviates from a predetermined range of values, appropriate additives are supplied to the slag for bringing the viscosity back to within the range of the predetermined values. There is also disclosed a method and apparatus for measuring viscosity as "angular" viscosity.

Abstract: Detecting the presence of PAC's in the effluent of a combustions system by detecting the presence of a high molecular weight PAC's having five or more rings. A position along the effluent stream is selected at which high molecular weight PAC's may be present. The effluent is illuminated with radiation having a wavelength absorbed by the high molecular weight PAC's in the gas phase. The fluorescence from the illuminated effluent is detected, and analyzed by comparison to the known fluorescence of high molecular weight PAC's in the gas phase to determine the presence of the PAC's in the effluent. The effluent composition may be controlled in response to the detection.

Abstract: The operation of a combustible atmosphere furnace is controlled by monitoring the temperature of the combustible atmosphere, and the rate-of-change thereof. The measured rate-of-change is compared to a previously determined safe rate-of-change so as to anticipate and discourage incipient internal ignition.

Abstract: The humidity of a heated space is regulated by varying the amount of moisture transferred from the combustion gases of the furnace used to heat the space. A porous heat sink element is arranged to move through the path of the combustion gases and one or more reclaim-air paths. The heat sink member can take any of a variety of forms; it can reciprocate back and forth along a track, or it can be configured as a rotating wheel ("heat wheel"). The amount of moisture transferred from the combustion gases to the reclaim air is governed by a humidity signal. If the humidity signal calls for a change in humidity, one of several parameters is varied to provide for a greater or lesser transfer of moisture from the combustion gases to the reclaim air.

Abstract: This invention relates to a combustion control apparatus for a powdered coal-fired furnace that monitors noxious substances contained within the burning waste gases, unburned substances within the ash and the power data of a pulverizing mill in order to operate the combustion furnace safely and efficiently. The combustion control apparatus infers from the current states or data optimal control amounts that will maintain within the minimum allowable ranges the noxious nitrogen oxides and the in-ash unburned substances that affect the combustion efficiency-and thereby controls the combustion furnace with good stability. The combustion control apparatus qualitatively evaluates as fuzzy quantities the density data of the nitrogen oxides contained within the exhaust gases of the unburned substances contained within the ash, and the power data of the pulverizing mill.

Abstract: An exhaust system adapted for the selective control of the types and concentrations of emissions to the atmosphere in the off-gas of a combustion unit, the system including at least one chemical treatment chamber, at least one off-gas, kinetic energy reducing chamber communicating with at least one chemical treatment chamber and adapted to provide a reduced pressure off-gas region wherein the kinetic energy of the off-gas from the treatment chamber is diminished, at least one chemical reactor communicating with at least one treatment chamber and adapted to provide reactant chemicals in contact with the off-gas in the treatment chamber, at least one reactant chemical selecting system associated with at least one chemical reactor and adapted for presenting different chemicals and concentrations thereof to the off-gas in at least one treatment chamber, cooling apparatus for the off-gas in one or more selected portions of the exhaust system, and a control system communicating with the off-gas at one or more locat

Abstract: Waste is combusted by an incinerator and becomes an ash. The ash is transferred to a melting furnace to be melt therein. The ash contains unburned carbon and the melting at the melting furnace is influenced by an amount of the unburned carbon. The amount of unburned carbon largely depends on a gas temperature at an waste inlet of the incinerator and an waste burn-out point in the incinerator. The waste disposal method, using the incinerator and the melting furnace, comprises the steps of detecting the gas temperature at the waste inlet of the incinerator, detecting the burn-out point of waste combustion in the incinerator, controlling a waste transfer speed in the incinerator and controlling a flow rate of air fed into the incinerator such that the detected temperature and burn-out point remain within repsective predetermined ranges, which in turn brings the amount of the unburned carbon remaining in the ash to a desired value, whereby the melting at the melting furnace is controlled to a desired melting.

Abstract: A method for regulating the feed and/or combustion conditions of concentrated waste liquors of varying chemnical and physical properties, for their burning in a soda recovery unit, by determining the maximum expansion upon heating of a dry matter particle of the liquor to be fed into the soda recovery unit, and by regulating the feed and/or combustion conditions on the basis of the expansion thus determined. The measure used for the expansion is the ratio of the lignin present in the concentrated liquor to any one or several of the acids present in the concentrated liquor, such as aliphatic acids.

Abstract: This invention describes a process and apparatus for the combustion of wastes, wherein the wastes are combusted in a combustion chamber and the temperature of the combustion chamber is controlled by changing the amount of combustion air as a function of the slag flow rate. The combustion can be carried out substoichiometrically in a reducing atmosphere because of additives which are introduced into the slag in the form of fine dusts. On account of the substoichiometric operation, the requirement for fluid wastes and/or supplemental fuel is drastically reduced, the capacity of the rotary tubular kiln is increased and nitrogen oxides formation is reduced.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting the presence of carryover particles in an upper region of a furnace, such as a smelt bed boiler, includes plural spaced apart detectors. These detectors monitor discrete portions of the interior of the furnace for the purpose of detecting carryover particles in such monitored portions. Signals indicative of the carryover particles are processed to obtain a count of the carryover particles. The carryover particle count may then be displayed. For example, the signals from all of the detectors may be averaged with trends and overall changes in count rates then displayed. In addition, the counts from the individual detectors may also be displayed to assist an operator in locating the source of excessive carryover particles in the furnace. An image sensor, such as a charged coupled device (CCD) detector, may be used to provide a visual display of detected carryover particles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pulverized coal ignition burner apparatus for use with a pulverized coal boiler or the like for a thermal power plant. The apparatus is so constructed that the pulverized coal is directly burned without generation of a large amount of NOx and without using auxiliary fuel such as light oil, heavy oil and gas that are needed in the conventional apparatus. In the pulverized coal burner apparatus, an ignition region (39) in which a density of the pulverized coal of the mixture of the air and the pulverized coal supplied from a pulverized coal supply source (18) to a pulverized coal burner (4 to 9) by means of a delivery system (23, 50) is enhanced and the flow rate of the mixture flow is low is formed within the pulverized coal burner. The pulverized coal within this region is ignited by an igniter (41).

Abstract: An acoustic ash depostion monitoring apparatus for a boiler arrangement having at least one soot blower. The apparatus comprises at least one tone generating apparatus for generating a tone and at least one tone receiving apparatus, located in proximity to the tone generating apparatus, for receiving the tone generated by the tone generating apparatus. Also provided are controlling apparatus for determining when the tone received by the receiving apparatus falls below a predetermined level and for enabling a soot blower in proximity to the tone generating and tone receiving apparatus when the tone received by the receiving apparatus is determined to have fallen below the predetermined level.

Abstract: A process for the thermal destruction of waste materials of unknown volatility disposed within a container, the process comprising the steps of (a) placing the open container in a combustion chamber of a pyrolysis furnace; (b) providing the pyrolysis furnace with a reducing atmosphere and raising the temperature in the pyrolysis furnace to remove volatile components of the material until a preselected temperature is reached; (c) maintaining the temperature in the pyrolysis furnace while controllably adding air until all the combustible materials are pyrolyzed; (d) continuing to add air during a final oxidation period to achieve combustion of all nonvolatile combustible materials; and (e) processing all volatilized materials in a secondary combustor fluidly communicating with the pyrolysis furnace.

Abstract: A semi-continuous pyrolysis arrangement is disclosed which is particularly useful in the reclamation of a base material in a substantially pure form from a composite material which has organic compounds. The furnace base barrier free zones wherein the waste material is continuously pyrolyzed as it is indexed through the furnace and each zone is controlled in a preset manner established from pyrolyzing a sample waste specimen under controlled conditions. Preferably, the waste is containerized as a particulate solid in discrete static beds permitting a fan exhaust arrangement to establish convective heat transfer with the bed while also establishing the furnace zones. An exothermic zone is provided at the end of the furnace to remove fixed carbon from the pyrolyzed waste by bleeding substoichiometric amounts of air in an oxygen temperature controlled manner to permit recovery of the waste in a substantially pure form.

Abstract: Method and apparatus is disclosed for thermally decomposing waste material from several batch furnaces plumbed into one afterburner. The afterburner is modified to mix and combust in a controlled manner an otherwise explosive mixture of fumes from several furnaces. The entire system is regulated only by the temperature of incinerated gases from the afterburner. The furnaces are operated in a sequenced, overlapping staged manner to produce a generally constant fume loading permitting significant cost savings in equipment and operation.

Abstract: A temperature-controlled exhaust particulate collection system used with a high temperature material processing facility has a serial arrangement of devices in the form of a spray cooler, spark arrester and dust collector which receive the particulate-laden exhaust gas flow from the facility and operate to separate and collect the particulates from the gas flow before venting to atmosphere. The collection system also has control devices in the form of temperature sensors or thermocouples, valves and dampers whose respective functions are to monitor and control operations of the collection system. The thermocouples sense temperatures at strategically located points in the exhaust gas flow, and the valves and dampers regulate operation of the facility and the spray cooler, spark arrester and dust collector in response to the temperatures sensed by the thermocouples to maintain the temperatures at or below predetermined limits and to protect the latter from temperature-induced damage.

Abstract: A depressurization apparatus which utilizes a plurality of rupturable discs connected to lines that communicate with a conduit conveying hot gas from a pressurized fluid bed reactor to a turbine. Whenever depressurization is required due to excessive pressure in the conduit or for another reason, one or more rupturable discs are electrically fired to vent the gas to atmosphere. A separate isolation valve is provided for each disc, and can be closed to facilitate the replacement of a ruptured disc without having to shutdown the reactor.

Abstract: A monitor method for the combustion conditions in a furnace of a boiler having a plurality of burners is disclosed. The method includes the steps of detecting the flame intensity at a predetermined position of a flame, by using an optical fiber having as its view the predetermined position at the flame of each of the plurality of burners; judging if the combustion conditions of each burner are normal or not, based on if the flame intensity detected for each burner flame is within a predetermined normal level range; and displaying the judgement results. Preferably, an image fiber for obtaining a flame image indicating the combustion conditions is provided for at least one of the burners, and the normal level range is determined based on the flame image obtained by the image fiber.

Abstract: A monitor for determining a buildup of slag on the flame side of water cooled walls of coal fired steam generators and other heat transfer surfaces. This monitor has a body to be positioned in an orientation similar to the water tubes of the steam generator (or other heat transfer surfaces) so that any deleterious buildup on the surfaces will also be effected upon the exterior of the monitor. Positioned within the body of the monitor is a temperature sensor, such is a thermocouple having at least a hot junction. Also positioned within the body and proximate the sensor (e.g., thermocouple) is a heater unit having a high temperature portion located proximate the hot junction. In this manner, when the heater is energized, the hot junction is raised to a preselected temperature. By monitoring the time constant of temperature change of the sensor with current to the heater being cycled, information as to the degree of buildup on the exterior of the body can be obtained.

Abstract: A fossil fuel furnace reactor is provided for simulating a continuous processing plant with a batch reactor. An internal reaction vessel contains a batch of shale oil, with the vessel having a relatively thin wall thickness for a heat transfer rate effective to simulate a process temperature history in the selected continuous processing plant. A heater jacket is disposed about the reactor vessel and defines a number of independent controllable temperature zones axially spaced along the reaction vessel. Each temperature zone can be energized to simulate a time-temperature history of process material through the continuous plant. A pressure vessel contains both the heater jacket and the reaction vessel at an operating pressure functionally selected to simulate the continuous processing plant. The process yield from the oil shale may be used as feedback information to software simulating operation of the continuous plant to provide operating parameters, i.e.

Abstract: An emergency exhaust system (59) is provided for a mobile incineration system (10). A hinged gate (76) controls access to the emergency exhaust system (59), and operates only upon the sensing of a malfunction in one of a plurality of critical incineration system components (114, 36, 56) by sensors/relays (122-126). A malfunction as sensed by Sensors/relays (122-126) causes the power to be cut through switch (98) to the main incineration system components (114, 36, 56, 46, 116, 118, 22). In a preferred embodiment, the emergency exhaust system (59) comprises a plurality of water sprayers (64) to cool the volatile waste combustion products, and a granulated activated carbon column (68) to remove hazardous substances.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for control and maintenance of fluidized beds under non-steady state conditions. An ash removal conduit is provided for removing solid particulates from a fluidized bed separate from an ash discharge conduit in the lower portion of the grate supporting such a bed. The apparatus and process of this invention is particularly suitable for use in ash agglomerating fluidized beds and provides control of the fluidized bed before ash agglomeration is initiated and during upset conditions resulting in stable, sinter-free fluidized bed maintenance.

Abstract: A process for monitoring the heat gradient in a heat-producing system is disclosed. Also disclosed is an apparatus which can be used in the process. In this process, at least three heat sensors, which are situated downstream from a heat source, determine the temperature of the exhaust gas from the heat source. Each of the heat sensors used produces a substantially identical response to a given temperature. The output from each two sequential heat sensors is operatively connected to an indicator, which evaluates whether the downstream heat sensor is reporting a temperature lower than the upstream heat sensor; if the downstream heat sensor does report a lower temperature than the upstream heat sensor, then the indicator reads positive; but if the downstream heat sensor reports a highter temperature than the upstream heat sensor, then the indicator reads negative.

Abstract: A combustion control method wherein manipulated variables or the amounts of fuel and air in at least one combustion zone of a boiler are regulated so that both the amount of nitrogen oxides and the amount of unburned coal in the ash at an outlet of a burner furnace or at least one of them passes the regulation standards and satisfies the requirements for operating a plant.

Abstract: This invention relates to the supervision of a combustion state of a combustion furnace. A flame formed concentrically with the direction of a fuel jetted from a burner being the center is measured from its side, and two oxidizing flame zones as high luminance zones are extracted. Using the shape parameters of the flame, an index for reducing NOx and unburnt components in ash are calculated and estimated so as to supervise the combustion state. The positions or centroids of the flames and the distance between the centroids are used as the shape parameters, and the flame shape is divided into two zones for easy display of each zone.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the ash temperature in a gasifier (10) of the kind described, which includes providing an ash contact member (31) in the ash flow path (20) downstream of the ash outlet (21) of the gasifier, and measuring the temperature of the ash contact member. The invention also provides ash temperature measurement means (30) for the gasifier (10). The ash temperature measurement means includes the ash contact member which is located in the ash flowpath below the ash outlet and which is capable of assuming a temperature proportional to the temperature of ash discharged from the gasification chamber (12) and which comes into contact with the contact member, as well as temperature sensing means adapted to measure the temperature of the ash contact member.

Abstract: Fouling of the convection section of a steam generator by ash or other solid deposit from the product gas stream is monitored using radiation pyrometers which determine the temperature drop across a bank of heat exchanger tubes and calculation therefrom of a fouling factor related to the degree of fouling. Soot blowers are actuated, in manual response or automatic response, to the fouling factor, to effect cleaning of the heat exchanger tubes. Heat flux meters also may be provided to determine variations in the degree of fouling transverse to the flow of the gas stream and the determinations may be used to actuate selective cleaning of parts of the tube bank.

Abstract: Fouling of the convection section of a steam generator by ash or other solid deposit from the product gas stream is monitored using radiation pyrometers which determine the temperature drop across a bank of heat exchanger tubes and calculation therefrom of a fouling factor related to the degree of fouling. Soot blowers are actuated, in manual response or automatic response, to the fouling factor, to effect cleaning of the heat exchanger tubes. Heat flux meters also may be provided to determine variations in the degree of fouling transverse to the flow of the gas stream and the determinations may be used to actuate selective cleaning of parts of the tube bank.

Abstract: A control circuit for a stoker-fed heating system is effective, whenever the primary sensing control (thermostat or aquastat) of the system calls for heat, to determine whether there is sufficient fire in the furnace to assure maintained combustion, and if this is not the case, to shut the system down until combustion is again assured.

Abstract: Fouling of the convection section of a steam generator by ash or other solid deposit from the product gas stream is monitored using radiation pyrometers which determine the temperature drop across a bank of heat exchanger tubes and calculation therefrom of a fouling factor related to the degree of fouling. Soot blowers are actuated, in manual response or automatic response, to the fouling factor, to effect cleaning of the heat exchanger tubes. Heat flux meters also may be provided to determine variations in the degree of fouling transverse to the flow of the gas stream and the determinations may be used to actuate selective cleaning of parts of the tube bank.

Abstract: Fouling of the convection section of a steam generator by ash or other solid deposit from the product gas stream is monitored using radiation pyrometers which determine the temperature drop across a bank of heat exchanger tubes and calculation therefrom of a fouling factor related to the degree of fouling. Soot blowers are actuated, in manual response or automatic response, to the fouling factor, to effect cleaning of the heat exchanger tubes. Heat flux meters also may be provided to determine variations in the degree of fouling transverse to the flow of the gas stream and the determinations may be used to actuate selective cleaning of parts of the tube bank.

Abstract: A chemical recovery furnace (10) having air nozzles (12) is provided with apparatus (22) for keeping the nozzles clear of combustion product deposits, and also accurately controlling the airflow through such nozzles. Each nozzle has slots (20) in the sidewalls thereof, which slots are of decreasing width, the smallest width (38) being closest to the furnace. A plug (22) is slidable within each nozzle to control airflow, and also remove deposits from within the nozzle.

Abstract: Apparatus and process is disclosed for heat treating of material in a furnace comprising a fan driven by an electric motor, a load sensor which senses the motor load and a speed controller responsive to the load sensor signal for controlling the speed of the electric motor.

Abstract: A method of controlling combustion in a furnace of a boiler or the like having a burner for a main combustion and a burner for a reducing combustion in order to effect combustion for furnace denitrification. The method comprises the steps of: estimating the NO.sub.x generation amount from data on a flame formed by the main combustion; estimating the reducing agent generation amount from data on a flame formed by the reducing combustion; and controlling the flow rates of fuel and air supplied for the main and reducing combustions so that the amount of NO.sub.x emission as the difference between the NO.sub.x generation amount and the reducing agent generation amount is below a specified value. In practice, each of the NO.sub.x generation amount and the reducing agent generation amount is estimated from the flame pattern, the flame volume, the distance between the outlet of the burner concerned and the root of the flame concerned, etc.

Abstract: A soot blower system comprising a plurality of soot blowers (60) each of which is selectively operable to clean ash deposits (54) from the walls (12) of a furnace chamber (10) in direct response to the local heat transfer rate from the hot combustion products to the walls of the furnace sensed by one or more heat flux meters (62) mounted to the furnace wall in the general region surrounding each of the soot blowers.

Abstract: An oil burner shutter to block off an oil burner from a wood/coal boiler when not in use having a movable shutter with an aperture therein and means to move said shutter to an open or closed position including means to operate said shutter automatically in conjunction with said oil burner and the boiler's aquastat and damper.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for controlling the operation of a multiple hearth furnace system for efficiently incinerating combustible materials, such as sludge in which the air of combustion is essentially all introduced at the bottom of the furnace to incinerate solid materials. This control involves the following essential steps:scanning the temperature of two or more combustion hearths to determine which is the hottest hearth;controlling the temperature of the thus-determined hottest hearth at a predetermined temperature set point value;controlling the oxygen content of the system exhaust gas at least as high as the predetermined set point value; andmaintaining the system exhaust temperature at least as high as the predetermined set point value.

Abstract: A fluidizing gas control apparatus for a fluidized-bed incinerator, in which a variation of the pressure loss of fluidizing gas flowing through a fluidized bed formed by a fluid-forming medium is measured, while progressively increasing the flow rate of fluidizing gas supplied to the incinerator in the starting stage, to determine the optimum value of the flow rate of fluidizing gas on the basis of the measured variation of the pressure loss, and the sum of the flow rate of fluidizing air and the flow rate of recirculated gases provided by recirculation of a portion of exhaust gases is controlled to be maintained at the optimum flow rate throughout the incinerating operation of the incinerator.

Abstract: A pinhole camera system utilizing a sealed optical-purge assembly which provides optical access into a coal combustor or other energy conversion reactors. The camera system basically consists of a focused-purge pinhole optical port assembly, a conventional TV vidicon receiver, an external, variable density light filter which is coupled electronically to the vidicon automatic gain control (agc). The key component of this system is the focused-purge pinhole optical port assembly which utilizes a purging inert gas to keep debris from entering the port and a lens arrangement which transfers the pinhole to the outside of the port assembly. One additional feature of the port assembly is that it is not flush with the interior of the combustor.

Abstract: The invention is concerned to control the combustion conditions of a burner 1 supplied with a mixture of pulverized fuel and air. By use of a vortex amplifier 10 in the supply pipe 3, the supply of fuel is interrupted so that the flame is consequently first too lean and then too rich. The temperature of the burner flame is monitored by a photodiode device 6a and an indication is produced of the delay between the operation of the vortex amplifier 10 and the flame temperature passing through that indicating that the flame conditions are optimum. The length of the delay will indicate whether, and to what extent, the flame before the operation of the vortex amplifier was too lean or too rich. Adjacent burners can be controlled by operating the vortex amplifiers associated with each at different regular frequencies.

Abstract: The build up of ash in a pulverized coal-fired boiler is achieved by comparing the heat flux simultaneously detected by a first flux detector which is maintained free of deposits and a second flux detector on which deposits are permitted to form. The net values from the heat flux comparison is proportional to the heat flux which is not reaching the boiler walls as a result of the ash deposits.

Abstract: A fuel stream comprising a combustible pulverized material entrained in a carrier gas is formed and subsequently injected into a blast furnace with the hot blast air without any detrimental effect on the hot air blast and with minimum energy consumption. The volume flow rate and pressure of the carrier gas are controlled as functions of the furnace pressure and the pulverized material feed rate is simultaneously controlled as a function of the carrier gas pressure drop.

Abstract: A flame monitoring system for use on the furnace (10) of a vapor generator (2) employing tiltable burners (14) and particularly on a furnace equipped with tilting burners arranged in accord with the tangential firing method. Each burner is provided with its own individual scanner. Each scanner (20) is disposed to sight transversely across the base (30) of the flame (18) emanating from its associated burner (14). A plurality of at least three light transmission tubes (26) are stationarily mounted within each scanner head (24) with at least one tube (26A) mounted to sight at an upward acute angle across the flame, at least one other tube (26B) mounted to sight horizontally across the flame, and at least a third tube (26C) mounted to sight at a downward acute angle across the flame. A separate fire ball scanner (60) is mounted in the waterwall and aimed to sight at the center of the furnace (10) to monitor the fire ball (50) formed therein by the flames (18) emanating from the individual burners (14).