Abstract: A dog muzzle or similar device attachable to a dog, and having attached thereto an accessory pod which can comprise or include a remotely actuable stun gun. The device further includes a quick release unit which allows the muzzle and stun gun to be released from the dog, and the quick release unit also is remotely controllable.

Abstract: A piezoelectric shocking device for training an animal to alter or avoid particular behaviors such as pulling on a leash, pressing against a fence, or in the instance of a horse, cribbing or wind sucking. The device includes an inner housing for receiving internal components, and an outer housing for receiving the inner housing. The inner housing is nested within the outer housing in a sliding fashion. The internal working components of the device include a piezoelectric ceramic crystal which, when struck with sufficient force, generates an electrical pulse. In order to capture this electrical pulse, electrical contacts are positioned on either end of the crystal and in direct contact therewith such that a force exerted on either electrical contact is transferred directly to the crystal. A hammer is provided for striking the first electrical contact with the force required to generate an electrical pulse.

Abstract: An animal control device, and method for confining an animal within a boundary identified by a current carrying conductor. The animal is equipped with a control device, as an antenna coil, which is coupled to a magnetic flux emanating from the conductor. When the animal approaches the boundary conductor, the change in voltage across the antenna coil is compared with a reference change in voltage. As the distance closes from a charging animal, the rate of change in voltage from the antenna coil increases correspondingly, providing a reliable detection of the animal's imminent crossing of the boundary. Conventional animal correction circuitry is provided which, in response to a detected voltage change, issues a corrective stimulus to the animal to stop the animal from crossing the boundary.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for training an animal and confining the animal to a defined area includes a magnetically actuated switch. The apparatus further includes a housing removably attached to the animal and a transducer mounted to the housing for delivering a stimulus to the animal. The magnetically actuated switch is disposed within the housing and is coupled to the transducer. The magnetically actuated switch is used for controlling at least one of a type of stimulus delivered by the transducer to the animal, a rate of stimulus delivered by the transducer to the animal, and an intensity of stimulus delivered by the transducer to the animal.

Abstract: The lost pet notification system includes three elements: a pet collar that automatically activates an alarm once the pet becomes lost, a portable hand held unit that continually monitors the location of the pet, and a base station that automatically transmits a signal to the owner once the portable unit determines that the pet is lost. The pet collar continually receives a polling signal from the portable unit while the pet is within transmission range of the portable unit. In response to each polling signal, the pet collar transmits a reply signal to the portable unit. Once the polling signal can no longer be detected by the pet collar, the pet collar automatically activates an alarm. In addition, the portable unit activates an alarm and also transmits a notification signal to the base station. Once the notification signal is received, a the base station automatically places a telephone call to the predetermined telephone number and plays the associated message to alert the pet owner that the pet is lost.

Abstract: A load-activated electronic animal control system is provided for detecting an animal load across actuating conductors. In response to detecting such a load, an electrical stimulus is delivered to the animal load across the actuating conductors. The control system may be used on avian structures such as bird feeding or nesting structures or on electric fences for livestock or other animals. Specifically, a load-activated electronic animal control system delivers an electrical stimulus to animals greater than a predetermined size when such animals contact defined actuating surfaces of the structure. Prior to activation, the control system maintains the system circuitry in a low-power state. Further, the electrical stimulus is only delivered to the actuating surfaces when a load is detected across such actuating surfaces.

Abstract: An RF signaling system and system for controlling the whereabouts of animals utilizing same functions, in a preferred embodiment, by efficiently establishing well-defined electronic boundaries using small, battery powered transmitters transmitting constant envelope RF signals in a near-field regime by repetitively delivering trains of brief, low duty cycle pulses of electrical energy to a resonant circuit which includes an antenna at a low RF carrier frequency corresponding to the resonant frequency of the circuit. During intervals between pulses, the resonant circuit is effectively isolated from the circuit delivering the pulses to minimize loading effects. Further energy efficiency is achieved by interposing inactive interals between at least some successive transmissions of the RF signals represented by the pulse trains. The RF signals emitted by the transmitters are digitally encoded as are those emitted from a wire loop coupled to an optional wire loop unit to define a wire loop boundary.

Abstract: A combined animal confinement and bark inhibitor system includes a confinement circuit which receives a confinement transmitter signal and outputs a confinement control signal, a sensor which detects the vibration of an animal's vocal cords and outputs a sensor control signal in response to that vibration, a stimulation device which provides a stimulus to the animal, and a controller associated with the confinement circuit, sensor, and the stimulation device, to selectively enable the stimulation device in response to a confinement control signal, a sensor control signal, or both.

Abstract: A novel apparatus for reliably and selectively releasing a data acquisition package from an animal for recovery. The data package comprises two parts: 1) an animal data acquisition device and 2) a co-located release apparatus. One embodiment, which is useful for land animals, the release apparatus includes two major components: 1) an electronics package, comprising a receiver; a decoder comparator, having at plurality of individually selectable codes; and an actuator circuit and 2) a release device, which can be a mechanical device, which acts to release the data package from the animal. To release a data package from a particular animal, a radio transmitter sends a coded signal which is decoded to determine if the code is valid for that animal data package. Having received a valid code, the release device is activated to release the data package from the animal for subsequent recovery.

Abstract: An electronic training leash and collar is provided for training an animal by providing consistent negative reinforcement regardless of the trainer. The elongated leash member includes a control module, proximately attached to an adjustable handle, electrically connected to a reinforcement module, proximately attached to an adjustable collar loop. The intensity of the control stimulus is selected by cycling the reinforcement processing device through a plurality of intensity levels incrementally spaced between a predetermined minimum and maximum voltage. Use of the correction button illuminates a visual indicator, and generates both an audible warning sound and an electrical stimulus from the reinforcement module. Similarly, the warning button illuminates the visual indicator and generates an audible warning sound from the reinforcement module. A timer limits abusive use of the corrective stimulus.

Abstract: A programmable boundary pet containment system is provided for controlling the access of animals to areas outside of programmed boundaries. A programmable relay collar is provided on an animal to transmit positional data as detected from positional satellites to a remotely located processing station. The processing station calculates the relayed data to determine the position of the animal relative to a configuration data file establishing confinement area boundaries. Animals that are detected as venturing beyond the programmed boundaries are subject to a correction stimulus, such as a mild shock or audible signal, delivered to the animal by the relay collar as enabled by the remotely located processing station.

Abstract: An animal confinement/training system controls the behavior of the animal through electrical stimulation to the skin of the animal. A stationary first transmitter transmits an air-borne first encoded signal. A portable second transmitter transmits an air-borne second encoded signal. A receiver includes a receiver circuit coupled with a pair of electrodes. The receiver circuit is responsive to either of the first encoded signal or the second encoded signal for applying electrical stimulation to the skin of the animal with the pair of electrodes. The receiver further includes a temporary disabling device for temporarily disabling the responsiveness of the receiver circuit to the first encoded signal. The receiver circuit may also be responsive to another encoded signal from the second transmitter for actuating an illuminating light and/or audible alarm without applying electrical stimulation to the skin of the animal.

Abstract: A leash training device includes a leash cord (3) and a stimulus collar (4,6) coupled to an end of the leash cord. The stimulus collar includes a strap (4) adapted to fit around the neck of an animal to be trained or controlled, and an electrical stimulus unit (6) supported by the strap. The electrical stimulus unit (6) includes a stimulus circuit (16). A transformer (17) coupled between the stimulus circuit (16) and a pair of electrodes (5) for contacting skin of the animal. A measurement device (101) is coupled to the leash cord to measure tension in the leash cord and produce a control signal (106) when the tension exceeds a predetermined threshold. The stimulus circuit (16) produces a drive signal in response to the control signal and applies the drive signal to a primary winding of the transformer (17).

Abstract: A system for monitoring operation and location of a movable entity, such as a person, vehicle, movable equipment item or movable structure, at an activity site, such as a construction or mining site, that carries a location determination (LD) signal module to determine the entity's present location. When a restricted or hazardous activity occurs without warning (emergency) or is scheduled to occur at a selected location (fixed or moving) and selected time interval on the site, a buffer zone surrounding the restricted activity location is determined, and any movable entity that is within or will come within the buffer zone is advised to move or be moved elsewhere during the time the restricted activity occurs, unless the movable entity has an associated priority that is greater than an associated priority for the restricted activity. The buffer zone may vary with time in size, location and other characteristics.

Abstract: A Warning system in combination with a vehicle in which ultrasonic sound and ultraviolet is beamed in advance of the moving vehicle on a thoroughfare so that said sound and light may be heard and seen by an animal ahead of the moving vehicle to induce the animal to leave the road before it is struck by the vehicle.

Abstract: A piezoelectric dog trainer is a small enclosed shell containing a piezoelectric element with a push button attached to a slidable loop. The opposite end of the loop extending outside of the shell is attached to a dog's collar where two electrodes leading from the piezoelectric element are attached. On the back end of the trainer there is attached a leash. When the dog pulls on the leash or the leash is tightened, a shock is generated on the dog's neck.

Abstract: An illuminable dog, cat or other tethered animal leash and animal collar which contains a series of lights, such as but not limited to light emitting diodes, which series is externally mounted of the collar or leash, with spacing between each member thereof. The lights are electrically connected to wiring that is disposed within a recess(es) of the substrates used for the device. The wiring may be covered by an extra insulator and a sealant may be employed to close the gap along the junction of the two layers that are joined together with the wiring inside thereof. The mode of construction for both the leash and collar are the same. The series of lights may all be the same or a pair of colored lights or even multi-colored ones may be employed. These lights may be manually actuated or turned on via a daylight sensor. The bulbs may run constantly, though blinking is preferred, to limit heat buildup and enhance visibility.

Abstract: An animal training device comprises a housing which is designed to be attached to an animal collar at a point on the collar diametrically opposite the point where a leash may be attached. The housing has a rear face, adjacent the neck of an animal when it is worn on the collar of such animal, and a front face. At least one pair of electrodes extends from the rear face of the housing; and a pressure sensitive transducer is located on the front face of the housing for engagement by the collar. An electronic circuit is located in the housing; and it is coupled between the pressure sensitive transducer and the electrodes to provide electrical stimulus pulses of varying intensity across the electrodes in response to changes on the pressure sensitive transducer, once the pressure crosses a pre-established threshold.

Abstract: A communications system permits animal carried transponders, such as ear tag transponders, to be selectively addressed and detected when an animal is proximate to an unterminated wire. Addresses impressed on a frequency carrier on the unterminated wire are coupled to an animal's transponder using a near field coupling, such as an electrical field coupling. When an animal's address is detected, the animal's transponder responds with a data stream carrying a tone or with a signal of different frequency coupled to the unterminated wire. Coupling is enhanced by connecting signals to be transmitted and a receiver for signals to be received to the animal's body. The unterminated wire can be positioned along a feeding/water trough in an agricultural environment to detect when a particular animal feeds or around a gate to detect when an animal passes through the gate.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling an animal wherein the animal receives a control stimulus of the release of a substance having an adverse effect upon the animal as a corrective measure. The apparatus includes a transmitter for producing a transmitted field, and a releasable collar for attaching to the neck of the animal. The collar includes a receiver for receiving the transmitted field and for producing a received signal, a control circuit for determining when the received signal indicates that the animal requires a corrective measure and for producing a control signal, a container for containing the substance having an adverse effect upon the animal, and a mechanism for releasing the substance from the container into the presence of the animal upon the production of the control signal by the control circuit. In use, the transmitter is set to produce the transmitted field and the collar is attached to the neck of the animal.

Abstract: An electronic containment system that confines an animal or a person to a predetermined confinement area. The system has a home base that transmits data on a partially modulated signal to a transceiver worn by an animal or a person. When the animal's or person's transceiver detects the data on the partially modulated carrier wave, the transceiver activates one of a number of different features of the transceiver unit. The electronic containment system deters the animal or person from leaving the predetermined outer perimeter, by activating an annoying noise, a deterrent shock, or both. The transceiver can also transmit a digitized word and data pertaining to the transceiver, battery power, and telemetry reading of the animal or person. The home base detects and reads the data transmitted from the receiver.

Abstract: An electronic containment system that confines an animal or a person to a predetermined confinement area. The system has a home base that transmits data on a partially modulated signal to a transceiver worn by an animal or a person. When the animal's or person's transceiver detects the data on the partially modulated carrier wave, the transceiver activates one of a number of different features of the transceiver unit. The electronic containment system deters the animal or person from leaving the predetermined outer perimeter, by activating an annoying noise, a deterrent shock, or both. The transceiver can also transmit a digitized word and data pertaining to the transceiver, battery power, and telemetry reading of the animal or person. The home base detects and reads the data transmitted from the receiver.

Abstract: A combined animal confinement and bark inhibitor system includes a confinement circuit which receives a confinement transmitter signal and outputs a confinement control signal, a sensor which detects the vibration of an animal's vocal cords and outputs a sensor control signal in response to that vibration, a stimulation device which provides a stimulus to the animal, and a controller associated with the confinement circuit, sensor, and the stimulation device, to selectively enable the stimulation device in response to a confinement control signal, a sensor control signal, or both.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for monitoring and controlling the position of an animal. A mounted subsystem, affixed to an animal, includes a first computer control system having a first input/output device (first I/O), a position determining system (PDS), a first transceiver, sensors, and stimulators. The PDS can be a GPS system or other type of position determining system. The stimulators include a rear stimulator affixed to the hind quarters of the animal for motivating the animal to move forward, a right stimulator affixed to the right side of the animal for motivating the animal to move to its left, and a left stimulator affixed to the left side of the animal for motivating the animal to move to its right. A base subsystem includes a second computer control system having a second transceiver. Position control instructions control the stimulators in order to control the position of the animal. A memory map is read from computer readable memory units.

Abstract: An animal confinement arrangement including a home base for transmitting a modulated signal and a receiver for receiving the modulated signal. The received modulated signal is demodulated using a demodulator. The demodulated signal is compared to a reference signal to produce a comparator signal indicating if the received modulated signal was transmitted by the home base. Also provided is variable sensitivity deterrent circuitry which is responsive to a strength level of the received modulated signal and to the comparator signal for producing a variable deterrent signal which is applied to an animal if the comparator signal indicates that the received modulated signal was transmitted by the home base. Communication circuitry and an antenna design allow the user to communicate with the animal. A low battery strength indicator for the battery in the receiver is also provided.

Abstract: A confinement system for animals operates by transmitting a first predetermined spread spectrum modulated signal to a receiver mounted on an animal's collar. The spread spectrum modulated signal is despread demodulated. The data on the signal is removed and deciphered by the receiver to determine if the received signal is the correct discrete spread spectrum modulated signal. If the demodulated and reference signals are similar, then the signal strength of the first signal is used to determine whether the animal is close to a boundary area. If the spread spectrum modulated and reference signals are not similar, the first signal is ignored.

Abstract: A device for achieving animal response that produces two output frequencies, one to soothe the animal and one to distress the animal. The frequency for distressing the animal is an oscillating frequency to cause further attention by the animal and to provide optimum operation of the sound-producing element. The oscillating frequency is created by producing a second frequency higher than the first frequency, and then oscillating this second frequency. Sound is produced by a piezoelectric element driven by these frequencies. Components are generally contained in an enclosure body, with push buttons for selecting a desired sound output penetrating this enclosure body for contact by a user of the device.

Abstract: A system for identifying livestock and other individuals comprising an identification plate for identifying the animal and a gate-shaped antenna, which is characterized in that the identification plate is a marker plate, which in turn is made of a soft material and comprises a flexible printed board formed with an antenna coil, a tuning condenser and an electronic circuit; said gate-shaped antenna comprises plural unit antennas which are wound with a coil each and which are crossed at an angle so that electromagnetic fields can be generated over a wide range of area without interfering with each other at the time of radio wave transmission/reception for retrieving data on said identification plate.

Abstract: An animal containment system comprising a stationary transmitter including a transmitter for defining a first curtain of energy having a first code to be entered by an animal approaching an off limits area and a second curtain of energy adjacent the first curtain and having a second code, the second curtain to be entered after the animal passes through the first curtain approaching the off limits area, and at least one receiver to be carried by an animal to be contained including a receiver responsive to the first code when the animal is within the first curtain for issuing a warning signal and responsive to the second code when the animal is within the Second curtain for issuing a discipline signal.

Abstract: A livestock cutter gate apparatus includes an elongated alley having a first end presenting an entrance and a second end presenting a main exit and a sort exit, and a first air-driven gate positioned in the alley between the main exit and the sort exit. The first gate is shiftable between a sorting position in which it blocks the main exit and opens the sort exit, and a non-sorting position in which it blocks the sort exit and opens the main exit. A pair of saloon gates are positioned in the alley at the entrance and are shiftable between a closed position in which they block the entrance from incoming livestock and an open position in which they open the entrance.

Abstract: An animal confinement arrangement including a home base for transmitting a modulated signal and a receiver for receiving the modulated signal. The received modulated signal is demodulated using a demodulator. The demodulated signal is compared to a reference signal to produce a comparator signal indicating if the received modulated signal was transmitted by the home base. Also provided is deterrent circuitry which is responsive to a strength level of the received modulated signal and to the comparator signal for producing a deterrent signal which is applied to an animal if the comparator signal indicates that the received modulated signal was transmitted by the home base.

Abstract: A dog barking restraining device in which an impulse wave is applied to the neck of a dog when the dog barks to thereby refrain the dog from barking. The device includes a battery, a piezoelectric sensor for detecting a vibration signal generated from a vocal chord of a dog when the dog barks, a control unit for receiving a signal of the vocal chord of the dog detected by the piezoelectric sensor to discriminate whether or not to shock the dog, a transformer for generating a stepped up impulse wave of thousands of volts, a variable resistor for adjusting the strength (power) of the impulse wave output from the transformer, and a pair of electrodes for applying to the neck of the dog the impulse wave generated by the transformer.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a device for controlling animal access to a location, comprising a generator for generating a field and a sensor for sensing the presence of the field near the location. One of the generator and the sensor is removably secured on an animal. A buzzer or other output signal unit is responsive to the sensor for generating an output signal in the presence of the field, the output signal being of sufficient magnitude to deter the animal from the location. Also disclosed is a technique for deterring an animal from a location.

Abstract: A combination animal confinement and remote training system is disclosed. The system is selectable between a confinement mode that encourages an animal to remain within a predefined boundary area, a remote training mode that encourages the animal to engage in desirable activity or cease undesirable activity, and a combined remote training and confinement mode.

Abstract: A portable programming apparatus is employed for a programmable animal control device carried by an animal having a receiver for receiving a radio signal, a transducer for applying a stimulus to the animal in response to the radio signal, and a programmable controller responsive to selected control parameters for controlling operation of the animal control device. The programming apparatus includes a connector probe for insertion into a battery compartment of the animal control device. The connector probe includes probe terminals for mating with the battery terminals of the animal control device. The programming apparatus includes a controller for establishing communication with the animal control device via the probe terminals and for transferring the control parameter between the programming apparatus and the animal control device.

Abstract: An animal training apparatus including a nose-supported housing, receiver, control circuit, and electrodes. The receiver cooperates with the carrrier signal from a transmitter, activating a control circuit. The control circuit engages an indicator level module or control level module to activate animal control output in the form of electrical stimulus within and across the nasal septum. When an animal enters an area where the received carrier signal creates a d.c. output less than a threshold reference level, the control circuit is activated. An outfitted animal is trained to develop a behavioral condition in response to an indicator level output followed by a stronger control level output. A particular embodiment is the combination with a solar cell attached to the housing to maintain a charged state in a battery that powers the receiver and control circuit.

Abstract: An animal training device comprises an elongate body having opposite ends and retaining rings proximate each end to couple the body to a conventional leash. A trigger extends laterally from the body to contact the leash. The trigger is responsive to a force exerted thereon by the leash so that tensioning of the leash activates a sound generator. The sound generator, when activated, emits a sound having a preselected frequency to startle the animal so that it eventually learns to avoid the sound and walk safely at the owner's side.

Abstract: A resistive electrode structure for an electronic stimulus collar includes a base attached to a connecting element of the electronic stimulus collar. An electrode of the resistive electrode structure includes a tip adapted to supply electrical stimulus to the skin of an animal. A resistive material is electrically connected between a conductor for electrical connection to an output of the electronic stimulus collar and the electrode. An insulative housing encloses the resistive material and supports the electrode and the conductor. Various such resistive electrode structures having various resistances can be interchangeably connected to the electronic stimulus collar to vary the level of stimulus applied to the skin of the animal.

Abstract: The invention provides a pest deterrent apparatus for a tray-style bird feeder. The apparatus comprises a portable, self-contained source of high voltage that will produce a harmless electric shock for frightening away a pest such as a squirrel, cat, or other animal that comes into contact with the high voltage source. Shocking conductors are wired across the high voltage source so that a high voltage electric circuit is completed through the body of the pest when the pest comes into contact with the shocking conductors. The bird feeder is supported in such a way that it will tilt when a pest is on the feeder. A tilt-responsive switch means is operatively wired to the high voltage source for normally turning the high voltage source off and turning the high voltage source on in response to the tilting of the feeder caused by the weight of the pest on the bird feeder so as to close the switch, thereby giving the pest a harmless electric shock.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for confining the movement of an animal to a defined area. The device includes a transmitter that generates a coded radio signal through an antenna defining the area. The transmitter can modify the coded radio signal including modifying the code of the coded radio signal to modify a stimulus provided to the animal. The apparatus also has a portable radio receiver for decoding the coded radio signal for the stimulus provided to the animal. The delivery of stimulus can be arrested upon detection of a signal other than the coded signal. The portable radio receiver is attached to the animal and is positioned for delivering the stimulus to the animal.

Abstract: A system for controlling an animal includes a radio signal receiver unit which is attached to the animal. The receiver includes an antenna assembly, a resonant filter, an amplifier, and a transducer for applying a motivational stimulus to the animal. A microcontroller selectively activates the components of the receiver according to a control sequence. The microcontroller performs a multi-stage authentication procedure in order to determine the presence of characteristic properties of the received signal prior to operating the transducer. The transducer includes a speaker circuit for applying audible stimulation, and a transformer circuit for applying electrical stimulation. The type of stimulation and the duration of stimulation may be selected according to control parameters used in conjunction with the control sequence. The control parameters can be initially selected and/or downloaded to the microcontroller from an external programming device.

Abstract: A system for controlling an animal includes a radio signal receiver unit which is attached to the animal. The receiver includes an antenna assembly, a resonant filter, an amplifier, and a transducer for applying a motivational stimulus to the animal. A microcontroller selectively activates the components of the receiver according to a control sequence. The microcontroller performs a multi-stage authentication procedure in order to determine the presence of characteristic properties of the received signal prior to operating the transducer. The transducer includes a speaker circuit for applying audible stimulation, and a transformer circuit for applying electrical stimulation. The type of stimulation and the duration of stimulation may be selected according to control parameters used in conjunction with the control sequence.

Abstract: An electronic fence is utilized to control animal access as an alternative to conventional posts and barbed wire fences. The electronic fencing includes stationary field transmitters with variable ranges placed around the perimeter of an accessible area. Each animal in the area wears a small ear tag receiver. When an animal enters an exclusion zone, the receiver triggers an audible tone, and then shortly thereafter an electrical stimulus. The audible tones and electrical stimuli may be repeated three more times at four second intervals until the animal exits the exclusion zone. If the animal hasn't responded, a safety device in the ear tag locks up or disables the unit to prevent the animal from receiving further stimuli. A remote stationary unlock transmitter located in areas frequented by the animals, such as salt licks, mineral or water sources, unlocks any ear tags which have become locked and thus improves the integrity of the system.

Abstract: An apparatus for confining the movement of an animal to a defined area includes a transmitter that generates a continuous, coded radio signal through an antenna defining the area. The transmitter can variably modify the amplitude of the continuous, coded radio signal and variably modify the code of the continuous, coded radio signal, thereby modifying the type and rate of a stimulus provided to the animal. The apparatus also has a portable radio receiver for detecting the amplitude of the continuous, coded radio signal and for decoding the continuous, coded radio signal for the rate and type of stimulus provided to the animal. The portable radio receiver is attached to the animal and is positioned for delivering the stimulus to the animal in response only to the detected continuous, coded radio signal.

Abstract: An animal confinement system is disclosed where a boundary is defined by converting energy radiated from a point source into a curtain. A code is transmitted within this curtain so that a receiver carried by an animal can receive the code and issue a suitable instruction to the animal.

Abstract: An animal training apparatus including a nose-supported housing, receiver and stimulus means. The housing is in the form of a noseclip containing a receiver responsive to a signal and activating electrical stimulus across and within the nasal septum. An outfitted animal is trained to develop a conditioned behavior in response to operation of the apparatus.The housing consists of a barrel, bows, ends and pads. The interconnection is such that the pads may be rigidly affixed or pivotable with the ends. A single or plurality of transmitter define a pretermined area in which the apparatus are carried by animals, typically cattle, in which the user desires to control.

Abstract: The whereabouts of a pet or other animal are controlled using one or more transponders to established a boundary. The transponders receive an incident signal from a transmitter and generate a distinguishable return signal which, when the animal moves into proximity of the boundary, is received by a unit affixed to the animal to initiate application of an aversive stimulus which deters the animal from traversing the boundary. The transponders can be active or passive and can be located to establish either fixed or mobile boundaries.