Abstract: A thermoelectric element according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises: a first metal substrate; a first resin layer which is arranged on the first metal substrate and which comes into direct contact with the first metal substrate; a plurality of first electrodes arranged on the first resin layer; a plurality of P-type thermoelectric legs and a plurality of N-type thermoelectric legs which are arranged on the plurality of first electrodes; a plurality of second electrodes arranged on the plurality of P-type thermoelectric legs and the plurality of N-type thermoelectric legs; a second resin layer arranged on the plurality of second electrodes; and a second metal substrate which is arranged on the second resin layer and which comes into direct contact with the second resin layer, wherein the adhesion strength between the first resin layer and the plurality of first electrodes differs from the adhesion strength between the second resin layer and the plurality of second electrodes.

Abstract: A thermoelectric module according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises: a first metal support; a first heat conductive layer arranged on the first metal support and formed from a resin composition including an epoxy resin and an inorganic filler; a second heat conductive layer arranged on the first heat conductive layer and formed from a resin composition including a silicon resin and an inorganic filler a plurality of first electrodes arranged on the second heat conductive layer a plurality of P-type thermoelectric legs and a plurality of N-type thermoelectric legs alternately arranged on the plurality of first electrodes; a plurality of second electrodes arranged on the plurality of P-type thermoelectric legs and the plurality of N-type thermoelectric legs; a third heat conductive layer arranged on the plurality of second electrodes, and made from the same resin composition as the resin composition that forms the first heat conductive layer; and a second metal support arranged on the third h

Abstract: Apparatus and method for establishing a temperature gradient, comprising at least one gas-tight working space having a first boundary layer that is connected to a first electrode and a second boundary layer that is connected to a second electrode, wherein when an electric voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode in the working space, an electric field can be produced between the first boundary surface and the second boundary surface, and wherein a distance between the first boundary surface and the second boundary surface is less than 5000 nm, wherein the first boundary surface comprises at least one field-enhancement device, in particular a peak, so that if an electric voltage is applied to the electrodes, a field strength of the electric field in a region of the field-enhancement device is greater than an average field strength of the electric field in the working space.

Abstract: Described implementations provide wireless, surface mounting of at least two semiconductor die on die attach pads (DAPs) of the semiconductor package, where the at least two semiconductor die are electrically connected by a clip. A stress buffer layer may be provided on the clip, and a heatsink may be provided on the stress buffer layer. The heatsink may be secured with an external mold material.

Abstract: An active temperature controlled container is configured to be portable so as to safely transport temperature sensitive and perishable goods (such as biological material): within a vessel that is thermally coupled to a thermoelectric assembly disposed within the container, where the thermal engine is powered by a power source, such as a battery. The thermoelectric assembly may include one or more resistors coupled to a resistor spacer block to act as a cool sink by actively and passively increasing the efficiency of the thermoelectric assembly.

Abstract: One embodiment discloses a thermoelectric element comprising: a first substrate; a plurality of thermoelectric legs disposed on the first substrate; a second substrate disposed on the plurality of thermoelectric legs above the first substrate; electrodes including a plurality of first electrodes disposed between the first substrate and the plurality of thermoelectric legs and a plurality of second electrodes disposed between the second substrate and the plurality of thermoelectric legs; and a first reinforcing part disposed on the lower surface and a portion of the side surface of the first substrate.

Abstract: A heat conversion apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises: a duct through which cooling fluid passes; a first thermoelectric module disposed on a first surface of the duct; a second thermoelectric module disposed on a second surface, which is disposed in parallel to the first surface, of the duct; and a gas guide member disposed above a third surface disposed between the first surface and the second surface of the duct so as to be spaced from the third surface, wherein the gas guide member includes one end thereof coming in contact with the first thermoelectric module, the other end thereof coming in contact with the second thermoelectric module, and an extended part for connecting the one end and the other end, and the gas guide member can have a form in which the distance thereof from the third surface gradually increases toward the center between the one end and the other end.

Abstract: The present invention provides a thermoelectric conversion module which can utilize sunlight and solar heat by using high output charge-transport-type thermoelectric conversion elements.

Abstract: A thermoelectric module according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises: a first substrate; a thermoelectric element disposed on the first substrate; a second substrate disposed on the thermoelectric element and having a smaller area than the first substrate; a sealing part disposed on the first substrate and surrounding a side surface of the thermoelectric element; and a wire part connected to the thermoelectric element, drawn out through the sealing part, and supplying power to the thermoelectric element, wherein the sealing part has a through hole through which the wire part passes, and the through hole is disposed closer to the second substrate than the first substrate.

Abstract: A thermoelectric conversion element includes a thermoelectric member that is columnar and an insulator formed around the thermoelectric member. Particles are enclosed between the thermoelectric member and the insulator.

Abstract: The present invention is a wind generator system particularly suitable for small wind applications that harnesses low velocity wind effectively. The wind generator system comprises a drive shaft; one or more retreating blades and one or more advancing blades attached to the drive shaft and extending radially outwardly therefrom; a generator assembly coupled to the drive shaft and effective for generating electrical power; and a energy storage system comprising a mechanical bellows.

Abstract: An active temperature controlled container is configured to be portable so as to safely transport temperature sensitive and perishable goods (such as biological material): within a vessel that is thermally coupled to a thermoelectric assembly disposed within the container, where the thermal engine is powered by a power source, such as a battery. The thermoelectric assembly may include one or more resistors coupled to a resistor spacer block to act as a cool sink by actively and passively increasing the efficiency of the thermoelectric assembly.

Abstract: A water-conducting domestic appliance, in particular a dishwasher, includes a wash container for holding items being washed, a first container and a second container for holding water. A a thermal insulation is arranged between the first container and the wash container. The second container is arranged in thermal contact with the wash container. A decanting device is provided for transferring the water from the first container into the second container to dry the items being washed.

Abstract: Example superlattice structures and methods for thermoelectric devices are provided. An example structure may include a plurality of superlattice periods. Each superlattice period may include a first material layer disposed adjacent to a second material layer. For each superlattice period, the first material layer may be formed of a first material and the second material layer may be formed of a second material. The plurality of superlattice periods may include a first superlattice period and a second superlattice period. A thickness of a first material layer of the first superlattice period may be different than a thickness of a first material layer of the second superlattice period.

Abstract: A power control module includes a power device having a first side and a second side opposite from the first. The power control module includes a printed wiring board (PWB) spaced apart from the first side of the power device. The PWB is electrically connected to the power device. A heat sink plate is soldered to a second side of the transistor for heat dissipation from the transistor. The PWB and/or the heat sink plate includes an access hole defined therein to allow for access to the transistor during assembly. A method of assembling a power control module includes soldering at least one lead of a power device to a printed wiring board (PWB), pushing the power device toward a heat sink plate, and soldering the power device to the heat sink plate.

Abstract: Disclosed are apparatus and methodology for constructing thermoelectric devices (TEDs). N-type elements are paired with P-type elements in an array of pairs between substrates. The paired elements are electrically connected in series by various techniques including brazing for hot side and/or also cold side connections, and soldering for cold side connections while being thermally connected in parallel. In selected embodiments, electrical and mechanical connections of the elements may be made solely by mechanical pressure.

Abstract: A refrigerator that has a fresh food compartment, a freezer compartment, and a door that provides access to the fresh food compartment is disclosed. An icemaker is mounted remotely from the freezer compartment. The icemaker includes an ice mold. A thermoelectric device is provided and includes a warm side and an opposite cold side. A fluid pathway is connected in communication between the cold side of the thermoelectric device and the icemaker. A pump moves fluid from the cold side of the thermoelectric device to the icemaker. Cold fluid or air may be taken from the freezer compartment to dissipate heat from the warm side of the thermoelectric device for providing cold fluid to and for cooling the ice mold or cool/warm fluid to other cooling or warming applications in the refrigerator compartment or on the refrigerator compartment door.

Abstract: A battery module may include a housing, a plurality of battery cells disposed in the housing, a battery terminal extending from the battery module for coupling the battery module with electrical components in the vehicle, and a contactor. A voltage supplied to a relay coil in the contactor may generate a magnetic field to actuate a contactor switch. The battery module may also include a printed circuit board (PCB) disposed in the housing. The PCB may include a relay control circuit configured to control a current flowing across the relay coil, and the relay control circuit may operate in a pull-in mode to transition the contactor switch into a closed position and in a hold mode to maintain the contactor switch in the closed position.

Abstract: Certain embodiments disclosed herein are directed to devices for cooling. In certain examples, a thermoelectric device comprising a substrate and a superlattice coupled to the substrate is disclosed. In some examples, the superlattice includes a first semi-conducting material and a second semi-conducting material coupled to the first semi-conducting material to provide an interface between the first and second semi-conducting materials.

Abstract: A power generation module of a vehicle air-conditioning system is provided. The air-conditioning=includes a compressor, a condenser, an expansion valve, and an evaporator. The power generation module includes a high-temperature flow channel through which a refrigerant in a high-temperature state flows and a low-temperature flow channel through which a refrigerant in a low-temperature state compared with the high-temperature flow channel flows. A thermoelectric module is provided in which heat of the high-temperature flow channel is transferred to a first side thereof, heat of the low-temperature flow channel is transferred to a second side thereof, and an electromotive force is generated by a temperature difference between the first and second sides due to the transferred heat.

Abstract: Sensor arrangement providing a signal responsive to a temperature difference between a Hall-effect device output contact and a reference point, having first contact tub located near an external surface of a Hall effect region; second contact tub located near the reference point; first conductor element comprising first and second ends, the first end thermally coupled to the first contact tub and the second end thermally coupled to the second contact tub; second conductor element comprising third and fourth ends, the third end thermally coupled to the first contact tub; third conductor element comprising fifth and sixth ends, the fifth end thermally coupled to the second contact tub, wherein the first and third ends are electrically coupled, the second and fifth ends are electrically coupled, at least two of first, second, and third conductor elements have substantially different Seebeck coefficients, and the signal is tapped at the fourth and sixth ends.

Abstract: A purge unit (100; 600) comprises a vessel (234; 606) having an inlet (152; 608), a return port (154; 610), a first path between the inlet and the return port, a purge port (156; 612), and a second path between the inlet and the purge port. One or more thermoelectric units (220) are positioned to be in thermal communication with at least the first path.

Abstract: At least one forced convection unit added to a passive heat transport system is operated during transient heat loading periods but not operated under steady state conditions for cooling and maintaining a set point temperature of a chamber or surface. Forced convection is selectively employed based on temperature data and/or set point temperature values. A reject heat transport system includes first and second reject heat sinks each coupled via main and crossover transport tubes to first and second reject heat exchangers, permitting both heat sinks to dissipate heat from first and second thermoelectric heat pumps regardless of whether the first, the second, or the first and second heat pumps are in operation.

Abstract: A hybrid solar-thermoelectric device includes a solar device and a thermoelectric device coupled thereto. The thermoelectric device includes a flexible first substrate, and a number of sets of N and P thermoelectric legs coupled to the first substrate. Each set includes an N and a P thermoelectric leg electrically contacting each other through a conductive material on the first substrate. The thermoelectric device also includes a rigid second substrate, a conductive thin film formed on the second substrate, and a number of pins corresponding to the number of sets of N and P thermoelectric legs. Each pin couples the each set on an end thereof away from the first substrate to the conductive thin film formed on the second substrate, and is several times longer than a height of the N and P thermoelectric legs.

Abstract: A thermoelectric system and method provides distributed localized heating, cooling, or both heating and cooling. The thermoelectric system includes a plurality of thermoelectric assemblies. Each thermoelectric assembly comprises a plurality of thermoelectric elements, and each thermoelectric assembly is in thermal communication with a first working fluid and in thermal communication with a region corresponding to the thermoelectric assembly. Each thermoelectric assembly is selectively operable either to heat the region corresponding to the thermoelectric assembly by transferring heat from the first working fluid to the region corresponding to the thermoelectric assembly or to cool the region corresponding to the thermoelectric assembly by transferring heat from the region corresponding to the thermoelectric assembly to the first working fluid. Each thermoelectric assembly is operable independently from operation of other thermoelectric assemblies of the plurality of thermoelectric assemblies.

Abstract: This disclosure relates generally to accretion detection, and more particularly to system and a method for accretion detection within an iron kiln. The iron kiln includes a cylindrical body for holding and processing molten iron ore. In one embodiment, method includes receiving, in real-time, a first plurality of temperature values from a plurality of sensors configured on distinct locations on the outer surface of the iron kiln and is associated with a distinct sensor ID. The plurality of temperature values are compared with a reference temperature value to identify deviation in temperature gradient associated with the outer surface. Subsequently on identifying the deviation corresponding to one or more sensors, a second plurality of temperature values of surrounding locations of the one or more sensors is recorded and the presence of the accretion in the iron kiln is determined based on the second plurality of temperature values.

Abstract: A tumbler having a Peltier device includes: a container having a channel formed in a center portion in a longitudinal direction and a circular drink storing part enclosing the channel and storing drink therein; a Peltier device disposed adjacent to an inner wall of the channel of the container and transferring heat from the drink stored in the drink storing part; and a blowing unit installed to a lower portion of the container to supply an air to the channel.

Abstract: A plate includes a plate body and a well that extends into the plate body along a direction. The well extends from an opening in an upper surface of the plate to a base surface, such that the well terminates at the base surface. The well includes a tapered portion in which a cross-sectional dimension of the well that is measured in a direction perpendicular to the direction decreases as the well extends toward the base surface. The tapered portion is defined at least in part by a convex surface of an inner surface of the plate that extends between the upper surface and the base surface.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to thermoelectric devices useful for a range of thermoelectric applications (e.g., high temperature thermoelectric generation, fluid conditioning). Thermoelectric devices may include one or more heat exchangers (e.g., coolant heat exchanger(s)) and one or more thermoelectric layers adjacent to the heat exchanger(s). An enclosure may surround the thermoelectric layer(s) and heat exchanger(s), providing a barrier from outside fluid (e.g., hot fluid flow). The enclosure may conduct heat between the outside surroundings and the thermoelectric layer(s). The heat exchanger(s) may be spaced from and movable or slidable relative to the enclosure, which may accommodate for certain thermal expansion effects. The enclosure may include a conformable surface adapted to conform substantially to the shape of the thermoelectric layer(s) (e.g., when a vacuum is applied). One or more thermally conductive members (e.g., fins) may extend from the conformable enclosure.

Abstract: A heat radiation fin structure includes a main body, composed of a plurality of stacked laminations, and each the lamination has at least one heat dissipation section and at least one heat absorption section. The heat dissipation section is composed of a plurality of extended portions, which are outwardly extended from the heat absorption section. Two adjacent laminations are crossly stacked or arranged, such that a plurality of passages are formed in the extended portions, and the heat dissipation section is connected to the heat absorption section. With these arrangements, the heat radiation fin structure can generate a vortex flow when a cooling air flow is blown through the heat radiation fins and further to achieve greatly improved heat dissipation efficiency.

Abstract: A device for exhaust gas heat utilization in internal combustion engines of motor vehicles has an outer housing through which exhaust gas can flow and at least one thermoelectric generator module received in the outer housing. The at least one thermoelectric generator module is fastened onto a wavelike carrier wall. The invention further relates to an exhaust gas module having such a device, and to a method of manufacturing this device.

Abstract: Various air conditioner systems and methods are presented. An air ventilation chamber assembly may include a first chamber and a second chamber through which air is circulated into an environment to be cooled. A cooling element of a heat pump, may pass through the first chamber of the air ventilation chamber assembly, wherein the cooling element does not pass through the second chamber of the air ventilation chamber assembly. A Peltier cooler may be present that has a cold side and a hot side. The cold side may be is thermodynamically coupled with a surface of the second chamber.

Abstract: Various embodiments of thermal compression bonding transient cooling solutions are described. Those embodiments include a an array of vertically separated micro channels coupled to a heater surface, wherein every outlet micro channel comprises two adjacent inlet micro channel, and wherein an inlet and outlet manifold are coupled to the array of micro channels, and wherein the heater surface and the micro channels are coupled within the same block.

Abstract: A heat exchanging device using a thermoelectric element includes a thermoelectric element for generating heat absorption or heat generation on different surfaces thereof when a voltage is applied thereto, a heat sink for cooling the thermoelectric element, and a cooling channel for cooling a coolant through the heat absorption of the thermoelectric element.

Abstract: A battery module may include a housing, a plurality of battery cells disposed in the housing, a battery terminal extending from the battery module for coupling the battery module with electrical components in the vehicle, and a contactor. A voltage supplied to a relay coil in the contactor may generate a magnetic field to actuate a contactor switch. The battery module may also include a printed circuit board (PCB) disposed in the housing. The PCB may include a relay control circuit configured to control a current flowing across the relay coil, and the relay control circuit may operate in a pull-in mode to transition the contactor switch into a closed position and in a hold mode to maintain the contactor switch in the closed position.

Abstract: A detecting device includes a pyroelectric element that generates charge by a pyroelectric effect in a first detection terminal and a second detection terminal, a chopper amplifier circuit that generates an amplified signal in response to the charge generated in the first detection terminal and the second detection terminal by chopping, and an initialization switch that controls electrical connection between the second detection terminal and a power source for generating an initialized voltage, and the initialization switch is turned on before a start of an amplification operation by the amplifier circuit and is off during the amplification operation.

Abstract: In certain embodiments, a thermoelectric heat pump includes a heat transfer region having an array of thermoelectric modules, a waste channel in substantial thermal communication with a high temperature portion of the heat transfer region, and a main channel in substantial thermal communication with a low temperature portion of the heat transfer region. An enclosure wall provides a barrier between fluid in the waste channel and fluid in the main channel throughout the interior of the thermoelectric heat pump. In some embodiments, the waste fluid channel and the main fluid channel are positioned and shaped such that differences in temperature between fluids disposed near opposite sides of the enclosure wall are substantially decreased or minimized at corresponding positions along the channels.

Abstract: A hybrid device (80) comprises, in a first zone (91), at least one thermoelectric element (3) allowing an electric current to be generated from a temperature gradient applied between two of its active faces (4a, 4p). The device (80) further comprises a first circuit (1) able to allow the circulation of a first fluid, and a second circuit (2) able to allow the circulation of a second fluid of a temperature lower than that of the first fluid so as to create the gradient. The device (80) also comprises a second zone (92) so as to allow an exchange of heat between the second fluid and the first fluid. The device (80) is designed so that the first fluid passes through it by travelling in a single direction, referred to as first direction (L), wherein the first zone (91) and the second zone (92) are situated in series in the first direction (L).

Abstract: As the first conductive paste, a paste is used which is made by adding an organic solvent to powder of alloy in which a plurality of atoms keep a given crystal structure constant. As the second conductive paste, a paste is used which is made by adding an organic solvent to powder of metal different in kind from the alloy. In a step of making the stack body, cavities are formed in the stack body. In a uniting step, the cavities work to facilitate flow of thermoplastic resin to absorb pressure acting in a direction different from a direction in which pressure exerted on the first conductive paste to unite the stack body, thereby resulting in an increase in pressure for the uniting to solid-state sinter the first conductive paste to make the first layer-to-layer connecting member.

Abstract: A toilet apparatus includes a toilet bowl with a seat, a reservoir for containing water for flushing the toilet bowl, and a water jet device including a conduit with an inlet, an outlet, and a nozzle at the outlet and located in the toilet bowl for generating a water jet to clean a user. A thermoelectric heat pump having a cold side in thermal communication with water in the reservoir extracts heat from the water in the reservoir and a hot side in thermal communication with a conduit section of the conduit supplies heat extracted from water in the reservoir and increases the temperature of water flowing through the conduit.

Abstract: There is disclosed herein a layer assembly for a heat exchanger, the layer assembly comprising: at least one heat pump module, the module comprising a thermo-electric cooler (TEC) attached to an island formed from a flow-permissive material; a flow-permissive layer provided with an island-reciprocating recess for substantially corresponding to and accommodating the island; a thermal storage layer comprising a heat transfer matrix material charged with a phase-change material, and provided with a TEC-reciprocating recess for substantially corresponding to and accommodating the TEC, wherein the TEC is attached to the thermal storage layer at a surface of the TEC-reciprocating recess, and the flow-permissive layer and the thermal storage layer are arranged such that the island of flow-permissive material extends into the island-reciprocating recess and a separation exists between the island and the flow-permissive layer.

Abstract: A refrigerator is provided. In the refrigerator, cool air within the heat exchange chamber is supplied into a drawer assembly disposed inside a storage space, and also the inside of the drawer assembly is cooled using a thermoelectric module to quickly cooling the inside of the drawer assembly. Thus, food storage performance may be improved.

Abstract: A temperature adjustment device includes: at least one first Peltier unit having a heat absorption surface and a heat release surface; at least one second Peltier unit having a heat absorption surface and a heat release surface; a controller which controls the drive currents of the first Peltier unit and the second Peltier unit; a primary circulation mechanism which circulates a primary refrigerant between a first heat release block and a heat absorption block; at least one second heat release block which has a flow path through which a secondary refrigerant flows, receives heat from the heat release surface of the second Peltier unit and transmits the heat to the secondary refrigerant; a heat exchanger which receives the secondary refrigerant discharged from the second heat release block and releases heat; and a secondary circulation mechanism which circulates the secondary refrigerant between the second heat release block and the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A system for chilling a pumping system includes a Peltier cooling element, and first and second heat exchangers. The Peltier element is arranged near a pump head of a pump such that the Peltier element and the pump head are in thermal contact, where the Peltier element chills the pump head and a mobile phase flowstream prior to fluid from the mobile phase flowstream entering the pump. The first heat exchanger is attached to the Peltier element, and removes heat from the Peltier element using a circulating fluid. The second heat exchanger cools the circulating fluid, where the Peltier element and the pump head are arranged in an area that is isolated from the second heat exchanger.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a gas turbine engine assembly comprises an engine assembly disposed about a longitudinal axis, a core nozzle positioned adjacent the engine assembly to direct a core flow generated by the engine assembly, a fan nozzle surrounding at least a portion of the core nozzle to direct a fan flow, wherein the core nozzle defines a plenum to receive a portion of the core stream flow from the core nozzle and a thermoelectric generator assembly positioned in the plenum. Other embodiments may be described.

Abstract: A thermoelectric temperature control unit with a first Peltier element and a second Peltier element, each of which has a first surface and a second surface, whereby the first surface is arranged adjacent or opposite to the second surface, whereby the Peltier elements are each connected with the first surface to a first cover plate and are connected with the respective second surface to a second cover plate, whereby heat can be supplied at least via one of the cover plates and heat can be removed via the other cover plate, whereby the first and/or the second cover plate have an expansion joint and/or a spring structure.

Abstract: A thermoelectric generation unit according to the present disclosure includes a plurality of thermoelectric generation tubes. Each thermoelectric generation tube generates an electromotive force in an axial direction based on a temperature difference between its inner peripheral surface and outer peripheral surface. The thermoelectric generation unit includes a container housing the plurality of thermoelectric generation tubes inside, a plurality of electrically conductive members providing electrical interconnection for the plurality of thermoelectric generation tubes, and a plurality of electrically conductive ring members each receiving an end of a thermoelectric generation tube so as to be in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the thermoelectric generation tube. Each electrically conductive ring member electrically connects the thermoelectric generation tube to a corresponding electrically conductive member.

Abstract: A semiconductor device 1 includes a thermal radiation member 4; a first semiconductor chip 21 connected to the thermal radiation member 4; a second semiconductor chip 22 connected to the thermal radiation member 4; and sealing resin 93 sealing the first semiconductor chip 21 and the second semiconductor chip 22. The semiconductor device 1 comprises a first thermal diffusion member 31 connected to the thermal radiation member 4; a second thermal diffusion member 32 connected to the thermal radiation member 4; and a cooler 5 configured to cool the first thermal diffusion member 31 and the second thermal diffusion member 32. A space between the first thermal diffusion member 31 and the second thermal diffusion member 32 is positioned to oppose a space between the first semiconductor chip 21 and the second semiconductor chip 22 via the thermal radiation member 4.

Abstract: An exemplary refrigeration system for cooling food or beverages may use a liquid cooling system of a vehicle. The refrigeration system may include a compartment in which the food or beverages may be placed and removed, a chilled liquid coolant system having a connection through which liquid coolant is received from the liquid cooling system of the vehicle, and a heat exchanger operationally coupled with the chilled liquid coolant system and the compartment to transfer heat from the compartment into the liquid coolant. The refrigeration system may also include a second chilled coolant system through which a second coolant flows and a second heat exchanger operationally coupled with the second chilled coolant system and the compartment to transfer heat from the compartment. The chilled liquid coolant system and the second chilled coolant system may operate together as a cascade cooling system.

Abstract: Thermoelectric elements of a thermoelectric transducer are p-doped and n-doped and are arranged alternately, connected electrically to one another and are formed essentially in the shape of a ring.