Abstract: An energy management system is provided and includes a smart switch includes an input that is configured to connect to one of meter at a service entrance or a main load panel; a storage system connected to the smart switch; and a combiner connected to one of the smart switch or the main load panel and one or more photovoltaics (PVs).

Abstract: A thin-film photovoltaic cell series structure is disposed on a display surface side of a display module and includes a transparent substrate, as well as a first single-junction cell and a second single-junction cell which are disposed on the transparent substrate and connected in series. The first single-junction cell includes a first front electrode, a first photovoltaic layer, and a first back electrode which are sequentially laminated and disposed on the transparent substrate, the second single-junction cell includes a second front electrode, a second photovoltaic layer, and a second back electrode which are sequentially laminated and disposed on the transparent substrate, and the first front electrode and the second back electrode are electrically connected through a metal auxiliary electrode to realize series connection of the first single-junction cell and the second single-junction cell.

Abstract: A photovoltaic panel with multiple photovoltaic sub-strings including serially-connected photovoltaic cells and having direct current (DC) outputs adapted for interconnection in parallel into a parallel-connected DC power source. A direct current (DC) power converter including input terminals and output terminals is adapted for coupling to the parallel-connected DC power source and for converting an input power received at the input terminals to an output power at the output terminals. The direct current (DC) power converter optionally has a control loop configured to set the input power received at the input terminals according to a previously determined criterion. The control loop may be adapted to receive a feedback signal from the input terminals for maximizing the input power. A bypass diode is typically connected in shunt across the input terminals of the converter. The bypass diode functions by passing current during a failure of any of the sub-strings and/or a partial shading of the sub-strings.

Abstract: A photovoltaic device according to the present disclosure includes: a first-conductivity-type semiconductor film provided on a back side of a semiconductor substrate; a second-conductivity-type semiconductor film in which at least a part thereof is provided in a position different, in plan view, from a position of the first-conductivity-type semiconductor film on the back side of the semiconductor substrate; a protective film, which is formed on a back side of the first-conductivity-type semiconductor film and a back side of the second-conductivity-type semiconductor film, and which includes a conductive portion and a non-conductive transformed portion; and an electrode film formed on a back side of the conductive portion. The transformed portion of the protective film is provided along a conduction path between a back surface of the first-conductivity-type semiconductor film and a back surface of the second-conductivity-type semiconductor film.

Abstract: A method of ground fault detection in a power distribution system includes detecting a ground fault in the power distribution system; sending an instruction to a first switching device to disconnect a first energy storage unit from the energy storage system whilst the remaining energy storage units remain connected in parallel to the DC bus to be able to continue to supply power to the power distribution system and testing again for a ground fault. The testing for a ground fault is carried out again and disconnecting, testing and reconnecting steps are repeated until the ground fault has been identified, or all energy storage units have been tested.

Abstract: Intermediate temperature metallization pastes containing vanadium are disclosed. The metallization pastes can be used to fabricate electrodes interconnected to a transparent conductor.

Abstract: A planar antenna includes a plurality of antenna elements and transmits and receives a radio wave to and from a target. An attitude controller is attached to the planar antenna and controls an attitude of the planar antenna mechanically. An antenna controller controls the attitude controller such that the planar antenna points in a predetermined direction with respect to the target. A scan controller controls beam scanning performed by the planar antenna and adjusts an excitation phase of each of the antenna elements in accordance with a signal level of a reception signal generated from a radio wave received from the target during performance of the beam scanning, thereby directing a beam from the planar antenna toward the target. The scan controller limits a range of the beam scanning to a range within which no grating lobe occurs.

Abstract: A solar panel mounting assembly including a cap that includes a secure-side wing, a catch-side wing, and an integral vertical leg that protrudes downwardly from the catch-side wing. The vertical leg is integral with the catch-side wing and has a top end and a bottom end. A plurality of inwardly facing corrugations are disposed at the bottom end of the vertical leg. The solar panel mounting assembly further includes a base that includes a secure-side support surface, a tilted spring support ledge on a catch-side, and a plurality of outwardly-facing corrugations disposed on an upper horizontal portion of the base. An inwardly-facing corrugation of the vertical leg contacts and engages an outwardly-facing corrugation on the upper horizontal portion of the base, and the base is vertically adjustable with respect to the cap.

Abstract: A technique for interconnecting PV cells using partial overlapping method is disclosed with at least one part of the PV cell is applied with a non-conductive bonding material. Another PV cell is then placed above this PV cell in a partial overlapping manner and depending on the type of bonding material used, the necessary curing step is performed. The disclosed method can be used to interconnect 1) PV cells; 2) shingled PV strings; 3) PV cell and other components to external circuitry, within a shingled PV module. The interconnecting method also improves the aestheticism, reliability, and manufacturability of shingled PV modules that are constructed with shingled PV cells.

Abstract: A back contact solar cell assembly and methods for its manufacture and assembly onto a panel for use in space vehicles are described. The solar cell assembly includes a compound semiconductor multijunction solar cell having a contact at the top surface of the solar cell, a conductive semiconductor element extending from the contact on the top surface to the back surface of the assembly where it forms a first back contact of a first polarity type, and a second back contact of a second polarity at the back surface of the assembly electrically coupled to the back surface of the solar cell.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a base seat, a rotary seat rotatably coupled to the base seat, a drive mechanism for driving the rotary seat to rotate relative to the base seat, a power consumption unit disposed on and co-rotatable with the rotary seat, and a power supply unit. The power supply unit includes a solar panel disposed in the rotary seat and electrically connected to the power consumption unit, and a light emitting module operable to emit light toward the solar panel so that the solar panel transforms light energy into electric energy, which is supplied to the power consumption unit.

Abstract: Disclosed are hinges having specially-cut sections of steel angle iron that force a solid stop point in the open or closed positions. In some embodiments, the stops may limit the hinges to open no more than 90 degrees. In other embodiments the stops may limit the hinges to open no more than 180 degrees. The hinges provide stability to any structure they are used with.

Abstract: A system including a solar module installed on a roof deck, including a superstrate layer, an encapsulant having an upper layer and a lower layer, and a photovoltaic layer intermediate the upper layer and the lower layer of the encapsulant. An upper surface of the superstrate layer includes an indentation pattern. The indentation pattern includes a mesh of indentations indented into the upper surface of the superstrate layer and a plurality of openings defined by the mesh of indentations.

Abstract: A solar module includes a safety circuit, and a series circuit of bypass diodes, which is arranged between solar module connections, wherein the bypass diodes have bypass connections at both ends and all connecting points of the series circuit of bypass diodes. The solar module also includes a series circuit of solar partial modules having partial module terminals at both ends and all connecting points of the series circuit of solar partial modules, wherein each bypass diode is associated with precisely one solar partial module, and a plurality of semiconductor switches configured to disconnect the solar module connections from voltage at an associated partial module terminal when a disconnection signal is received by the safety circuit.

Abstract: Visually undistorted thin film electronic devices are provided. In one embodiment, a method for producing a thin-film electronic device comprises: opening a scribe in a stack of thin film material layers deposited on a substrate to define an active region and an inactive region of the thin-film electronic device, the stack comprising at least one active semiconductor layer. The active region comprises a non-scribed area of the stack and the inactive region comprises a region of the stack where thin film material was removed by the scribe. The method further comprises depositing at least one scribe fill material into a gap opened by the scribe. The scribe fill material has embedded therein one or more coloring elements that alter an optical characteristics spectrum of the inactive region to obtain an optical characteristics spectrum of the active region within a minimum perceptible difference for an industry defined standard observer.

Abstract: A direct current (DC) power combiner operable to interconnect multiple interconnected photovoltaic strings is disclosed. The DC power combiner may include a device adapted for disconnecting at least one photovoltaic string from the multiple interconnected photovoltaic strings, each photovoltaic string connectible by a first and second DC power line. The device may include a differential current sensor adapted to measure differential current by comparing respective currents in the first and second DC power lines. A first switch is connected in series with the first DC power line. A control module is operatively attached to the differential current sensor and the first switch. The control module may be operable to open the first switch when the differential current sensor measures the differential current to be greater than a maximum allowed current differential, thereby disconnecting the photovoltaic string from the interconnected photovoltaic strings.

Abstract: A photovoltaic panel is formed by providing a plurality of photovoltaic cells electrically connected by interconnect structures between a front-side insulating sheet extending over the plurality of photovoltaic cells and a backside insulating sheet extending under the plurality of photovoltaic cells, adjoining an edge portion of the front-side insulating sheet to an edge portion of the backside insulating sheet in an adhesion region, and folding at least one of the front-side insulating sheet or the backside insulating sheet over peripheral photovoltaic cells of the plurality of photovoltaic cells.

Abstract: Photovoltaic (PV) assemblies and modules for converting solar radiation to electrical energy are disclosed. A PV module comprises a plurality of PV or solar cells for generating DC power. In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells are encapsulated within a PV laminate. A PV assembly comprises an electronic component assembly coupled to the PV module. The electronic component assembly comprises an enclosure defining an interior region and a power conditioning circuit within the interior region of the enclosure. The power conditioning circuit comprises at least one electronic component for conditioning power generated by the plurality of solar cells. The electronic component assembly comprises a first electrical conduit for inputting direct current (DC) generated by the plurality of solar cells to the power conditioning circuit. The electronic component assembly further comprises a second electrical conduit for outputting conditioned power from the power conditioning circuit.

Abstract: A method for passing photovoltaic current between a subcell formed from a single crystal Group ll-VI semiconductor material and a subcell formed from a single crystal Group IV semiconductor material, includes the steps of forming a first subcell by an epitaxial growth process, the first subcell having a first upper surface; forming a tunnel heterojunction between the first subcell and the second subcell, and tunneling carriers formed by light incident on the first and second subcells through the tunnel heterojunction, thereby permitting a photoelectric series current to flow through the first and second subcells.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing a solar cell, a groove is formed on a first surface of an n-type semiconductor substrate. A p-side transparent conductive film layer is formed on the first surface of the n-type semiconductor substrate formed with the groove. A non-deposition area, where the p-side transparent conductive film layer is not formed, is formed in at least a part of a side surface of the groove formed on the first surface of the n-type semiconductor substrate.

Abstract: A blocking diode board (“BDB”) for use with a rollable solar power module (“RSPM”) array is disclosed. The DBD includes a blocking diode, first flat electrical conductor, second flat electrical conductor, first tubular hook, and second tubular hook.

Abstract: A shingled photovoltaic module with bypass diodes, includes four regions. Each region includes a plurality of cell strings consisting of crystalline silicon cells or crystalline silicon slice cells; the cell strings in the each region are connected in parallel with each other, and circuits between the regions are connected in series with each other; a first region and a second region are protected by one bypass diode, and a third region and a fourth region are protected by another bypass diode; the bypass diodes are positioned in a central part of the module; and positive electrode and negative electrode cables of the module are led out from a junction box which is located on a back side of the module and is close to an edge of the module.

Abstract: A photovoltaic mounting system including a photovoltaic module having a panel having an upper surface including a plurality of photocells and an opposed bottom surface, the module being bounded by a perimeter edge. A mounting frame is secured to the bottom surface of the module. The mounting frame is offset from each of the perimeter edges of the module. The mounting frame includes an upper surface secured to the module and an opposed lower end having a mounting projection.

Abstract: An inflatable solar-powered light is provided. The solar-powered light includes a bladder and a solar-powered light assembly disposed entirely within the bladder. The solar-powered light assembly includes a solar panel, a rechargeable battery in electrical communication with the solar panel, and at least one light-emitting diode in electrical communication with the rechargeable battery. The bladder is substantially transparent, flexible, inflatable, and collapsible.

Abstract: Provided are a power control device and control method employed therein. The power control device is provided with: a storage battery connected between the solar cell and the power conditioner; a converter, which is disposed between the storage battery and the solar cell, and which charges the storage battery with output power of the solar cell; and a control unit which controls the converter such that the converter charges the storage battery with differential power between the output power of the solar cell and the output power of the power conditioner in the cases where it is determined that the output of the solar cell will be larger than the outputtable power of the power conditioner.

Abstract: A solar cell can include a silicon substrate; a tunnel layer disposed on a first surface of the silicon substrate, the tunnel layer including a dielectric material; a polycrystalline silicon layer disposed on the tunnel layer; a dielectric layer disposed on the polycrystalline silicon layer; and an electrode penetrating through the dielectric layer and directly contacting with the polycrystalline silicon layer, wherein the polycrystalline silicon layer includes a metal crystal region positioned at a region where the polycrystalline silicon layer contacts the electrode, and wherein the metal crystal region includes a plurality of metal crystals, the plurality of metal crystals including a metal material same as a metal material included in the electrode.

Abstract: A system and method for automated shutdown, disconnect, or power reduction of solar panels. A system of solar panels includes one or more master management units (MMUs) and one or more local management units (LMUs). The MMUs are in communication with the LMUs with the MMUs and LMUs “handshaking” when the system is in operation. The MMUs are connected to one or more controllers which in turn are connected to emergency detection sensors. Upon a sensor detection of an emergency, the associated MMU is notified which in turn instructs associated LMUs to take appropriate action. In the event that communication with the MMUs has been cut off, the LMUs take the initiative to shut down, disconnect, or reduce the output of associated string(s) of solar panels.

Abstract: This solar panel (12) includes a structure (14) and at least two photovoltaic cells (16A, 16B) each defining a lateral contact face (30A, 30B) and including a base element (20A, 20B), a grid of electric conductors (24A, 24B) and a protective element (22A, 22B) made from transparent material, the grid (24A, 24B) including at least one conductive wire extending along the lateral contact face (30A, 30B). The cells (16A, 16B) are arranged on the structure (14) such that at least part of each of the lateral contact faces (30A, 30B) is arranged across from the other part. The solar panel (12) further includes a barrier (18A) made from dielectric material arranged on the structure (14) between the lateral contact faces and extending along the opposite parts of these faces (30A, 30B).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a solar cell module and, more specifically, to a solar cell module in which solar cells are disposed to partially overlap each other so as to increase a space occupancy ratio of the solar cells and which is capable of solving safety and structural problems caused by the solar cells being disposed to overlap each other. In the solar cell module according to the present invention, the solar cells are disposed to partially overlap each other, thereby reducing a reactive power region and concurrently increasing a space occupancy ratio of the solar cells to increase power generation efficiency. In addition, a gap between portions at which the solar cells overlap each other is reduced to considerably reduce an incidence rate of cracks and damage, thereby improving stability and structural performance.

Abstract: A method for a single-fault-tolerant determination of an isolation resistance of a photovoltaic system including an inverter and a solar generator connected thereto is disclosed. The isolation resistance is determined as a function of a test voltage drop in a resistor network, wherein the resistor network is connected to a variable voltage source by way of a first terminal, to a first pole of the solar generator by way of a second terminal and to a ground terminal of the inverter via an isolation relay by way of a third terminal. A capacitor is disposed between the ground terminal and the first pole of the solar generator.

Abstract: A method of forming a photovoltaic device that includes ion implanting a first conductivity type dopant into first regions of a semiconductor layer of an SOI substrate, wherein the first regions are separated by a first pitch; and ion implanting a second conductivity type dopant into second regions of the semiconductor layer of the SOI substrate. The second regions are separated by a second pitch. Each second conductivity type implanted region of the second regions is in direct contact with first conductivity type implanted region of the first regions to provide a plurality of p-n junctions, and adjacent p-n junctions are separated by an intrinsic portion of the semiconductor layer to provide P-I-N cells that are horizontally oriented.

Abstract: A system for safely obtaining electrical power from a solar array in a grid-down situation is disclosed. The system may include an array of solar panels, an inverter, a rapid shutdown transmitter, a transformer, and a switch. First wiring may extend to electrically connect the array of solar panels to the inverter. The transformer may have an electrical input and an electrical output. The electrical input of the transformer may be connected to receive electrical power from at least one solar panel of the array of solar panels. Second wiring may extend to electrically connect the electrical output of the transformer to the rapid shutdown transmitter. The switch may control delivery of electrical power through the second wiring from the electrical output of the transformer to the rapid shutdown transmitter.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of interconnecting photovoltaic cells into a module by using a tape carrying tabbing wires. The tape makes possible to build modules at a reduced cost. In the tape method individual photovoltaic cells (1) are interconnected into modules by using electrical interconnecting conducting strips (21, 43, 52, 74a, 74b) carried by a tape (51). The strips are laid out on the topsides and backsides of the PV cells. The strips are cut in such a manner that the cells will be interconnected in series after lamination. The present invention concerns an improvement of the tape used in the tape method.

Abstract: The embodiments provide a thermionic emission device and a method for tuning a work function in a thermionic emission device is provided. The method includes illuminating an N type semiconductor material of a first member of a thermionic emission device, wherein a work function of the N type semiconductor material is lowered by the illuminating. The method includes collecting, on one of the first member or a second member of the thermionic emission device, electrons emitted from one of the first member or the second member.

Abstract: A photovoltaic module generates electrical power when installed on a roof. The module is constructed as a laminated sandwich having a transparent protective upper layer adhered to a photovoltaic layer. The photovoltaic layer is adhered to a rigid layer formed from a fiber reinforced plastic. The laminated sandwich has a frame around the perimeter. The laminated panel has a layer of double stick tape on the bottom to adhere the panel to the surface of a roof.

Abstract: A flexible circuit that allows a standardized connection interface to connect flexible solar cell(s) for easy integration into electronics devices. This interconnection scheme does not limit the intrinsic solar cell flexibility and may conform to standard design practices in electronic device manufacturing. In an aspect, a solar module is described that includes one or more solar panels and a flexible trace or interconnect having conductive wires inside an insulation material. In another aspect, an electronic device is described that includes a circuit board, one or more solar panels and a flexible trace or interconnect having conductive wires inside an insulation material. The electronic device may be an internet-of-things (IoT) device or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), for example. In yet another aspect, a lighting module is described that includes one or more lighting panels and a flexible trace or interconnect having conductive wires inside an insulation material.

Abstract: A flexible circuit that allows a standardized connection interface to connect flexible solar cell(s) for easy integration into electronics devices. This interconnection scheme does not limit the intrinsic solar cell flexibility and may conform to standard design practices in electronic device manufacturing. In an aspect, a solar module is described that includes one or more solar panels and a flexible trace or interconnect having conductive wires inside an insulation material. In another aspect, an electronic device is described that includes a circuit board, one or more solar panels and a flexible trace or interconnect having conductive wires inside an insulation material. The electronic device may be an internet-of-things (IoT) device or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), for example. In yet another aspect, a lighting module is described that includes one or more lighting panels and a flexible trace or interconnect having conductive wires inside an insulation material.

Abstract: A solar cell module includes an upper substrate, a lower substrate opposite the upper substrate, a solar cell panel positioned between the upper substrate and the lower substrate, the solar cell panel including a plurality of solar cells which are arranged in a matrix form and are connected to one another through a wiring member, a passivation layer configured to package the solar cell panel, a frame configured to surround an outer perimeter of the solar cell panel, a connection terminal configured to connect two adjacent strings in the solar cell panel, and a cover member configured to cover the connection terminal.

Abstract: A system and method wherein electromagnetic radiation is used for free-space communication and wireless power transfer. The electromagnetic radiation used is preferably optical radiation. The optical free-space communication and wireless power transfer system includes an optical receiver device comprising an optical filter, a photodetector, and a photovoltaic cell, wherein a band of the incoming optical radiation is extracted by the optical filter and directed to the photodetector for communication data signal detection. The remaining optical radiation is converted by the photovoltaic cell into electrical power so that the harvested energy can be stored, used as the power source of the photodetector, or used as the power source of external devices.

Abstract: Various embodiments of a power source and a method of forming such power source are disclosed. The power source can include an enclosure, a substrate disposed within the enclosure, and radioactive material disposed within the substrate and adapted to emit radioactive particles. The power source can further include a diffusion barrier disposed over an outer surface of the substrate, and a carrier material disposed within the enclosure, where the carrier material includes an oxide material.

Abstract: A solar module and a method for fabricating a solar module comprising a plurality of rear contact solar cells are described. Rear contact solar cells (1) are provided with a large size of e.g. 156×156 mm2, Soldering pad arrangements (13, 15) applied on emitter contacts (5) and base contacts (7) are provided with one or more soldering pads (9, 11) arranged linearly. The soldering pad arrangements (13, 15) are arranged asymmetrically with respect to a longitudinal axis (17). Each solar cell (1) is then separated into first and second cell portions (19, 21) along a line (23) perpendicular to the longitudinal axis (17).

Abstract: An apparatus for electrically disconnecting a first part from a second part of a photovoltaic string, which parts can be connected to a first terminal and a second terminal of the apparatus, respectively. The apparatus includes a switch coupled between the first terminal and the second terminal; and an actuation apparatus configured to open the switch when a voltage applied to at least one of the first and second terminals relative to a potential applied to a reference terminal is outside of a prescribed value range.

Abstract: Circuits integrated or integrable with a photovoltaic panel to provide built-in functionality to the photovoltaic panel including safety features such as arc detection and elimination, ground fault detection and elimination, reverse current protection, monitoring of the performance of the photovoltaic panel, transmission of the monitored parameters and theft prevention of the photovoltaic panel. The circuits may avoid power conversion, for instance DC/DC power conversion, may avoid performing maximum power tracking to include a minimum number of components and thereby increase overall reliability.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and apparatus for providing portable solar array support systems. Embodiments of the invention include an apparatus that holds four 60-cell rooftop-grade solar panels and folds up into a relatively small portable device that easily fits in a garage or shed. When open, the panels are displayed at near the nominal angle to the sun for the region. Adjustable angle supports are available in alternative embodiments. Embodiments of the foldable solar array system are constructed from steel components, and feature proprietary integrated hinges to minimize the size and complexity of the system. The hinges are specially-cut sections of steel angle iron that force a solid stop point in the open or closed positions. These may be 90° hinges on the panel arms and swing arms, and may be 180° hinges on panel-to-panel hinges. The panel-to-panel hinges also allow for an offset based on the thickness of the solar panels and make the solar panels lay flat when open and stack face to face when closed.

Abstract: Embodiments of a photovoltaic device are provided herein. The photovoltaic device can include a layer stack and an absorber layer disposed on the layer stack. The absorber layer can include a first region and a second region. Each of the first region of the absorber layer and the second region of the absorber layer can include a compound comprising cadmium, selenium, and tellurium. An atomic concentration of selenium can vary across the absorber layer. The first region of the absorber layer can have a thickness between 100 nanometers to 3000 nanometers. The second region of the absorber layer can have a thickness between 100 nanometers to 3000 nanometers. A ratio of an average atomic concentration of selenium in the first region of the absorber layer to an average atomic concentration of selenium in the second region of the absorber layer can be greater than 10.

Abstract: A manufacturing method for a solar cell is provided. The method includes: preparing a photoelectric converter which includes a light receiving surface and a back surface opposed to the light receiving surface and has n-type regions and p-type regions alternately arranged in a first direction on the back surface; forming a groove which is extended in the first direction on the light receiving surface after an electrode layer is formed on the n-type regions and the p-type regions; and dividing the photoelectric converter into a plurality of sub-cells along the groove.

Abstract: A vehicle component is provided that includes a first cured layer of a molding composition having a predominant fiber filler chopped glass fibers, a second cured layer of molding composition having a predominant fiber filler chopped carbon fibers, and an elastomeric bonding agent with elongation properties configured to accommodate the differential coefficients of linear thermal expansion between the first cured layer and the second cured layer. The second cured layer is substantially devoid of glass fiber. The bonding agent is an elastomeric adhesive, which is operative from ?40 to 205° C. The first cured layer forms an outer skin layer surface of a vehicle and the second cured layer forms an interior layer, where the outer skin layer surface has a class-A finish.

Abstract: This inter-connector is provided with: a first electrode; a second electrode; and a connecting body which connects the first electrode and the second electrode. The connecting body comprises: a first junction portion connected to the first electrode; a first bypass portion connected with respect to the first junction portion; a first reinforcement portion connected to the first junction portion and the first bypass portion; a second junction portion connected to the second electrode; a second bypass portion connected with respect to the second junction portion; a second reinforcement portion connected to the second junction portion and the second bypass portion; and a connection portion connecting the first bypass portion and the second bypass portion.

Abstract: A photovoltaic cell may include a substrate configured as a single light absorption region. The cell may include at least one first semiconductor region and at least one second semiconductor region arranged on or in the substrate. The cell may include a plurality of first conductive contacts arranged on the substrate and physically separated from one another and a plurality of second conductive contacts arranged on the substrate and physically separated from one another. Each first conductive contact may be configured to facilitate electrical connection with the at least one first semiconductor region. Each second semiconductor conductive contact may be configured to facilitate electrical connection with the at least one second semiconductor region. Each of the first conductive contacts may form at least one separate cell partition with at least one of the second conductive contacts, thereby forming a plurality of cell partitions on or in the substrate.

Abstract: A refrigeration appliance includes a compartment for storing food items in a refrigerated environment, the compartment being illuminated by at least one modular LED illumination device. The portion of the illumination device disposed within the compartment is generally flush with a mounting section and includes an LED lighting module arranged in a housing. The module has a board member, two or more LED light sources electrically connected to one another and to the board member, and two or more electrical edge connections for allowing electrically parallel connection between two or more modules being interchangeable with one another. A concave reflecting surface is positioned adjacent the module with a majority of light emitted from the LED light sources being incident thereon for reflection into the compartment. A liner defining the compartment has the mounting section to which the housing is mounted, where the mounting section has an inward draft angle.