Abstract: A tire for a two-wheeled motorized vehicle includes a tread joined by two sidewalls to two beads, the tread having first and second elastomer compositions, crown reinforcement, radially inside tread having a crown layer having mutually parallel circumferential reinforcers forming an angle at most equal to 5° to the circumferential direction, a carcass reinforcement, radially inside crown reinforcement, having turnup. Carcass reinforcement includes mutually parallel reinforcers, and wrapped, in each bead, from the inside to the outside of the tire, about bead wire in order to form turnup having free end E2. Carcass reinforcement includes crown portion and lateral portion, crown portion extending axially between first and second ends E2, E?2, E2 and E?2 being symmetric to equatorial plane P of the tire, lateral portion extending symmetrically to equatorial plane P radially towards the inside, from radially outermost end E2 to fourth end E4 disposed at the bead wire.

Abstract: Provided is a rubber composition for tires containing, per 100 parts by mass of diene rubber, from 5 to 120 parts by mass of carbon black having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area N2SA of 90 m2/g or less and a compressed DBP absorption (24M4) of 95 to 120 mL/100 g, a ratio ?Dst/Dst of a half width ?Dst (nm) of a mode diameter Dst to the mode diameter Dst (nm) in a Stokes diameter mass distribution curve of aggregates of the carbon black being 0.65 or greater, and the N2SA, (24M4), and Dst satisfying the following formula: (24M4)/Dst<0.0093×N2SA?0.06.

Abstract: Provided is a rubber composition having improved initial dry grip performance, durability of dry grip performance, and chipping resistance (elongation at break). The rubber composition includes: a diene polymer; carbon black and/or silica; and a sulfur-containing oligomer having a weight average molecular weight of 4,000 or more, determined by GPC in chloroform solvent using polystyrene standard oligomers.

Abstract: A synchronous drive belt includes an outer tension section and opposing continuous tooth section defining an outer surface. The synchronous drive belt further includes a cross-linked elastomeric body, and a tensile reinforcement section disposed between the outer tension section and the cross-linked elastomeric body. A fabric reinforcement is disposed inwardly adjacent the outer surface of the continuous tooth section, and the fabric reinforcement is enveloped by the cross-linked elastomeric body. Further, the cross-linked elastomeric body forms the outer surface of the continuous tooth section. In some aspects, the cross-linked elastomeric body contains a urethane material, which may be formed from the reaction product of a polyisocyanate and a hydroxyl functional polyol during a belt molding process. The polyisocyanate and the hydroxyl functional polyol may envelop the fabric reinforcement prior to reacting during the belt molding process, or even while reacting in the molding process.

Abstract: A method of controlling a assembly includes measuring a first amplitude of a selected harmonic order of the radial force variation of the assembly, and locating a first angular location of the selected order of the radial force variation of the assembly. A second angular location of a tire is located, which indicates a phase of the selected order of a radial force variation of the tire, having a second amplitude. A third angular location of a wheel is located, which indicates a phase of the selected order of a runout value of the wheel, and has a third amplitude. A remaining force metric may be calculated using the pairs of the first amplitude and the first angular location, the second amplitude and the second angular location, and the third amplitude and the third angular location.

Abstract: A process for producing a thermoplastic resin composition in which the continuous phase comprises an ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer (A) and a polyamide resin (B) and the dispersed phase comprises an acid-modified polyolefin elastomer (C), the process being characterized by comprising: step (I) in which an ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer (A) and an acid-modified polyolefin elastomer (C) are kneaded to form a mixture in which the acid-modified polyolefin elastomer (C) has been dispersed in the ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer (A); step (II) in which a polyamide resin (B) is subsequently added to the mixture obtained in step (I), and the resultant mixture is further kneaded; and step (III) in which a terminal-blocking agent (D) for the polyamide resin (B) is subsequently added to the mixture obtained in step (II) in an amount of 0.

Abstract: Provided are a rubber composition for tires that shows a balanced improvement in properties such as fuel economy, processability, heat aging resistance, abrasion resistance, wet-grip performance, performance on snow and ice, and handling stability, and a pneumatic tire formed from the rubber composition. The present invention relates to a rubber composition for tires, containing: a highly purified, modified natural rubber having a pH adjusted to 2-7; carbon black and/or a white filler; and a styrene-butadiene rubber having a styrene content of 30% by mass or more, and also relates to a pneumatic tire formed from the rubber composition.

Abstract: Methods for manufacturing an upper for a shoe, in particular a football shoe, are described. A base layer for an upper is provided. At least one profile element, which comprises a rubber material, is connected to the outer face of the base layer. The profile element is connected to the outer face of the base layer without using a seam by means of hot pressing.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a rubber composition for a tire tread, which can produce a studless tire having both excellent performance on ice and excellent wear resistance, and to provide a studless tire using the rubber composition. The rubber composition for a tire tread of the present invention contains 100 parts by mass of a diene rubber (A) containing a modified butadiene rubber and from 0.5 to 25 parts by mass of thermally expandable microcapsules (B). The modified butadiene rubber is obtained by modifying an unmodified butadiene rubber with a carboxy group-containing nitrone compound. The content of the modified butadiene rubber in the diene rubber (A) is from 20 to 65 mass %.

Abstract: A tire includes a round tire frame made of a resin material, and the resin material includes a thermoplastic polyamide-based elastomer including an ester bond within a molecule thereof. The thermoplastic polyamide-based elastomer has a ratio by mass (HS/SS) of hard segment (HS) to soft segment (SS) of from 54/46 to 90/10.

Abstract: A tire, including a circular tire frame formed of a resin material, the resin material including a resin composition in which at least one thermoplastic resin selected from the group consisting of a polyamide-based thermoplastic resin, a polyester-based thermoplastic resin, and a polyolefin-based thermoplastic resin, and at least one elastomer selected from the group consisting of a diene-based rubber, a vinyl acetate copolymer, a polyurethane, an ethylene propylene rubber, and any modified product thereof have been dynamically crosslinked.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a polymer modifying agent composition which provides a modified polymer that exhibits excellent low heat build-up when formed into a vulcanized product. The polymer modifying agent composition is a polymer modifying agent composition modifying a polymer having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, and containing (A) a nitrone having at least one carboxy group and (B) a fatty acid having 6 or more carbons.

Abstract: Inflatable article equipped with an elastomer layer impermeable to inflation gases, said elastomer layer comprising at least, as the predominant elastomer, a thermoplastic SIBS elastomer comprising a polyisobutylene block comprising an amount of units derived from one or more conjugated dienes ranging from 0.5% to 6% by weight relative to the weight of the polyisobutylene block, and, at least one of the ends of the polyisobutylene block, a styrenic block representing at most 16% by weight of the total weight of the block copolymer. Preferably the airtight elastomer layer also comprises, as a plasticizing agent, an extender oil for the SIBS elastomer. The inflatable article of the invention is, in particular, an inner tube or a pneumatic tire for a motor vehicle.

Abstract: Tire including a continuous pressure membrane. The tire includes a carcass, a rubber layer surrounding the carcass, and a belt. The carcass includes at least one continuous pressure membrane defining a generally U-shaped cross section. The pressure membrane includes a crown portion, a first sidewall portion, and a second sidewall portion connected with the first sidewall portion by the crown portion. The belt may be composed of at least one additional continuous pressure membrane adjacent the crown portion.

Abstract: A tire mix containing a cross-linkable, unsaturated-chain polymer base, curing agents, a reinforcing filler, and wax; the wax containing a paraffin wax containing a maximum of 45% by weight of normal paraffin.

Abstract: A tire including a circular tire frame formed of a resin material that includes a thermoplastic resin and fibers.

Abstract: A tire including: a circular tire frame formed from a resin material; and a metal reinforcing cord member wound on an outer circumference of the tire frame, at least a portion of the metal reinforcing cord member being covered by a covering mixture including at least a thermoplastic resin and a specific elastomer selected from the group consisting of (1) to (3) below: (1) a thermoplastic polyurethane-based elastomer; (2) a thermoplastic polystyrene-based elastomer; and (3) a thermoplastic olefin-based elastomer including at least one selected from the group consisting of an acid-modified thermoplastic olefin-based elastomer having an elastic modulus of less than 140 MPa and a non-acid-modified thermoplastic olefin-based elastomer having an elastic modulus of less than 140 MPa.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a self-healing rubber composition comprising a functionalized elastomer comprising: a polymeric backbone chain derived from a monomer comprising at least one conjugated diene monomer and optionally at least one vinyl aromatic monomer; and a functional group bonded to the backbone chain, the functional group comprising a multidentate ligand capable of complexing with a metal ion; and a partitioned metal ion. The invention is further directed to a pneumatic tire comprising the self-healing rubber composition.

Abstract: A tire including a tire frame formed from a resin material in a ring shape, wherein the resin material has a bending elastic modulus of from 100 MPa to 1000 MPa.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a rubber composition comprising at least one rubber component, between about 50 phr and about 120 phr of a filler, wherein at least 20 phr of the filler is a high surface area carbon black. Further, the composition comprises between 10 phr and 30 phr of a phenolic resin. The present invention is further directed to a tire tread or a tire comprising such a composition.

Abstract: The invention provides rubber compositions for tire inner layers, capable of providing excellent ozone resistance over a wide environmental temperature range and of preventing discoloration well, as well as pneumatic tires including such compositions. The invention relates to a rubber composition for tire inner layers, containing C20-C32 normal alkanes. Preferably, the combined amount of the C20-C32 normal alkanes is 0.1-2.5 parts by mass, and the combined amount of phenylenediamine and quinone antioxidants is 0-4 parts by mass, each per 100 parts by mass of the diene rubber component. The rubber composition for tire inner layers preferably contains C48 and higher normal alkanes in a combined amount of not more than 0.1 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the diene rubber component. The rubber composition preferably contains not more than 15 parts by mass of process oil per 100 parts by mass of the diene rubber component.

Abstract: A tire includes an internal layer, having improved airtightness. The layer includes at least one rubber composition, which includes: at least one or more diene elastomers at a total content of 1 to 99 phr, one or more thermoplastic elastomers having a polyisobutylene block at a total content of 1 to 99 phr, optionally a reinforcing filler at a content of 0 to 120 phr, and a crosslinking system.

Abstract: The present invention provides a pneumatic tire having excellent durability. Provided is a pneumatic tire including a sidewall and a carcass, the sidewall being produced from a rubber composition for a sidewall which has a specific sulfur content, the carcass being produced from a carcass cord covered with a rubber composition for a carcass topping, and the sulfur contents of the rubber composition for a sidewall and the rubber composition for a carcass topping satisfying a specific relationship. Provided is a pneumatic tire including a clinch and a carcass, the clinch being produced from a rubber composition for a clinch which has a specific sulfur content, the carcass being produced from a carcass cord covered with a rubber composition for a carcass topping, and the sulfur contents of the rubber composition for a clinch and the rubber composition for a carcass topping satisfying a specific relationship.

Abstract: Amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxanes (amino AMS), and/or amino co-AMS compounds that also comprise a mercaptosilane or a blocked mercaptosilane, are excellent adhesives for coating plated or unplated metal wire for adherence of the wire to a rubber stock. The amino AMS and/or the amino/mercaptan co-AMS adhesives can be used with all types of rubber and there is no requirement for the use of special adhesive additives to the rubber vulcanizates, such as, but not limited to, cobalt, resins and high sulfur levels. In particular, the use of amino AMS and/or amino/mercaptan co-AMS compounds as adhesives for bonding wire to rubber also improves the adherence performance of the reinforcements to obtain sufficient bonding that is resistant to degradation over the course of time, especially resistance to thermal aging and/or thermo-oxidizing aging, in particular corrosion in the presence of water.

Abstract: A tire for a motorized two-wheeled vehicle, comprising a carcass-type reinforcing structure formed of at least two layers of reinforcing elements, and comprising underneath the tread a crown reinforcement structure comprising at least one layer of reinforcing elements. At least the tread surface comprises a first polymeric compound extending in at least the region of the equatorial plane and at least one second polymeric compound having physicochemical properties different from those of said first polymeric compound, the reinforcing elements of said two or more layers forming the carcass-type reinforcing structure forming angles with the circumferential direction of between 70° and 85° and the distance between the reinforcing elements of each of said two or more layers forming the carcass-type reinforcing structure being not more than 0.5 mm across at least 60% of the axial width of at least one region composed of the second polymeric compound.

Abstract: A pneumatic vehicle tire has a radial carcass, a sulfur-impregnated rubber mixture which contains 70 to 100 phr (parts per weight related to 100 parts per weight of the entire types of rubber in the mixture) of natural rubber, up to 30 phr of at least one polybutadiene, up to 15 phr of at least one soot, 20 to 100 phr of at least one silica, at least one silane coupling agent and one adhesive system. In order to lengthen the service life of the pneumatic vehicle tire, the rubber mixture is the carcass rubber coating and the silica has a CTAB number according to ASTM D 3765 of more than 100 m2/g.

Abstract: A run flat tire which comprises a ply layer (4) disposed extending toroidally between a pair of bead cores and comprising ply coating rubber and ply cords, an inner liner layer (5) disposed circumferentially at an inner side of the ply layer, side reinforcing rubber layers (6) having an approximately crescent-shaped cross section and disposed in side portions of the tire between the ply layer and the inner liner layer and rubber sheets (7) disposed extending at interface of the ply layer and the side reinforcing rubber layer, wherein relations of t90>tp10 and t10<ts90 are satisfied when characteristic values of vulcanization obtained in accordance with JIS K6300-2 are represented by tp10 and tp90 for the ply coating rubber, ts10, and ts90 for the side reinforcing rubber and t10 and t90 for the rubber for a sheet.

Abstract: A process for preparing a copolymer of an acyclic conjugated diene and a cyclic conjugated diene using a polymerization catalyst system comprising a transition metal compound or a lanthanide metal compound, an alkylating agent, and an inorganic halide alcoholate, and rubber compositions and tires comprising the same. The copolymer contains at least 90% acyclic conjugated diene monomer, has a number average molecular weight of between 40,000 and 300,000, and has a cis-bond content of at least 92%.

Abstract: The invention aims to provide a rubber composition for a tire which achieves a balanced improvement in the abrasion resistance under both low and high severity abrasion conditions, low heat build-up properties, and chipping resistance. The invention relates to a rubber composition for a tire, including: a rubber component containing 60% by mass or more of a natural rubber component; and a carbon black having a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) specific surface area of 140-160 m2/g, a ratio (CTAB/IA) of the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide specific surface area to an iodine adsorption number (IA) of 0.85-1 m2/g, and a ratio (?D50/Dst) of a half width (?D50) of Stokes' diameter distribution of aggregates to a Stokes' diameter (Dst) of aggregates, as determined by a centrifugal sedimentation method, of 0.9-0.99, the natural rubber component containing 20% by mass or more of highly purified natural rubber per 100% by mass of the natural rubber component.

Abstract: Amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxanes (amino AMS), and/or amino co-AMS compounds that also comprise a mercaptosilane or a blocked mercaptosilane, are excellent adhesives for coating plated or unplated metal wire for adherence of the wire to a rubber stock. The amino AMS and/or the amino/mercaptan co-AMS adhesives can be used with all types of rubber and there is no requirement for the use of special adhesive additives to the rubber vulcanizates, such as, but not limited to, cobalt, resins and high sulfur levels. In particular, the use of amino AMS and/or amino/mercaptan co-AMS compounds as adhesives for bonding wire to rubber also improves the adherence performance of the reinforcements to obtain sufficient bonding that is resistant to degradation over the course of time, especially resistance to thermal aging and/or thermo-oxidizing aging, in particular corrosion in the presence of water.

Abstract: A rubber composition obtained by kneading at least one selected from the group consisting of (A1), (B1), (C1) and (D1), a rubber component and a filler, and a method of improving the viscoelastic property of vulcanized rubber, comprising a first step of kneading at least one selected from the group consisting of (A1), (B1), (C1) and (D1), a rubber component, a filler and a sulfur component and a second step of thermally treating the kneaded material obtained in the previous step.

Abstract: Provided is a tire whose durability is improved by using, as a reinforcing member, a polyester cord having an improved heat resistant adhesive property to rubber. Provided is a tire in which a rubber-cord complex composed of a polyester cord and a rubber is used as a reinforcing member. The polyester cord is formed by twisting polyester filaments, and then subjecting the twisted filaments to an adhesive agent treatment. The polyester filament is made of a polyester fiber which is composed of a polyester having ethylene terephthalate as a main repeating unit and having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.85 or higher, wherein the amount of terminal carboxy group in the fiber is 20 equivalent/ton or larger, the long period according to small-angle X-ray diffraction is 9 to 12 nm, and a surface treatment agent having an epoxy group is attached to the surface of the fiber.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cured rubber composition, its preparation and a tire with a component of such rubber composition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a purified cellulose fiber which has an initial elastic modulus of 2.30 cN/dtex or higher in a region having an elongation of 0.5% to 0.7%, wherein the purified cellulose fiber is made by wet spinning or dry-wet spinning a cellulose-dissolved liquid made by dissolving a cellulose raw material in an ionic liquid, and a fiber-rubber composite and a tire, each using the same.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pneumatic tire having a pair of spaced apart bead components, a connecting carcass between said bead components, and a rubber chafer positioned around at least a portion of each of said bead components and intended for contacting a rigid rim of a wheel, wherein said chafer comprises an outer skin layer intended for contacting the rigid rim and an inner core layer disposed radially inward of the skin layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a tire containing a layered composite of sealant and air permeation resistant film, particularly a non-elastomeric film.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a pneumatic tire comprising a component, the component comprising a rubber composition comprising a diene based elastomer and 1 to 100 phr of: A) a twin polymerization reaction product of a silyl ether; or B) a twin polymerization reaction product of a boronic acid ester; or C) a twin polymerization reaction product of a titanium compound derived from tetraethyl orthotitanate and furfuryl alcohol; or D) a twin polymerization reaction product of a tungsten compound; The invention is further directed to the corresponding rubber compositions.

Abstract: A tire satisfying both of the low rolling resistance of the tire and the improvement of tire strength is provided. A tire including sidewall including a rubber composition for sidewall including a rubber composition including a rubber component including 35 to 65% by mass of NR and/or IR, 15 to 55% by mass of a modified BR and 0 to 50% by mass of other rubber and 20 to 40 parts by mass of filler, in which complex elastic modulus E* is 2.0 to 3.5 MPa and tan ? is less than 0.12; case in which cord is covered with a rubber composition for covering case cord including a rubber component including 50 to 80% by mass of NR and/or IR, 20 to 45% by mass of diene rubber of a modified SBR, a modified BR or ENR and 0 to 30% by mass of other rubber and 20 to 40 parts by mass of filler, in which E* is 2.0 to 3.5 MPa and tan ? is less than 0.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tire with radial carcass reinforcement, made up of at least one layer of metal reinforcing elements, the said tire comprising a crown reinforcement, itself radially capped by a tread, the said tread being connected to two beads via two side walls, the said tire comprising a first layer of polymer compound radially between the carcass reinforcement and the radially innermost layer of reinforcing elements of the crown reinforcement. According to the invention, the said first layer of polymer compound constitutes a buffer zone designed to trap oxygen on the outside of the said first layer, the axial width of the said first layer being at least equal to 70% of the width of the radially innermost layer of reinforcing elements of the crown reinforcement.

Abstract: Tyre (1) for vehicle wheels, includes a body (2) of toroidal shape provided with an inner cavity (3), the inner cavity being provided with an opening (3a) facing a centre (C) of the toroidal shape and with a bead (12) intended for being coupled with a rim of a wheel, the opening (3a) being closed by gluing or welding, the body (2) is made of a material chosen from thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), thermoplastic elastomers (TPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), SEBS, bioplastics, APINAT A.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tire with a radial carcass reinforcement comprising a crown reinforcement, itself radially capped with a tread, the said tread being connected to two beads via two sidewalls. According to the invention, the crown reinforcement comprises at least one axially continuous layer consisting of at least two bands arranged in contact with one another in the axial direction and each formed of at least one multilayer laminate, the lateral edges of the said at least two bands being oriented substantially circumferentially, the width of the said at least one axially continuous layer being greater than half the width of the tread and each laminate comprising at least one multiaxially stretched thermoplastic polymer film positioned between and in contact with two layers of rubber composition.

Abstract: A tyre mix containing a cross-linkable, unsaturated-chain polymer base, curing agents, a reinforcing filler, and wax; the wax containing a paraffin wax containing a maximum of 45% by weight of normal paraffin.

Abstract: A process for preparing, in one step, a diene block copolymer, of which at least one of these blocks is constituted of a polyether, the number-average molecular weight of which is approximately from 100 to 5000 g/mol, and at least one other of these blocks is constituted of a diene elastomer. The process according to the invention allows a high degree of grafting of the polyether to the polymer chains. Also disclosed is a reinforced rubber composition, especially intended for the manufacture of tires, comprising such a block copolymer which is intended to interact with the reinforcing filler. Such a rubber composition has improved hysteresis properties in the vulcanized state, while retaining satisfactory processing properties in the non-vulcanized state.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pneumatic rubber tire having an integral innerliner of a rubber composition comprised of a combination of cis 1,4-polyisoprene rubber and medium to high vinyl styrene/butadiene rubber together with compatible resin.

Abstract: The pneumatic tire of the present invention, in which a tread rubber, a sidewall rubber, and a breaker rubber each have an intrinsic volume resistivity of 1×108 ?·cm or more, a clinch rubber and a chafer rubber each have an intrinsic volume resistivity of 1×108 ?·cm or less, wherein the pneumatic tire has a first conductive layer that is disposed between a carcass ply, an edge portion of the breaker rubber and the sidewall portion, a second conductive layer that is in contact with the first conductive layer and is disposed between the tread rubber and the carcass, and a pen rubber layer that extends from the second conductive layer to a surface of the tread portion, wherein the first conductive layer, the second conductive layer, and the pen rubber layer each have an intrinsic volume resistivity of 1×108 ?·cm or less, the carcass ply contains a conductive fibrous material having an intrinsic volume resistivity of 1×108 ?·cm or less and has a structure that the carcass ply is in contact with the clinch portion

Abstract: A run-flat tire of the present invention is a pneumatic radial tire for passenger vehicles which has a carcass composed of plies of radially arranged cords toroidally extending between a pair of bead portions, and the a W/L ratio of the section width W to the outer diameter L of the tire is 0.25 or less.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire that can be manufactured according to the conventional method without requiring special tire manufacturing steps and without needing addition of material members and production steps, and having excellent rolling resistance and wet properties, and having conductivity is to be provided.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire in which, in employing as an air-impermeable layer a film formed of a thermoplastic resin or a thermoplastic elastomer component obtained by blending a thermoplastic resin with an elastomer, separation of the film during tire production is prevented; and a process for producing the same. The pneumatic tire is obtained by disposing a film closer to a tire cavity than a carcass layer, disposing a first rubber layer closer to the tire cavity than the film so as to cover the film, and disposing ends, in the width direction, of the first rubber layer outward of ends, in the width direction, of the film, the film being formed of a thermoplastic resin or a thermoplastic elastomer composition obtained by blending a thermoplastic resin with an elastomer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a pneumatic tire having excellent durability. Provided is a pneumatic tire including a sidewall and a carcass, the sidewall being produced from a rubber composition for a sidewall which has a specific sulfur content, the carcass being produced from a carcass cord covered with a rubber composition for a carcass topping, and the sulfur contents of the rubber composition for a sidewall and the rubber composition for a carcass topping satisfying a specific relationship. Provided is a pneumatic tire including a clinch and a carcass, the clinch being produced from a rubber composition for a clinch which has a specific sulfur content, the carcass being produced from a carcass cord covered with a rubber composition for a carcass topping, and the sulfur contents of the rubber composition for a clinch and the rubber composition for a carcass topping satisfying a specific relationship.

Abstract: The present invention has an object to provide a conjugated diene-based polymer, subjected to a vulcanization treatment to make a vulcanized rubber, the vulcanized rubber useful as a material for tire treads excellent in the balance among wet skid characteristics, low hysteresis loss, abrasion resistance, breaking strength and rigidity, and to provide its manufacturing process.