Abstract: A food display cabinet having a plurality of food display zones, wherein each food display zone including a heat exchange element and is configurable to be held at the same or different temperatures, the food display cabinet having a control logic to control the temperature of each of the food display zones, the control logic configured to: receive an indicia of an item to be placed in a first food display zone, and the time in which the item is placed in the zone; identify a temperature and power profile associated with the item; vary the temperature of the first food display zone, using the heat exchange element, so that the first food display zone is at the identified temperature at the time the item is placed in the first food display zone.

Abstract: A novel food station comprises a plurality of cubbies, each cubby sized to enclose a food portion container, and an externally accessible collection hatch large enough for the food portion container to pass therethrough. A heating system can controllably heat the food portion container within a selected one of the cubbies, independently of an operation of the heating system the other cubbies. A cooling system can perform cooling within a subset of cubbies that includes at least the selected cubby. An internal transport system includes an end effector that temporarily couples to the portion container carrier of the selected cubby and controllably moves the food portion container carrier within the food station to the collection hatch. A control system includes a memory that controls the heating and controls the movement of the internal transport system.

Abstract: Systems and methods of additive manufacturing are provided, in which solid polymer material in form of strand(s) or particles is continuously received, and its surface is heated peripherally to liquefy the surface, using specified heating-related parameters which are selected to maintain a central volume of the continuously received solid polymer material in a solid state. The surface of a polymer substrate is also liquefied, and the peripherally heated surface of the continuously received solid polymer material is attached to the liquefied surface of the polymer substrate, followed by re-solidification of the liquefied surface to yield monolithic attachment of the material to the substrate. Liquefying only the surface of the material maintains some of its strength and prevents deformation upon solidification. The monolithic attachment provides uniform and controllable industrial products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an assembled material tube of hot and cold foods supplying machine, including a plurality of material tube bodies, in which penetrating feed channels are provided internally; each of the material tube bodies has a cooling channel provided with an inlet and an outlet to respectively and correspondingly input and output a working fluid through the cooling channel for performing thermal exchanges, whereby cooling occurs in segmentations for each of the feed channels; a plurality of temperature measurement units each of which is provided with a detecting end for detecting a temperature in the corresponding feed channel; and a plurality of heating units perform heating in segmentations for each of the feed channels. Accordingly, said machine can be separately used as hot food supplying machine or cold food supplying machine, so as to achieve the aim of using one machine for two purposes.

Abstract: Described herein is a liquid injector for a barrel extruder as well as methods and processes of manufacturing irradiation crosslinked polypropylene foam. In some embodiments, this includes a liquid injection barrel element that is incorporated in an extruder barrel that includes at least one injection port, a temperature sensor well, and cooling channels.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure are drawn to additive manufacturing apparatus and methods. An exemplary additive manufacturing method may include forming a part using additive manufacturing. The method may also include bringing the part to a first temperature, measuring the part along at least three axes at the first temperature, bringing the part to a second temperature, different than the first temperature, and measuring the part along the at least three axes at the second temperature. The method may further include comparing the size of the part at the first and second temperatures to calculate a coefficient of thermal expansion, generating a tool path that compensates for the coefficient of thermal expansion, bringing the part to the first temperature, and trimming the part while the part is at the first temperature using the tool path.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure are drawn to additive manufacturing apparatus and methods. An exemplary additive manufacturing method may include forming a part using additive manufacturing. The method may also include bringing the part to a first temperature, measuring the part along at least three axes at the first temperature, bringing the part to a second temperature, different than the first temperature, and measuring the part along the at least three axes at the second temperature. The method may further include comparing the size of the part at the first and second temperatures to calculate a coefficient of thermal expansion, generating a tool path that compensates for the coefficient of thermal expansion, bringing the part to the first temperature, and trimming the part while the part is at the first temperature using the tool path.

Abstract: An example apparatus may include a first plate having a first side. A first plurality of fins may be integral with the first side of the first plate and protruding perpendicularly therefrom. The first plurality of fins may be arranged in first concentric circles separated radially by a first distance. The apparatus may also include a second plate having a first side. The second plate may be rotatably coupled to the first plate. A second plurality of fins may be integral with the first side of the second plate and protruding perpendicularly therefrom. The second plurality of fins may be arranged in second concentric circles separated radially by the first distance. Each fin of the second plurality of fins may interpose between adjacent fins of the first plurality of fins to transfer heat between the second plate and the first plate.

Abstract: A continuous chemical reactor may include a primary reaction unit and at least one secondary reaction unit. The primary reaction unit has a stirring device and a first temperature regulating device, and a feed inlet provided at an upper portion thereof. The secondary reaction unit is sleeved outside the primary reaction unit, and a reaction chamber is formed therebetween. By adding reaction materials to the primary reaction unit via the feed inlet and adjusting the temperature of the reaction materials by the first temperature regulating device, the reacted materials enter the reaction chamber, and the heat generated in the reaction chamber can be used to adjust the temperature of the materials in the primary reaction unit to more effectively use the heat, and the product after reaction can be discharged from a discharge hole at the lower end of the secondary reaction unit, thereby achieving continuous production.

Abstract: A vehicle anti-fogging device is applied to a vehicle provided with an air conditioning apparatus for controlling a temperature of air blown into a vehicle interior, and includes a thermosiphon. The thermosiphon is formed separately from the air conditioning apparatus and exchanges heat with vehicle interior air to condense the vehicle interior air. The thermosiphon includes a first heat exchanger configured to radiate heat from the refrigerant to the vehicle exterior air, a second heat exchanger configured to absorb heat from the vehicle interior air into the refrigerant, and a refrigerant pipe that connects the first heat exchanger to the second heat exchanger to form a closed loop refrigerant circuit through which the refrigerant circulates.

Abstract: A temperature control device for tempering of a battery may include a cooling device configured to be flowed through by a coolant for cooling the battery, an electric heating module configured to heat the battery and a heat transmission component configured to thermally couple the cooling device and the electric heating module to the battery. The battery may be temperature-controlled. The heat transmission component may have a recess. An electric heating module may be received in the recess and may be secured to the heat transmission component via an adhesive connection. The recess may be arranged on a first side comprising one of an upper side or underside of the heat transmission component. The electric heating module may be received in the recess and may terminate flush with the first side. The cooling device may lie in a planar manner against the first side of the heat transmission component.

Abstract: A laboratory fume hood system for cooling at least one laboratory device located in an interior work area comprises a heat exchanger system having a heat exchanger in thermal communication with a primary fluid loop containing chilled fluid and a secondary fluid loop containing a cooling fluid which is in thermal communication the laboratory device. The primary fluid loop is located behind the fume hood wall and not in the interior work area.

Abstract: A cascade heat recovery system connects an evaporator from a heating unit to a recovery condenser of the cooling unit, where the recovery condenser is different from a cooling condenser of the cooling unit, and/or connects the evaporator of the heating unit to the cooling loop of the cooling unit, for example in fluid communication with the evaporator of the cooling unit. Both configurations allow the heating unit to be isolated or decoupled from the heat rejection circuit on which the cooling condenser runs. The use of either or both configurations, depending on the operating conditions, can use heat rejected by the evaporator of the cooling unit to be available to the heating unit, so as to provide lift to the heating unit and improve its operating efficiency.

Abstract: A laboratory fume hood system for cooling at least one laboratory device located in an interior work area comprises a heat exchanger system having a heat exchanger in thermal communication with a primary fluid loop containing chilled fluid and a secondary fluid loop containing a cooling fluid which is in thermal communication the laboratory device. The primary fluid loop is located behind the fume hood wall and not in the interior work area.

Abstract: A point-of-use air chiller unit for an aircraft galley cart compartment is provided comprising a generally flattened rectangular case, comprising two main surfaces having a substantially larger surface area than four remaining surfaces of the case, a condenser, a compressor, an evaporator, and an evaporator fan, wherein the condenser, compressor, and evaporator are connected in a standard refrigeration manner, and a plane parallel to the main surfaces passes through the condenser, the compressor, the evaporator, and the evaporator fan.

Abstract: A recirculating bath includes a main power input configured to receive an alternating current and a heating element that is selectively coupled to the main power input. The heating element is selectively coupled to the main power input in response to an activation signal having a duty cycle. The duty cycle of the activation signal is determined based on a voltage of the alternating current, with the duty cycle being reduced in response to an increase in the voltage of the alternating current. The heating element is thereby de-rated at higher alternating current voltages. A power unit coupled to the main power input provides direct current having a voltage independent of the alternating current voltage to portions of the recirculating bath, such as direct current motors coupled to a compressor and recirculating pump. The recirculating bath is thereby configured to operate with a range of alternating current voltages.

Abstract: A recirculating bath includes a reservoir for receiving a working liquid, a recirculating pump, and at least one thermal element. The recirculating pump and thermal element are located externally to the reservoir so that the reservoir has an unobstructed working space. The thermal element may be thermally coupled to the working liquid through an interior surface of the reservoir, or the working liquid may be circulated over the thermal element by the recirculating pump in a chamber external to the reservoir. The recirculating bath may also include a lid that provides access to the reservoir by pivoting on a latching hinge. When open, the lid may provide a working surface adjacent to the reservoir. The lid may also include a selector that unlatches the hinge so that the lid can be removed. The recirculating pump may be fluidically coupled to the reservoir via a manifold.

Abstract: An actively heated mug, travel mug, baby bottle, water bottle or liquid container is provided. The mug, travel mug, baby bottle, water bottle or liquid container can include a body that receives a liquid therein and a heating or cooling system at least partially disposed in the body. The heating or cooling system can include one or more heating or cooling elements that heat a surface of the receiving portion of the body and one or more energy storage devices. The mug, travel mug, baby bottle, water bottle or liquid container can include a wireless power receiver that wirelessly receives power from a power source and control circuitry configured to charge one or more power storage elements and to control the delivery of electricity from the one or more power storage elements to the one or more heating or cooling elements.

Abstract: A liquefier assembly for use in an additive manufacturing system, which includes a rigid member having a gap, a liquefier tube operably disposed in the gap, one or more heater assemblies disposed in the gap in contact with the liquefier tube, and configured to heat the liquefier tube in a zone-by-zone manner, preferably one or more thermal resistors disposed in the gap between the rigid member and the heater assemblies, and preferably one or more sensors configured to operably measure pressure within the liquefier tube. The one or more heater assemblies may be operated to provide dynamic heat flow control.

Abstract: A heating and cooling device for a battery may include an electrically conductive base plate for thermal coupling to the battery. The base plate may include at least one fluid path for flowing through by a coolant. The device may include a carrier plate of an electrically non-conductive material, into which at least one electric heating element may be inserted. The carrier plate may be connected electrically with the electrically conductive base plate. An electrically conductive cover plate may be connected electrically with the electric heating element. The base plate, the carrier plate and the cover plate may be stacked on one another along a stacking direction.

Abstract: A heating and cooling apparatus for a battery may include a base plate in which at least one fluid path for flowing-through of at least one of a coolant and a refrigerant is provided. At least one support part may be provided, in which in each case at least one electrical heating element is provided that is thermally coupled to the base plate. The heating and cooling apparatus may include a cover plate. The base plate, the at least one support part and the cover plate may be arranged adjacent to one another along a stack direction.

Abstract: Gas heater/cooler apparatuses and methods of manufacturing thereof are provided. A gas heater/cooler apparatus has a gas pipe configured to transport a fluid inside a heat transfer block. A fluid flow through a cooling pipe in the proximity of the gas pipe or pushed towards the gas pipe by a fan cools the fluid. An electric heater disposed inside the heat transfer block close to the gas pipe may heat the fluid flowing therein via radiated heat.

Abstract: Embodiments include a pedestal to support a workpiece during plasma processing with tunable temperature control. In one embodiment, the pedestal includes an electrostatic chuck (ESC) having a top surface over which the workpiece is to be disposed. The pedestal includes one or more heating elements disposed under the top surface of the ESC. The pedestal includes a cooling base disposed under the ESC. The pedestal includes a plurality of compartments disposed between the cooling base and the top surface of the ESC, the plurality of compartments independently controllable to different pressures. One or more controllers independently control pressure in a first of the plurality of compartments to a first pressure and in a second of the plurality of compartments to a second pressure.

Abstract: A heating system for hot water and conditioned air uses electromagnetic energy created by one or more magnetrons operated by high voltage transformers. The heating system includes oil cooled transformers and magnetrons. Using radiators in the form of heat exchangers, heat recovered from the transformers and magnetrons is dissipated directly into the path of the return air and the air handler blower. The magnetron heating system includes a coiled conduit sized to allow complete heating of the fluid flowing therethrough. The conduit has a conical shape to allow upper magnetrons to heat the outside of the conduit and lower magnetrons to heat the inside of the conduit.

Abstract: Disclosed embodiments include thermoelectric-based thermal management systems and methods configured to heat and/or cool an electrical device. Thermal management systems can include at least one electrical conductor in electrical and thermal communication with a temperature-sensitive region of the electrical device and at least one thermoelectric device in thermal communication with the at least one electrical conductor. Electric power can be directed to the thermoelectric device by the same electrical conductor or an external power supply, causing the thermoelectric device to provide controlled heating and/or cooling to the electrical device via the at least one electrical conductor.

Abstract: This disclosure presents the use of electrons as the ‘working fluid’ in conjunction with a solid nanomaterial that hinders electron coupling to the atomic lattice of the nanomaterial, i.e., they are out of equilibrium. The electrons can achieve very high effective temperatures with minimal heating of the solid lattice. These ‘hot’ electrons emit from the absorbing material, carrying both the light energy and energy acquired from the atomic lattice. Thus, the operation of this disclosure includes shining light on an object to make the object cool instead of heat. It is envisioned that one of ordinary skill in the art would find the operation quite counter-intuitive.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for enhancing the transfer of heat in a fluid within a reservoir. The interposition of heat exchangers between a primary heating arrangement and an auxiliary heating arrangement results in greater utilization efficiency in heat transfer to the fluid within the container. A predetermined arrangement of heat exchangers within the reservoir containing the same is also disclosed.

Abstract: A cooling and holding device for heating-elements, more particularly PTC heating-elements, including a flat housing having at least one heating shaft in which there is at least one heating-element, wherein the heating shaft has opposing shaft walls between which the heating-element is clamped, and at least one side slit that separates the shaft walls such that the distance between the shaft walls can be varied for installation of the heating-element, wherein at least one clamping section outwardly protruding from the flat housing, grips the flat housing, spanning the side slit, and is elastically deformed in the mounted state of the heating-element so as to provide a pressing force of the shaft walls on the heating-element in the assembled state.

Abstract: A cooling and retaining body for holding heating elements, in particular PTC heating elements, having a heating-element holder, in which the heating elements are mounted. The heating element holder has a plurality of circumferentially distributed accommodating regions, in each of which at least one heating element is arranged, wherein the accommodating regions are formed between an outer part and an inner part, which is arranged in the outer part, and at least the outer part has a polygonal profile with a number of corners connected by sides, wherein the accommodating regions are arranged in the corners of the polygonal profile, and the sides of the polygonal profile are deformed elastically in order to generate a clamping force which acts on the respective heating elements.

Abstract: A heating/cooling plate device for heating and/or cooling an object through a range of operating temperatures extending both above and below ambient. The device having a heating element to heat the plate, and a vapor compression refrigeration system through which refrigerant flows to cool the plate. Greater control of the heating and cooling of the plate is achieved by positioning the heater element substantially at the exit of an expansion valve of the evaporation compression system as this provides thermal energy to the refrigerant as it enters the evaporator.

Abstract: A plasma processing apparatus and method to control a temperature of a chamber component therein are described. A process chamber may include a temperature controlled chamber component and at least one remote heat transfer fluid loop comprising a first heat exchanger having a primary side in fluid communication with a heat sink or heat source, and a local heat transfer fluid loop placing the chamber component in fluid communication with a secondary side of the first heat exchanger. The local loop may be of significantly smaller fluid volume than the remote loop(s) and circulated to provide thermal load of uniform temperature. Temperature control of heat transfer fluid in the local loop and temperature control of the chamber component may be implemented with a cascaded control algorithm. The plasma processing apparatus further includes an AC heated electrostatic chuck (ESC) assembly.

Abstract: An assembly for mounting a replacement heater with an air conditioner unit. The assembly includes a base member that defines an opening and is mounted on the floor. The assembly further includes a telescoping member that extends out of the opening over a range of positions so that replacement heaters of different sizes can be positioned and maintain proximate the air conditioner unit.

Abstract: A heat pump system for use in a vehicle having a passenger compartment, and a thermal storage medium is provided. A method for providing heat to a vehicle passenger compartment is also provided. The vehicle may have an electric only vehicle mode wherein the vehicle may occupy one of an active electric drive state and an inactive state. The heat pump system may include a thermal storage medium configured to store heat produced during the inactive state. The thermal storage medium may be a device which has a thermal capacity exchangeable with a fluid medium such as an Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS) or a phase change material. The heat stored by the thermal storage medium during the vehicle charge event may be transmitted from the thermal storage medium to the passenger compartment via the heat pump system during the active electric drive state.

Abstract: An actively heated mug or travel mug is provided. The mug or travel mug can include a body that receives a liquid therein and a heating system at least partially disposed in the body. The heating system can include one or more heating elements that heat a surface of the receiving portion of the body and one or more energy storage devices. The mug or travel mug can include a wireless power receiver that wirelessly receives power from a power source and control circuitry configured to charge one or more power storage elements and to control the delivery of electricity from the one or more power storage elements to the one or more heating elements. The mug or travel mug also can have one or more sensors that sense a parameter of the liquid or sense a parameter of the heating system and communicates the sensed information to the control circuitry.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a cassette module for a HVAC system of a machine. The cassette module includes an outer case having a first side and a second side. The outer case includes a first flange disposed at the first side and a second flange disposed at the second flange such that the first flange is adapted to couple to a first HVAC duct and the second flange is adapted to couple to a second HVAC duct. The module also includes an evaporator assembly including at least one flange for coupling to the outer case. The evaporator assembly is at least partially enclosed by the outer case. A heater assembly also includes at least one flange for coupling to the outer case. The heater assembly is disposed adjacent to the evaporator assembly and is at least partially enclosed by the outer case.

Abstract: A cooling apparatus 1 cools a casting mold K with a refrigerant circulating in a refrigerant passage pipe 2 and comprises an expansion tank 3 for pressurizing the refrigerant to a pressure at which the refrigerant has a set boiling temperature T0 at which the refrigerant boils, a mold cooling section 4 inside the casting mold K for cooling the casting mold K through vaporization heat of the refrigerant boiling, an orifice portion 5 that is formed upstream of the mold cooling section 4, a pump 6 that is attached downstream of the expansion tank 3 and upstream of the orifice portion and pumps out the refrigerant pressurized by the pressurizing unit to the orifice portion, and a heating device 7 attached downstream of the pump 6 and upstream of the orifice portion 5 for heating the refrigerant to a temperature T2 close to the set boiling temperature T0.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for regulating temperature of an electronic component, the system comprising: a local heater for heating the electronic component; a heat pipe for cooling the electronic component; and a heat sink for dissipating heat from the heat pipe; wherein the electronic component is adhered to an end of the heat pipe, and the heat sink is adhered to another end of the heat pipe. The invention also relates to a method for regulating temperature of an electronic component by the system.

Abstract: A temperature control system, a wafer chuck, a thermal module for use with the chuck, and an apparatus for use in semiconductor manufacture are disclosed herein. The temperature control system includes: a target having a temperature, a fluid circulation loop coupled to the target for controlling the temperature of the target, a heating heat exchanger coupled to the fluid circulation loop for selectively providing heat to the fluid circulation loop, a cooling heat exchanger coupled to the fluid circulation loop for selectively providing cooling to the fluid circulation loop and a plurality of thermal electric elements carried by the target for selectively providing heating or cooling to the target. The heating heat exchanger and cooling heat exchanger provide gross control of the temperature of the target, and the plurality of thermal electric elements provide fine control of the temperature of the target.

Abstract: Thermally convertible food presentation modules are described. A single module may be used for both heating and refrigeration of foodstuffs as desired at any given time. Any well of a module may be switched between heating and cooling of food regardless of the status of any other well of the module.

Abstract: In certain embodiments, a system for killing pests in an affected area includes a heat exchanger unit and an electric heater. The heat exchanger unit is placed within the affected area and is coupled to a faucet. The heat exchanger unit is configured to receive a flow of water from the faucet and to emit heated air by transferring heat from the flow of water to air flowing through the heat exchanger unit. The electric heater further heats the air emitted by the heat exchanger unit to a target temperature greater than 120 degrees Fahrenheit.

Abstract: Heat exchange devices, including aseptic cooler devices, and systems including same are provided. Methods of using heat exchange device are also provided. In a general embodiment, the present disclosure provides heat exchangers having an open chamber configuration and including a first section containing a cooling or heating media and a second section containing a food product. The first section includes a level detecting device that is configured to maintain a level of cooling or heating media in the first section, while preventing the cooling or heating media from pressurizing the first section. The open chamber configuration provides an air break at a top portion of the first section that ensures that the cooling or heating media entering the first section is at, or close to, atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: In a heat treatment apparatus, crystallization can be performed at a relatively low temperature, thereby limiting size of a crystal grain diameter even when a long period of time such as several dozen hours is taken. The heat treatment apparatus is provided with a first temperature mechanism having a heater heating a base material on the back side of the base material as well as a mechanism cooling the front surface of the base material by using coolant on the front surface side of the base material, a second temperature mechanism heating the front surface side of the base material by using any of atmospheric plasma unit, laser and a flash lamp, a third temperature mechanism having a heater heating the base material from the front surface side of the base material, in which the first to third temperature mechanisms are sequentially arranged in this order, and a movement mechanism relatively moves the first to third temperature mechanisms.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a liquid heater for rapidly heating a liquid without overheating the liquid. The liquid heater comprises a liquid flow channel having a passage through which liquid flows, a heating part disposed outside the liquid flow channel, a heat reflecting part facing a heat radiating side of the heating part, and a cooling part through which a cooling medium flows adjacent a reverse side of a reflecting surface of the heat reflecting part for cooling the heat reflecting part. Radiant heat not absorbed in the liquid is reflected by the heat reflecting part. The heat reflecting part reflects radiant heat cooled by the cooling part so that the body of the liquid heater and peripheral members are maintained at a temperature not higher than a predetermined temperature to prevent overheating the liquid.

Abstract: A container protector, which is capable of heating or cooling a liquid within the container. The heating or cooling is achieved using a heating jacket or a cooling packet which is present or placed within the container protector. Heat transfer from the heating jacket or cooling packet may be improved by use of an agitator which is present within the container. The agitator may be turned by a magnetic coupling. Power to operate the heating jacket or the agitator is supplied by a battery which is internal to the container protector, and additional power may be supplied through the battery using an external power feed such as a USB type connection.

Abstract: An improved cooling and/or heating system for a beverage container, a method of manufacturing the container sleeve, and a method of using the container sleeve are disclosed herein. The improved sleeve is configured to cover a beverage container and actively cool and/or heat the container while helping to maintain the temperature of the beverage once it is cooled or heated. The cover includes a flexible insulating material with a cooling and/or heating device positioned on the inner surface.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a heating assembly using a heat exchange device to cool a plurality of heating element. The heating assembly includes a plurality of heating elements, a cooling element having one or more cooling channels for receiving cooling fluid therein, and a heat exchange device disposed between the plurality of heating elements and the cooling element. The heat exchange device comprises a hot interface disposed adjacent to and in thermal contact with the plurality of heating elements and a cold interface disposed adjacent to and in thermal contact with the cooling element.

Abstract: A heating device includes a base plate and a face plate that is provided above the base plate and on which a wafer is placed. The face plate includes an aluminum substrate, a film heater that is provided to the aluminum substrate and heats the wafer, and a gap ball that is disposed on the aluminum substrate and interposed between the aluminum substrate and the wafer. The aluminum substrate is provided with a second attachment hole into which the gap ball is press-fitted. The gap ball is held only by an inner wall of the second attachment hole by being press-fitted.

Abstract: An actively heated mug or travel mug is provided. The mug or travel mug can include a body that receives a liquid therein and a heating system at least partially disposed in the body. The heating system can include one or more heating elements that heat a surface of the receiving portion of the body and one or more energy storage devices. The mug or travel mug can include a wireless power receiver that wirelessly receives power from a power source and control circuitry configured to charge one or more power storage elements and to control the delivery of electricity from the one or more power storage elements to the one or more heating elements. The mug or travel mug also can have one or more sensors that sense a parameter of the liquid or sense a parameter of the heating system and communicates the sensed information to the control circuitry.

Abstract: Provided is a method for fabricating an array substrate. The method for fabricating the array substrate includes forming a semiconductor layer on a substrate, forming a gate electrode which is insulated from the semiconductor layer, forming source and drain electrodes which are insulated from the gate electrode and connected to the semiconductor layer, and forming a pixel electrode connected to the drain electrode. Here, at least one of the forming of the gate electrode, the forming of the source and drain electrodes, and the forming of the pixel electrode includes forming a conductive layer on the substrate, cooling the substrate on which the conductive layer is formed to a temperature of no greater than about 0° C., heating the cooled substrate, and patterning the conductive layer.

Abstract: A silicon-based thermal energy transfer apparatus that aids dissipation of thermal energy from a heat-generating device is described. In one aspect, the apparatus comprises a silicon-based cooling device configured to receive the heat-generating device and at least one heating element disposed on the silicon-based cooling device. The at least one heating element is configured to maintain a temperature of at least a first region of the silicon-based cooling device in a predetermined condition when the heat-generating device is deactivated.