Abstract: A coupling element connectable to a string of one or more pipes, for example, a drill string of one or more pipes or drill pipes is provided. The coupling element is configured to excite, responsive to a data signal fed to the coupling element, an electromagnetic wave in the string. The coupling element comprises a feed portion at a first end of the coupling element, the feed portion to receive the data signal, a first electrically conductive portion extending from the feed portion towards a second end of the coupling element, the second end to be connected to the string for forming an electrically conductive connection between the first electrically conductive portion and the string, and a second electrically conductive portion extending from the feed portion towards the second end of the coupling element. The first and second electrically conductive portions are arranged so as to define a waveguide. The waveguide expands in a direction from the first end towards the second end.

Abstract: An example system includes a laser tool configured for downhole movement. The laser tool includes an optical assembly configured to shape a laser beam for output. The laser beam may have an optical power of at least one kilowatt (1 kW). A housing contains the optical assembly. The housing is configured for movement to direct the output laser beam within a wellbore. The movement includes rotation of the laser tool around a longitudinal axis of the housing and tilting the housing relative to a longitudinal axis of the wellbore. A control system is configured to control at least one of the movement of the housing or an operation of the optical assembly to direct the output laser beam within the wellbore.

Abstract: Wireless multi-stage completions for providing power to and telemetry communication with downhole device(s) are provided. A power generation system can be disposed along a production string to power downhole devices. The power generation system can be driven by annulus fluid flow or production fluid flow and converts the fluid flow to electrical energy. The power generation system can be retrievably disposed in a side pocket mandrel.

Abstract: An electrical submersible pump assembly has a motor lead extending alongside the pump housing to the motor for supplying electrical power to the motor. At least one standoff wedges between the pump housing and the motor lead. The standoff has a channel in which the motor lead is received. The standoff has legs extending inward from the channel into contact with the pump housing. The legs space the channel of the standoff from the pump housing by a gap to enable well fluid flow between the motor lead and the pump housing.

Abstract: A cable head can include an upper connector configured to connect the cable head to a wireline, a lower connector configured to connect the cable head to a well tool, and a weak link configured to transmit tensile force between the upper and lower connectors. The weak link can include a shock absorber connected in series with a weak point. A method of connecting a wireline to a well tool can include securing the wireline to an upper end of a weak link, and securing the well tool to a lower end of the weak link. The weak link includes a wire rope, and end links secured at respective opposite ends of the wire rope. One end link includes a weak point. A weak link for use with a cable head can include a weak point and a shock absorber connected in series with the weak point.

Abstract: Systems and methods for installing and removing a downhole electric tool in a well, independent of an upper completion in the well. A connector on the interior of a tubular structure (e.g., production tubing or casing) serves as an electrical socket for the tool. This connector is coupled to electrical cables which run from the connector to the surface. The tool, which is raised and lowered on a wireline, slick line or coiled tubing, is plugged into this connector so the tool can be pulled from the socket using the wireline/slick line/coiled tubing and removed from the well without having to remove the tubular structure or other parts of the completion. A replacement tool can then be lowered into the tubular structure and, when the tool lands on the connector, it engages the connector and couples the tool through the cabling to the surface equipment.

Abstract: A method includes running a lock mandrel into a subterranean wellbore, setting the lock mandrel in a landing nipple located at a specified depth in the subterranean wellbore, acquiring data within a control unit, the data including information regarding a position of the lock mandrel in the landing nipple, transmitting the data in real time from the control unit to a surface of the wellbore, and determining a position of the lock mandrel in the landing nipple based on the transmitted data. An apparatus includes a landing nipple having an internal locking profile, a lock mandrel having an external locking profile configured to engage the internal locking profile of the landing nipple, a sensor coupled to the landing nipple, and a control unit coupled to the landing nipple and configured to receive data from the sensor and transmit the received data to a surface of the wellbore in real time.

Abstract: A guide device for a tool string to guide the tool string down a wellbore, the guide device comprising: a coupling to connect the guide device to an end of a tool string, a mandrel and a tip at a leading end of the mandrel, a centralising device supported by the mandrel, and a joint (a flexible joint or articulation joint) between the mandrel and the coupling allowing angular displacement of the mandrel relative to the tool string so that the tip can displace from a longitudinal axis of the tool string.

Abstract: A downhole power generating apparatus comprising a low pressure chamber, a floating piston, a high pressure chamber, a first flow through path, a second flow through path, and a turbine. The low pressure chamber includes an inlet and an outlet for cycling tubing fluid. The floating piston separates the low pressure chamber into an upper and lower section. The floating piston is cyclically responsive to a cycle of tubing fluid and another cycle of tubing fluid. The first flow through path couples a fluid from the lower section of the low pressure chamber to the high pressure chamber in response to a cyclical response of the floating piston. The second flow through path couples the fluid from the high pressure chamber to the lower section in response to another cyclical response of the floating piston.

Abstract: Electrically insulated connector bands for Downhole Electrical Disconnect Tools provide power and/or data communication downhole are made from metal having sufficient strength and corrosion resistance to eliminate the need of any vacuum and sealed pressure compensation assembly while being exposed to wellbore fluids. The electrical insulation is achieved by having portions of the connector bands coated with electrically insulating material. An uncoated section of each connector band will provide the electrical path between the male and female mandrels.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system for supplying heat by means of stratum coal in-place slurrying and a method for supplying power generation heat by means of stratum coal in-place slurrying, belonging to the technical field of ground-source well heat exchange. The system comprises a stratum coal slurrying device, a mid-deep well casing device and a heat exchange device. The stratum coal slurrying device comprises a water inlet pump and a coal slurry pump, which are connected to a directional slurry preparing drill through pipelines, respectively. The mid-deep well casing device comprises a vertically buried pipe, and a heat-insulating inner pipe that is coaxial with the vertically buried pipe and inserted into the vertically buried pipe. A microporous pipe assembly is arranged on the bottom of the heat-insulating inner pipe.

Abstract: A system includes a gas turbine operational at a constant rated rotational speed, a speed sensor to measure an actual speed of the gas turbine, a turbine controller to control the gas turbine to the constant rated rotational speed, and a generator coupled with the gas turbine and rotatable to output electric power. The system also includes a DC to DC converter to output a load current on a load bus to supply a load. The DC to DC converter is supplied input electric power from the generator. The system also includes an energy storage device cooperative operable with the DC to DC converter to supply power on the load bus, and a controller to receive the actual speed and adjust an output electrical current set point of the DC to DC converter to compensate for deviation of the actual speed from the constant rated speed of the gas turbine.

Abstract: This application relates to systems and methods for stimulating hydrocarbon bearing formations using a hybrid downhole tool that uses a high power laser and chemicals.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a production tubing for carrying fluids from a producing zone to a surface, and a three-way valve coupled to the production tubing, the three-way valve including an inlet from the production tubing, an outlet to the production tubing, and an inlet from the borehole surrounding the three-way valve. The apparatus further includes a resonant tube densitometer disposed in the outlet to the production tubing, the resonant tube densitometer configured to measure the density of the fluids. A flow meter is disposed in the outlet to the production tubing, the flow meter configured to measure volumetric flow of the fluids.

Abstract: A downhole tool for connecting with a conveyance line. The downhole tool may include a body configured to receive the line and a fluid seal operable to seal against the line when the downhole tool is connected with the line to inhibit wellbore fluid from entering the body when the downhole tool is conveyed within a wellbore via the line. The downhole tool may include a fluid seal slidably disposed within the body and operable to seal against an inner surface of the body to inhibit wellbore fluid from entering the body when the downhole tool is conveyed within the wellbore. The body may include a first body and a second body connected together, wherein the first body is operable to move with respect to the second body when a predetermined tension is applied to the line from the wellsite surface to cause the downhole tool to release the line.

Abstract: A sensor module can be used to make measurements during a single trip into and out of a wellbore in connection with a cement operation. The sensor module can include a detachment mechanism to detachably couple to a cement dart. The sensor module can also include a sensor to make measurements in a run-in-hole configuration prior to detaching from the cement dart and in a come-out-of-hole configuration subsequent to detaching from the cement dart in a wellbore. The sensor module can also include a transceiver to transmit the measurements to a processing device via a communication medium and to receive commands from the processing device via the communication medium.

Abstract: Restriction systems are methods of tracking downhole devices as they are displaced in tubulars are provided. An example restriction system comprises a tubular comprising at least one series of restrictions disposed on an interior surface of the interior of the tubular; a pressure sensor configured to measure the tubular pressure; and a downhole device capable of traversing the series of restrictions. An example method comprises providing a tubular comprising at least one series of restrictions disposed on an interior surface of the interior of the tubular, and a pressure sensor disposed on an interior surface of the interior of the tubular. The example method further comprises introducing a downhole device into the tubular and measuring the pressure within the tubular as the downhole device traverses the at least one series of restrictions.

Abstract: An electric submersible pump (ESP) gas separator is described. An ESP gas separator includes a propeller upstream of a fluid entrance to a crossover, the crossover including a production pathway and a vent pathway, and the propeller including a plurality of blades comprising washout twist, wherein gas rich fluid of multi-phase fluid traveling through the gas separator flows through the propeller and into the vent pathway, and gas poor fluid of the multi-phase fluid flows around the propeller and then through the production pathway. An ESP assembly includes a gas separator between a centrifugal pump and an induction motor, the gas separator serving as an intake for fluid into the centrifugal pump and including a propeller in a separation chamber, the propeller comprising a plurality of blades, each blade having a pitch that increases in coarseness from a hub towards a shroud of the propeller.

Abstract: A method of managing a fluid flow within a conduit includes determining a presence of a flow blockage within the conduit, the conduit being equipped with an adjustable compactor, controlling an electric actuator to flow a current to the adjustable compactor to generate an electric field at the adjustable compactor, extending the adjustable compactor radially inward from a reference configuration under a force of the electric field, compacting the flow blockage radially along a length of the adjustable compactor to create a channel adjacent the flow blockage, and returning the adjustable compactor to the reference configuration to expose the channel and open the conduit to fluid flow.

Abstract: A wet-mateable coupling member for making an electrical connection having: a body having a cavity wall which defines an internal cavity, and a hollow sleeve located inside the internal cavity. The sleeve is arranged in the internal cavity to define: an outer chamber between the sleeve and the cavity wall. The sleeve defines an inner chamber inside the sleeve. The sleeve has an electrically-insulating layer and an electrically-conductive layer. The electrically-conductive layer defines an outer surface of the sleeve in the outer chamber and has a semi-conductive layer, the semi-conductive layer being a conductive elastomer. An electrical contact is adapted to be housed inside the inner chamber and configured for making the electrical connection.

Abstract: A downhole tool includes a hydraulically operated actuation device to actuate the downhole tool and a control system that regulates flow of hydraulic fluid to the actuation device. The control system includes a pilot module and a power module. The power module has a first solenoid valve and a second solenoid valve fluidly coupled to a pressure source and a fluid return. The power module is fluidly coupled to the actuation device at an output line and a power line. A first power module check valve is arranged in the power line, a second power module check valve is arranged in a control pressure return line fluidly coupled to the fluid return, a first input communicates with the first solenoid valve, and a second input communicates with the second solenoid valve. A pilot-operated check valve is actuatable in response to a pilot signal to drain hydraulic fluid from the power module.

Abstract: An operating system for a barrier valve or safety valve is responsive to increments in annulus or tubing pressure. An indexing device controls valves that selectively direct pressure applied to one side of an operating piston or the other for attaining the open and closed positions of the barrier valve. One such indexing device can be a j-slot. Other devices that operate a pair of hydraulic valves in tandem for pressure direction to one side of an actuation piston or another are contemplated. The system needs no electric power and there are no control lines needed to run below the production packer in the case of using annulus pressure to actuate the piston or at all if access to tubing pressure is provided from the vicinity of the barrier valve components.

Abstract: A flow diversion valve comprising: a valve body including an upper housing releasably connected to a lower housing, the upper housing and lower housing being configured to receive a rotating rod therethrough; a shuttle positioned within the valve body, the shuttle being configured to move to cover one or more spill ports of the valve body; and a releasable locking member, wherein the releasable locking member is releasably connected to the valve body and positioned between the upper housing and the lower housing to assist in preventing relative movement therebetween.

Abstract: A method for operating in a borehole comprises disposing in a downhole environment an article comprising a bismaleimide composite which comprises a polybismaleimide and a disintegrating agent; exposing the article to an aqueous fluid at a temperature of about 25° C. to about 300° C.; and disintegrating the article.

Abstract: A quick connect system for connecting a first downhole tool to a second downhole tool, the quick connect system including a quick connect device configured to be mechanically attached to the first downhole tool; and a top sub configured to be mechanically attached to the quick connect device and also to the second downhole tool. The top sub has a first bulkhead element that prevents a high pressure gas from the second downhole tool to damage the quick connect device.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for horizontal drilling under a body of water or other obstacle impassable by foot is disclosed. The apparatus includes a locator box, a horizontal drill rig with a drill head, a transmitter operably coupled to the drill head, a suspension assembly extending over the obstacle above a bore hole line, and a remote control device paired with the locator box capable of wirelessly sending instructions and wirelessly receiving data from the locator box. The locator box is operably coupled to the suspension assembly that allows it to be positioned at any point along the suspension assembly. In the present method, the locator box follows along the drilling path, roughly at the level of the drill head, in order to accurately read information about the position, pitch, and temperature of the drill head, without requiring an operator to follow the path.

Abstract: An apparatus for delivering tools within a drill string may include an instrument line including a mechanically resistant external structure with an internal cavity. The instrument line may be configured to be deployed into the drill string. The apparatus may include one or more isolated wires positioned within the internal cavity. The apparatus may also include one or more tools removably coupled to the instrument line and positionable within the drill string. The one or more tools may be configured to provide measurements of conditions within a wellbore via the one or more isolated wires.

Abstract: An apparatus for delivering tools within a drill string may include an instrument line including a mechanically resistant external structure with an internal cavity. The instrument line may be configured to be deployed into the drill string. The apparatus may include one or more isolated wires positioned within the internal cavity. The apparatus may also include one or more tools removably coupled to the instrument line and positionable within the drill string. The one or more tools may be configured to provide measurements of conditions within a wellbore via the one or more isolated wires.

Abstract: This invention relates to a dump bailer (1) for insertion into a well (20) in the ground. The dump bailer (1) includes a receptacle (2) which communicates with surroundings through an inlet (4) and an outlet (6), and a pump (10) positioned in a flow path (7) between the inlet (4) and the outlet (6). The pump (10) is positioned at the outlet (6), and the pump (10) during transport of the dump bailer (1) in the well (20) constitutes a sealed barrier for the carried material (18) in the receptacle (2). A method for use of the dump bailer (1) is also described.

Abstract: Included are systems, apparatuses, and methods for operation of an electronic inflow control device without electrical connections. An example of a well system comprises an electric control line and an electronic inflow control device. The electric control line comprises at least one primary winding. The electronic inflow control device comprises a secondary winding inductively coupled to the primary winding; a flow regulator in fluidic communication with an inlet of the electronic inflow control device and adjustable to provide a flow resistance to a fluid flowing through the electronic inflow control device and a controller configured to actuate the flow regulator to change the flow resistance through the electronic inflow control device.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a system and method for treating a casing-casing annulus (CCA) of a wellbore using galvanic deposition. A galvanic deposition system includes a first casing, a second casing, an anode, a brine, and a power source. The first casing includes a first conductive material. The second casing includes a second conductive material. The first casing has an inner diameter greater than an outer diameter of the second casing forming the CCA. The anode includes an anodic material. The brine is fluidly contacting an interior surface of the first casing, an exterior surface of the second casing, and the anode. The power source is electrically connecting the anode and at least one of the first casing and the second casing. The at least one of the first casing and the second casing is operable as a cathode.

Abstract: An adapter for a wired drill pipe joint includes an annular adapter body having a first end and a second end, an annular recess extending partially into the first end of the adapter body, a communication element disposed at least partially within the annular recess, wherein the second end of the adapter body is configured to releasably couple to an end portion of a first wired drill pipe joint, wherein the annular adapter body includes an arcuate key that is configured to restrict relative rotation of the adapter body with respect to the first wired drill pipe joint, wherein the annular adapter body and the communication element form a shoulder configured for engagement with a corresponding shoulder of a second wired drill pipe joint to form a rotary shouldered threaded connection between the first wired drill pipe joint and the second wired drill pipe joint.

Abstract: A method is provided for treating contaminated vapors in an area below a slab of a building such that the slab is located above a first layer of gravel and a second layer of soil. The method includes providing an ozone unit, a riser pipe, and tubing. An area below the slab where contaminated vapors need treated is first detected and then a hole is formed in the slab to define an injection location. The method also includes positioning the riser pipe in the hole at the injection location and coupling the tubing between the ozone unit and the riser pipe. The method further includes dispensing ozone from the ozone unit to flow through the tubing and the riser pipe to treat contaminated vapors in the area below the slab.

Abstract: A drilling assembly for use in drilling of a wellbore is disclosed that in one non-limiting embodiment includes a device that detects a flow-off state, a power generator that generates electrical energy in response to a fluid flowing through the drilling assembly during the flow-off state, and a circuit that utilizes such power to perform one or more selected operations in response to the detection of the flow-off state, including, but not limited to, storing data in a memory; shutting certain devices in the drilling assembly and parking a device in a desired position.

Abstract: A rotating control device includes a housing comprising a bore extending through the housing, a rotating body positioned within the bore of the housing and rotatable with respect to the housing and a packer assembly positioned within the bore of the housing between the housing and the rotating body and configured to form a seal between the housing and the rotating body. The device further includes a transmitter configured to transmit a sensor signal through the packer assembly and a receiver configured to receive the sensor signal from the transmitter through the packer assembly.

Abstract: An electrical interconnect system which allows electrical service to be provided to an ESP suspended on coiled tubing without exiting the wellhead at the top of the well head structure, with three aligned plugs into which is inserted an exterior plug providing each leg of the electrical service to the ESP within the well.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for laying underground cables or underground lines in the ground near the surface, in a borehole (102) along a laying route (101) between a start point (100) and a target point (110), comprising a boring device (10) comprising an advancing head (12) for creating the borehole (102), a drilling rod (11) and/or a casing (14), wherein the diameter of the advancing head (12) is greater than the diameter of the casing (14) or of the drilling rod (11), so that an annular space (121) is formed between the borehole wall (102) and the casing (14) or the drilling rod (11) and the annular space (121) is provided with lubrication and wherein the advancing head (12) relates to a displacement drilling head (15, 16, 41) or a drilling head system (18) comprising a drilling tool (19) and a drilling tool drive (22) for loosening the ground.

Abstract: A system including a tool drill string having a downhole device. The system includes at least one external contact configured to be electrically coupled to the downhole device to communicate with the downhole device, one or more insulators that electrically insulate the at least one external contact from other parts of the system, and one or more seals situated between the one or more insulators and the at least one external contact to pressure seal the system from external fluids.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods pertaining to a moveable well construction apparatus to be electrically energized via an electrical power transmission path extending between a stationary power source and the moveable well construction apparatus. The path comprises cables and connectors. A system comprises a detector operable for generating information indicative of whether the path is properly installed. The system permits the path to be electrically energized when the detector-generated information indicates the path is properly installed, and prevents the path from being electrically energized when the detector-generated information indicates the path is not properly installed.

Abstract: A subsea production system and method for installing the same are provided. The subsea production system includes a high pressure subsea wellhead, a tubing hanger landed proximate the wellhead, a production tree disposed above the wellhead downstream of the tubing hanger, a riser, a subsea flowline system coupled between the production tree and the riser, at least one barrier located downstream of the tubing hanger, and a secondary barrier valve disposed within the tubing hanger or in line with and upstream of the tubing hanger. The at least one barrier provides a pressure barrier that controls pressure of fluid flowing from components of the subsea production system located upstream of the barrier to components of the subsea production system located downstream of the barrier, and the secondary barrier valve is remotely actuable between a closed position and an open position.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and system for providing on-site electrical power to a fracturing operation, and an electrically powered fracturing system. Natural gas can be used to drive a turbine generator in the production of electrical power. A scalable, electrically powered fracturing fleet is provided to pump fluids for the fracturing operation, obviating the need for a constant supply of diesel fuel to the site and reducing the site footprint and infrastructure required for the fracturing operation, when compared with conventional systems. The treatment fluid can comprise a water-based fracturing fluid or a waterless liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fracturing fluid.

Abstract: According to an aspect a bulkhead assembly is provided having particular application with a downhole tool, in particular for oil well drilling applications. The bulkhead assembly includes a bulkhead body and an electrical contact component disposed within the bulkhead body, wherein at least a portion of the electrical contact component is configured to pivot about its own axis, without compromising its ability to provide a pressure and fluid barrier. In an embodiment, a ground apparatus is provided to provide an electrical connection for at least one ground wire. The ground apparatus may be positionable on the bulkhead body of the bulkhead assembly. In an aspect, a downhole tool including the bulkhead assembly and ground apparatus is also generally described.

Abstract: An adaptor for cooling a mobile device, including a fan, an air socket, a first connector connecting the adaptor to a mobile device, a second connector connecting the adaptor to a power source, and a cable connecting the fan to the connector.

Abstract: High temperature miniature mobile device includes a power generator including a first material of one polarity and a second material that is fixed in position and is of opposite polarity of the first material, wherein the first material is propelled towards or slid against the second material based on motion of the miniature mobile device so that the two materials have a maximized point of contact to generate maximum power, an electrode that is connected to the first material or second material, a bridge rectifier connected to the electrode to transform the power generated into direct current from alternating current, a storage unit for storing the power generated by the power generator, a sensor that gathers information concerning a downhole environment, and a microcontroller and transceiver unit to manage the power generated by the power generator and transmit information gathered by the sensor.

Abstract: A method, system and apparatus for producing hydrocarbons from a low permeability reservoir formation. A wellbore with a plurality of fractures designated as one of a first or a second set of fractures is provided. A first fluid conduit is formed by an annulus between an outer casing of a tubular and an inner tubular member, and is arranged to transport produced hydrocarbons. An interior of the inner tubular member forms a second fluid conduit which is arranged to transport an injection fluid. A set of first openings is provided in fluid connection with the first fluid conduit, each first opening being located to substantially align with one of a first set of fractures. A set of second openings is provided in fluid connection with the second fluid conduit, each second opening being located to substantially align with one of a second set of fractures.

Abstract: Methods, techniques, and systems for transmitting a data frame of an electromagnetic (EM) telemetry signal to or from a downhole location can be performed using multi-channel transmissions in which at least two different channels at two different frequencies are used to send a long header and the data frame. At least a portion of the long header is transmitted at a first frequency, and at least a portion of the data frame and any remaining portion of the long header not transmitted at the first frequency are transmitted at one or more additional frequencies different from each other and the first frequency. In one example, only two channels are used: one channel is used to transmit all of the long header, another channel is used to transmit all of the data frame, and either of the channels is used to transmit an identifier identifying the type of the data frame.

Abstract: It is aimed to provide an exterior wiring harness which can be routed in a flat space formed between a plurality of electrical members. An exterior wiring harness (10) includes a plurality of wires (11) and an exterior body (12) formed by surrounding outer peripheries of the plurality of wires (11) by a sheet (13) made of fibrous synthetic resin. The exterior body (12) includes a flat portion (15) having a flat cross-sectional shape and other parts (14) connected to the flat portion (15) and different from the flat portion. A length (L1) of the flat portion (15) in a minor axis direction is set to be smaller than a width of a clearance formed between a plurality of electrical members. A maximum value (L3) of the other parts (14) in the minor axis direction of the flat portion is set to be larger than the width of the clearance.

Abstract: A method for determining cable connections identifies a plurality of cables connected to a link included in a first device. The method identifies a first cable connected to the link included in the first device. The method determines that a second cable connected to is connected to a link included in a second device The method further determines that only one of an inbound and an outbound channel of a signaling lane included in the first cable is operable. The method utilizes a second cable to perform one of disabling signal transmission or detecting loss of signal on the operable channel. The method enables and disables signal transmission on the operable channel to determine that the first cable is connected to the link included in the remote device.

Abstract: Auxiliary conduits that run through a packer body or seal are equipped with thermally responsive valve members that with a time exposure close off the conduits to create zonal isolation across one or more packers after a gravel pack. The heat source can also be added to the well fluids to control the speed of the process either in the form of heaters or reactive chemicals that create an exothermic reaction. The valve material can be shape memory polymer.

Abstract: A downhole assembly including a turbine to be disposed within a wellbore and a rotating array. The rotating array includes magnetic material and is coupled to the turbine. The downhole assembly also includes a magnetostrictive material coupled to the rotating array to strain the magnetostrictive material to induce an electric current in a conductor coupled to the magnetostrictive material.