Abstract: [Task] To provide a crude treatment system which treats crude containing a comparatively large content of nickel, vanadium, or carbon residue so as to supply a raw material to a downstream catalytic cracking process. [Means for Resolution] A primary distillation tower 11 fractionates first crude into a residue fraction partly used as raw oil of a catalytic cracking process and other fractions. A secondary distillation tower 21 fractionates second crude containing a larger content of a catalytic poison with respect to catalysts used in the catalytic cracking process than the first crude into a light fraction included in a distillation temperature range of the other fractions and a heavy fraction as a rest thereof. A light fraction supply line supplies the light fraction to the primary distillation tower 11 so as to be treated in the primary distillation tower 11.

Abstract: Methods, systems and other embodiments associated with upgrading heavy oil with modular units are presented. A method of upgrading heavy oil with modular units comprises connecting modular units together to create a heavy oil refinery system. The method upgrades original heavy oil in the refinery system by creating high pressure pulses in heavy oil to crack the heated heavy oil to produce a processed oil with a lower viscosity than the original heavy oil.

Abstract: Methods, systems and other embodiments associated with upgrading heavy oil by visbreaking are presented. A method of upgrading heavy oil includes mixing raw heavy oil with flue gases, CO2 and/or steam to produce a mixed heavy oil. This mixture is then heated to produce heated heavy oil. High pressure pulses are created in the heated heavy oil to crack the heated heavy oil to produce cracked oil with a lower viscosity than the heavy oil.

Abstract: This is a method to reactively refine hydrocarbons, such as heavy oils with API gravities of less than 20° and bitumen-like hydrocarbons with viscosities greater than 1000 cp at standard temperature and pressure using a selected fluid at supercritical conditions. The reaction portion of the method delivers lighter weight, more volatile hydrocarbons to an attached contacting device that operates in mixed subcritical or supercritical modes. This separates the reaction products into portions that are viable for use or sale without further conventional refining and hydro-processing techniques. This method produces valuable products with fewer processing steps, lower costs, increased worker safety due to less processing and handling, allow greater opportunity for new oil field development and subsequent positive economic impact, reduce related carbon dioxide, and wastes typical with conventional refineries.

Abstract: Methods, systems and other embodiments associated with upgrading heavy oil are presented. A method of upgrading heavy oil with reconfigurable units connects reconfigurable units into an original configuration of reconfigurable units for upgrading raw heavy oil. The raw heavy oil is upgraded in the original configuration of reconfigurable units by creating high pressure pulses in the raw heavy oil. The high pressure pulses crack the raw heavy oil to produce an oil with a lower viscosity than the raw heavy oil.

Abstract: Methods, systems and other embodiments associated with upgrading heavy oil are presented. A method of upgrading heavy oil by deasphalting includes mixing an initial solvent with raw heavy oil to produce a mixed heavy oil. The mixed heavy oil is heated to produce heated heavy oil. High pressure pulses are created in the heated heavy oil to crack the heated heavy oil to produce a cracked oil with a lower viscosity than the raw heavy oil.

Abstract: Methods, systems and other embodiments associated with upgrading heavy oil by hydrocracking are presented. A method of upgrading heavy oil includes mixing raw heavy oil with hydrogen to produce a mixed heavy oil. The mixed heavy oil is heated to produce heated heavy oil. High pressure pulses are created in the heated heavy oil to crack the heated heavy oil to produce cracked oil with a lower viscosity than the raw heavy oil.

Abstract: Methods, systems and other embodiments associated with upgrading heavy oil are presented. A method of upgrading heavy oil comprising heating heavy oil to produce heated heavy oil. The method further comprises creating high pressure pulses in the heated heavy oil to crack the heated heavy oil to produce an oil with a lower viscosity than the heavy oil.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of hydrocarbons that are solid or have a high boiling temperature and may be laden with metals, sulfur or sediments, into liquids (gasolines, gas oil, fuels) with the help of a jet of gas properly superheated between 600 and 800° C. The process comprises preheating a feed 5 in a heater 8 to a temperature below the selected temperature of a reactor 10. This feed is injected by injectors 4 into the empty reactor 10 (i.e., without catalyst.) The feed is treated with a jet of gas or superheated steam from superheater 2 to activate the feed. The activated products in the feed are allowed to stabilize at the selected temperature and at a selected pressure in the reactor and are then run through a series of extractors 13 to separate heavy and light hydrocarbons and to demetallize the feed. Useful products appearing in the form of water/hydrocarbon emulsions are generally demulsified in emulsion breaker 16 to form water laden with different impurities.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for reducing fouling, including particulate-induced fouling, in a hydrocarbon refining process including the steps of providing a crude hydrocarbon for a refining process and adding an antifouling agent containing a polymer base unit and a polyamine group to the crude hydrocarbon. The antifouling agent can be obtained by reacting an epoxidation reagent with a vinyl-terminated polymer, such as polypropylene or poly(ethylene-co-propylene), to form a terminal epoxy group, followed by reacting a polyamine with the epoxy group.

Abstract: Systems and methods for processing one or more hydrocarbons are provided. A hydrocarbon can be selectively separated to provide one or more finished products and an asphaltenic hydrocarbon using a pretreatment process. The asphaltenic hydrocarbon can be selectively separated to provide a deasphalted oil and one or more asphaltenes. At least a portion of the deasphalted oil can be converted to one or more first products using a first post-treatment process. At least a portion of the one or more asphaltenes can be converted to one or more second products using a second post-treatment process.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment is a refinery or a petrochemical production facility. The refinery or petrochemical production facility can include: a) a catalyst regeneration zone; b) a halogen removal zone; and c) an elimination zone for at least one of a dioxin and a furan compound, wherein at least a portion of an effluent from the halogen removal zone is combined with a stream comprising oxygen from the catalyst regeneration zone or halogen removal zone.

Abstract: In an oil sample analysis calculator (100) for analyzing results of oil samples from an engine, the oil sample analysis calculator (100) includes an input module (110) which receives an input data set (140), a processing module (130) which receives the input data set (140) from the input module (110) and corrects the input data set (140) based on at least one of an amount of oil added to the engine and an amount of oil removed from the engine, and an output module (120) which receives the input data set (140) corrected by the processing module (130) and outputs an output data set (150).

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relate to treatment of fluids to remove mercury contaminants in the fluid. Contact of the fluid with an amine that has absorbed a sulfur compound causes the mercury contaminants to be absorbed by the amine. Phase separation then removes from the fluid the amine loaded with the mercury contaminants such that a treated product remains.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a process for dry distillation and decarbonization of oil shale species using fluidized bed. The shale oil contained in oil shale having certain size distribution in fluidizing condition is gasified by using high temperature dry gas and/or high temperature stream as heat carrier and fluidizing medium, meanwhile, dry gas dissolves some organics in oil shale, that is, fluidizing, dry distillating and deoiling. The powder which has removed shale oil is fluidized by high temperature air under oxygen-rich condition. The carbon in oil shale is combusted, i.e. fluidizing decarbonization.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon synthesizer system for the production of petroleum fractions from a feedstock. Methods of synthesizing hydrocarbons from a feedstock.

Abstract: A method for determining asphaltene stability in a hydrocarbon-containing material having solvated asphaltenes therein is disclosed. The method involves the steps of: (a) precipitating an amount of the asphaltenes from a liquid sample of the hydrocarbon-containing material with an alkane mobile phase solvent in a column; (b) dissolving a first amount and a second amount of the precipitated asphaltenes by gradually and continuously changing the alkane mobile phase solvent to a final mobile phase solvent having a solubility parameter at least 1 MPa0.5 higher than the alkane mobile phase solvent; (c) monitoring the concentration of eluted fractions from the column; (d) creating a solubility profile of the dissolved asphaltenes in the hydrocarbon-containing material; and (e) determining one or more asphaltene stability parameters of the hydrocarbon-containing material.

Abstract: A method, system, and device for separating oil from oil sands or oil shale is disclosed. The method includes heating the oil sands, spinning the heated oil sands, confining the sand particles mechanically, and recovering the oil substantially free of the sand. The method can be used without the addition of chemical extraction agents. The system includes a source of centrifugal force, a heat source, a separation device, and a recovery device. The separation device includes a method of confining the sands while allowing the oil to escape, such as through an aperture.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of hydroconverting in ebullated bed mode a petroleum feed containing a significant amount of light fractions and, among other things, asphaltenes, sulfur-containing and metallic impurities. More precisely, the object of the invention is a hydroconversion method using at least one ebullated-bed reactor for which injection of the feed is carried out at the top of said reactor, in the gas overhead, and involving separation within said feed inside the reactor into a vaporized fraction and a liquid fraction. The invention also relates to the reactor allowing said method to be implemented.

Abstract: Atmospheric and/or vacuum resid fractions of a high solvency dispersive power (HSDP) crude oil are added to a blend of crude oil to prevent fouling of crude oil refinery equipment and to perform on-line cleaning of fouled refinery equipment. The HSDP resid fractions dissolve asphaltene precipitates and maintain suspension of inorganic particulates before coking affects heat exchange surfaces.

Abstract: A high solvency dispersive power (HSDP) crude oil is added to a blend of incompatible and/or near-incompatible oils to proactively address the potential for fouling heat exchange equipment. The HSDP component dissolves asphaltene precipitates and maintains suspension of inorganic particulates before coking affects heat exchange surfaces. HSDP co-blending for fouling mitigation and on-line cleaning can be affected using different concentrations of top-performing and moderate-performing HSDP crude oils.

Abstract: One or more computer implemented systems for continuously processing used oils are provided. The system can include a feedstock tank containing feedstock. The feedstock tank can have a sparger and a level sensor. The feedstock tank can be in fluid communication with a first pump, a first filter, a heater, a second filter, first flow meter, a primary nozzle, a secondary nozzle, a motionless inline static mixer, and a first reactor.

Abstract: Oil sands ore containing bitumen is treated in a reactor chamber by ultrasonic oscillations impact such that cavitation of ore molecules occurs. The disintegration of the pulsating bubbles in the cavitation results in the separation of the oil, water, sand and air fractions of the oil sands. The oil fraction may be continuously extracted for subsequent refining processes.

Abstract: The method and apparatus to decrease viscosity of crude oil or bitumen and increase the rate of fractional extraction by breaking the high molecular chains in crude oil or bitumen undergoing treatment which includes a flow of crude oil or bitumen inside the treatment unit under simultaneous affection by cavitations and vibrations on different frequencies and between at least two opposite conical jets formed inside the diffusers having the same axis of symmetry and interacting with each other under the conditions of an auto-oscillations of the periodic backward flows of fluid inside each conical jet due to a periodic negative pressure inside each conical jet and the periodic negative pressure is determined in accordance with the following formulae: P a = P 0 - ? ? ? ? ? V 2 2 , ? wherein ? ? V = f ? ( D 4 - 2 ? R ) Sh , Pa is negative pressure in backward flow between the opposite conical jets, P0 is the atmospheric pressure, ? is the density of crude oil or bi

Abstract: The invention discloses a catalytic reforming system and a method thereof. The system comprises a heating device and a reaction device and is characterized in that the reaction device (2-1, 2-2) is connected with a high-pressure separator (4); the high-pressure separator (4) is connected with a stabilizer system (6); the lower part of the stabilizer system (6) is connected with an extraction system (8) through a pipeline; the extraction system (8) is connected with a raffinate oil cutting system (7) through a pipeline on one hand, the middle part of the raffinate oil cutting system (7) is connected with another reaction device (2-3, 2-4) through a pipeline and the heating device (1-3, 1-4); coal oil is directly recovered by the lower part of the raffinate oil cutting system (7) through a pipeline; and the other end of the third reaction device is connected with the high-pressure separator through a pipeline.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are provided for the present invention relates to a process for upgrading tar-containing effluent from a steam cracker furnace that comprises: a) contacting a steam cracker tar-containing effluent with steam and for a time, sufficient to convert at least a portion of the steam cracker tar to a mixture comprising lower boiling molecules and the steam cracker tar-containing effluent; and b) separating the mixture from step a) into i) at least one tar-lean product; and ii) a tar-rich product having a final boiling above the final boiling point of the at least one tar-lean product.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relate to handling of organic contaminants in aqueous streams. The methods and apparatus enable removing the contaminants, such as naphthenic acids, from the aqueous streams and then converting the contaminants into hydrocarbons. The removing and converting of the organic contaminates results in treated discharge and generation of the hydrocarbons, which add to amount of hydrocarbon recovery.

Abstract: A system for producing petroleum products (12) from oil shale (32) includes a kiln line (72,152) of plural series-connected, substantially horizontally-disposed kilns (90,94,104,170,180). Crushed oil shale (36) is advanced through kilns (90,94,104,170,180) in succession and exhausted from the kiln line (72,152) substantially freed of hydrocarbons. A heat extraction unit (80) recovers heat (82) from hot spent shale (78). Successive kilns (90,94,104,170,180) along the advancement of crushed oil shale (36) are maintained at successively higher temperatures (T94,T94,T104,T170,T180). Pyrolysis is indirectly-driven using kiln-surrounding roasting jackets (96,106,182), A fuel distinct from hydrocarbons in oil shale (32), such as natural gas (132), syngas (54) from a gasifier (48), or hydrogen gas (62) from a separator (60) provides heat. These combustible gasses are burned in roasting jackets (96,106,182) or converted by a burner (134) into hot flue gas (136) that passes through roasting jackets (96,106,182).

Abstract: A fuel desulfurization system that can be located on-board a transportation vehicle. The desulfurization system contains a unique sorption vessel having a vacuum shell design to ensure a prescribed axial and radial temperature profile under operating conditions.

Abstract: An in-line system uses a simple static emulsifier to thoroughly mix salt-containing fuel oil with water, thereby to draw the salt from the fuel oil into the water preferentially, and then the de-salted fuel oil is separated from the salt-containing water.

Abstract: A process comprising receiving a hydrocarbon feed stream comprising carbon dioxide, separating the hydrocarbon feed stream into a light hydrocarbon stream and a heavy hydrocarbon stream, separating the light hydrocarbon stream into a carbon dioxide-rich stream and a carbon dioxide-lean stream, and feeding the carbon dioxide-lean stream into a hydrocarbon sweetening process, thereby increasing the processing capacity of the hydrocarbon sweetening process compared to the processing capacity of the hydrocarbon sweetening process when fed the hydrocarbon feed stream.

Abstract: The invention concerns a reactor for catalytic reforming or for hydrocarbon dehydrogenation, having a cylindrical shape along a vertical axis, an upper head and a lower bottom comprising at least two annular zones centred on the vertical axis, said two annular zones being a zone termed a catalytic zone and a zone termed the exchange zone. Vertical hermetic panels divide the reactor into sectors, said sectors each comprising at least one exchange section and at least one catalytic section, the ensemble of said exchange sections forming the exchange zone and the ensemble of said catalytic sections forming the catalytic zone. The invention also concerns the process employing the reactor of the invention.

Abstract: A reformed fuel oil capable of enhancing combustion efficiency. The reforming is performed by circulating a fuel oil required times through a primary reform treatment in which the fuel oil is caused to undergo not only flow by centrifugal force but also meandering flow made while repeating flow split and confluence in a direction crossing the direction of the centrifugal force flow and a secondary reform treatment in which the fuel oil having undergone the primary reform treatment is caused to undergo not only flow by pressure feed force but also meandering flow made while repeating flow split and confluence in a direction crossing the direction of the pressure feed force flow.

Abstract: This invention relates to a system for the preparation of a high quality gasoline through the recombination of catalytic hydrocarbon and its process. The characteristics are as follows: the upper part of the fractionator is connected with light petrol hydrogenation unit through the light petrol pipeline. The lower part of the fractionator is connected with the extractor through the heavy petrol pipeline. The upper part of the extractor directly extracts the product through the pipeline and the lower part of the extractor is connected to the light petrol pipeline behind the light petrol hydrogenation unit. Compared with the prior art, this invention has the following advantages: the volume of used catalyst is greatly reduced. In addition, the sulfur reduction and olefin reduction effect are remarkable by using the hydrogenation units with special catalysts and parameters regarding different petrol fractions.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment can be an apparatus for treating a hydrocarbon stream having one or more compounds with a boiling point of about 140-about 450° C. The apparatus can include an extraction zone and a regeneration zone. The extraction zone can include at least one settler. Each settler can have a height and a length. Typically the length is greater than the height. Also, the settler can form a boot, which can be adapted to receive a feed at one end. The regeneration zone may include a regenerator for an ionic liquid. The regenerator can include a column adapted to provide a regenerated ionic liquid to the extraction zone.

Abstract: A system and process for the preparation of high quality gasoline through recombination of catalytic hydrocarbon includes fractionator and extractor. The upper part of the fractionator is equipped with light petrol pipeline, the lower part of the fractionator is equipped with heavy petrol pipeline, the middle part of the fractionator is equipped with medium petrol pipeline. The medium petrol pipeline is connected with a medium petrol extractor, the upper part of the medium petrol extractor is connected with the medium petrol raffinate oil hydrogenation unit through the pipeline, the lower part of the medium petrol extractor is connected with the medium petrol aromatic hydrocarbon hydrogenation unit through the pipeline.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the cracking of a petroleum oil feedstock to produce a desulfurized full-range gasoline product. The petroleum oil feedstock is contacted with a base cracking catalyst and an FCC additive in an FCC unit, wherein the catalyst includes a stable Y-type zeolite and a rare-earth metal oxide and the additive includes a shape selective zeolite. The catalyst, additive and petroleum oil feedstock can be contacted in a down-flow or riser fluid catalytic cracking unit, that can also include a regeneration zone, a separation zone, and a stripping zone. The FCC unit includes an integrated control and monitoring system that monitors at least one parameter selected from FCC operating parameters, feed rate, feedstock properties, and product stream properties, and adjusts at least one parameter in response to the measured parameter to increase production of desulfurized products.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for treating the effluent from a hydrocarbon pyrolysis unit without employing a primary fractionator. The method comprises passing the gaseous effluent to at least one primary heat exchanger, thereby cooling the gaseous effluent and generating high pressure steam, and then cooling the gaseous effluent to a temperature at which tar, formed by reactions among constituents of the effluent, condenses. The gaseous effluent and the condensed tar are fed to at least one knock-out drum, whereby the tar is separated from the gaseous effluent. The gaseous effluent is then further cooled to condense a pyrolysis gasoline fraction from the effluent and to reduce the temperature of the effluent to a point at which it can be compressed efficiently. The condensed pyrolysis gasoline fraction is separated from the effluent and then distilled so as to reduce its final boiling point.

Abstract: A process and apparatus is disclosed in which a sulfiding agent is added to a catalytic conversion reactor to prevent metal catalyzed coking. The catalytic reactor may be downstream from a first fluid catalytic cracking reactor that provides C10— hydrocarbons as feed to the downstream catalytic reactor.

Abstract: A method of recovering hydrocarbons from hydrocarbonaceous materials can include forming a constructed permeability control infrastructure. This constructed infrastructure defines a substantially encapsulated volume. A comminuted hydrocarbonaceous material can be introduced into the control infrastructure to form a permeable body of hydrocarbonaceous material. The permeable body can be heated sufficient to remove hydrocarbons therefrom. During heating and removal of hydrocarbons and subsequent thereto a positive pressure can be maintained within the encapsulated volume by means of a non-oxidizing gas to expedite flushing of hydrocarbonaceous material, inhibit unwanted entry of oxygen into the encapsulated volume and remove recoverable hydrocarbons following the heating process.

Abstract: A constructed permeability control infrastructure can include a permeability control impoundment, which defines a substantially encapsulated volume. The infrastructure can also include a comminuted hydrocarbonaceous material within the encapsulated volume. The comminuted hydrocarbonaceous material can form a permeable body of hydrocarbonaceous material. The infrastructure can further include at least one convection driving conduit oriented in a lower portion of the permeable body to generate bulk convective flow patterns throughout the permeable body. An associated method of recovering hydrocarbons from hydrocarbonaceous materials can include forming a constructed permeability control infrastructure, which defines a substantially encapsulated volume. A comminuted hydrocarbonaceous material can be introduced into the control infrastructure to form a permeable body of hydrocarbonaceous material.

Abstract: A method of preventing egress of a vapor from an encapsulated volume can include forming a substantially impermeable vapor barrier along an inner surface of the encapsulated volume. The encapsulated volume includes a permeable body of comminuted hydro carbonaceous material. Further, the vapor barrier can include an insulating layer capable of maintaining a temperature gradient of at least 400° F. across the insulating layer. The permeable body can be heated sufficient to liberate hydrocarbons therefrom and the hydrocarbons can be collected from the permeable body. The vapor barrier layer can be a single or multiple layer construction, depending on the specific materials chosen.

Abstract: A method of sequestering carbon dioxide emissions during recovery of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbonaceous materials can include forming a constructed permeability control infrastructure. This constructed infrastructure defines a substantially encapsulated volume. A comminuted hydrocarbonaceous material can be introduced into the control infrastructure to form a permeable body of hydrocarbonaceous material. The permeable body can be heated sufficient to remove hydrocarbons therefrom. During heating, the hydrocarbonaceous material is substantially stationary as the constructed infrastructure is a fixed structure. Additionally, during heating, any carbon dioxide that is produced can be sequestered. Removed hydrocarbons can be collected for further processing, use in the process, and/or use as recovered.

Abstract: Equipment and a process for upgrading oil are provided to produce a refined oil lighter than a material oil by cracking the heavier material oil with the addition of hydrogen under relatively relaxed production conditions. An equipment for upgrading oil according to one aspect of the invention includes an emulsion making portion (10), a refinery tank portion (20), and a heating portion (30), and configured to make an emulsion (E) by emulsifying ionized alkaline water (A) in a material oil (O1) in the emulsion making portion (10), and to drop droplets (D) of the emulsion (E) onto the surface (S) of a heat medium (O2) in the refinery tank portion (20) heated by the heating portion (30).

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for reducing the organic sulfur content in a sulfur-containing liquid fuel, wherein the sulfur-containing fuel is first brought in contact with a hydrogen-containing gas in a presaturator and subsequently the hydrogen-enriched liquid fuel is brought in contact with a suitable adsorbent in a reactor. The adsorbent is able to adsorb at least part of the sulfur and/or of the sulfur compound from the fuel at the surface. The contact with the adsorbent can advantageously take place not only at higher temperatures of approximately 400° C., but also at moderate temperatures, as low as room temperature, because the use of liquid fuel ensures very good contact between the fuel and the surface of the adsorbent, and therefore ensures reduction of the sulfur content.

Abstract: Crystals of [VOBDC](H2BDC)0.71 were synthesized hydrothemally. The guest acid molecules were removed by heating in air to give high quality single crystals of VOBDC. VOBDC was observed to show crystal-to-crystal transformations on absorption of the guest molecules aniline, thiophene and acetone from the liquid phase. Accurate structural data of the guest molecules and framework deformations were obtained from single crystal X-ray data. VOBDC was also shown to absorb selectively thiophene and dimethyl sulphide from methane.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for reducing fouling, including particulate-induced fouling, in a hydrocarbon refining process including the steps of providing a crude hydrocarbon for a refining process; adding at least one polyalkyl succinic anhydride derivative additive disclosed herein. The additive can be complexed with a boronating agent, such as boric acid, to yield a boron-containing polyalkyl succinic anhydride derivative.

Abstract: Disclosed are fuel filters and processes for removing sulfur-containing compounds from a post refinery fuel system. The fuel filter comprises an adsorbent comprising a surface modified inorganic oxide, wherein the surface modified inorganic oxide comprises a surface modifier disposed on an inorganic oxide substrate and the inorganic oxide substrate has a surface acidity characterized by a pKa of less than or equal to ?3. The process comprises passing a post refinery liquid fuel through the fuel filter.

Abstract: A method and system for controlling fouling in a hydrocarbon refining process that includes measuring a level of a particulate in a process stream of the hydrocarbon refining process in communication with a hydrocarbon refinery component, identifying an effective amount of additive capable of reducing particulate-induced fouling based at least in part on the measured level of the particulate in the process stream, and introducing the effective amount of additive to the hydrocarbon refining process.

Abstract: Material withdrawal apparatus, methods, and systems of regulating material inventory in one or more units are provided. A material withdrawal apparatus includes a heat exchanger and transport medium junction configured to provide transport medium to transport the withdrawn material from the unit to the heat exchanger. Another material withdrawal apparatus includes a heat exchanger and shock coolant junction configured to provide shock coolant to the material withdrawn from the unit. Another material withdrawal apparatus includes a heat exchanger, shock coolant junction, and transport medium junction. Another embodiment of a material withdrawal apparatus includes a vessel and shock coolant junction. Another material withdrawal apparatus includes a vessel and transport medium junction. The vessel includes a wall, liner with heat insulating refractory material, fill port, and a discharge port.