Abstract: The object of the invention is a continuous method for charging and discharging carbonization furnaces (15) moving in a circle, in which method the charging and the discharging are effected in a closed process mainly simultaneously at the opposite ends of the furnace, and the gases are collected and cleaned. Another object of the invention is an apparatus for implementing the method. The equipment comprises carbonization furnaces (15) moving in a circle, a charging device (11, 14, 32), and a discharging device (18, 19), and at least one gas duct for each furnace, the duct being connected at the one end thereof to the furnace and at the other end to a gas collector. According to the invention, the charging device is docked in a gastight manner to the one end of the furnace by means of a docking device (35), and the discharging device is attached in a gas-tight manner to the other end of the furnace for charging and discharging mainly at the same time.

Abstract: In a coke drum an outlet arrangement is provided which allows removal of the coke from the drum without endangering the health or safety of workers heading or unheading the coke drum. Instead of using a manually removable bottom flange for the drum, a semiautomatic bottom flange removal system is provided. A spool is attached to the conventional, pre-existing, about 6 feet in diameter drum stationary bottom flange. The spool includes a tapered clamping surface. A new style removable bottom flange also includes a tapered clamping surface. The tapered clamping surfaces cooperate with clamp ring sectors movable by externally mounted hydraulic cylinders into contact with the spool and the flange, and other hydraulic cylinders mounted directly on the ring sectors move male locking surfaces into locking engagement with cooperating female locking surfaces formed on adjacent clamp ring sectors.

Abstract: The metal stresses in a delayed coke drum are reduced by externally cooling the coke drum near the junction of the drum shell and the supporting skirt thereof during the quench step. This reduces the metal stresses at the area around the welds of the drum skirt.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for regulating the gas pressure in the retort of a coke oven. Pivotable cup valves arranged in the elbows of the ascending pipe are actuated as throttling members according to the pressure curve resulting from gas formation from the coal to be cokefied. Throttling of each individual retort is effected by varying water supply, thus regulating the extent of submersion in water, and regulation follows actual pressure conditions in the retort of the coke oven.

Abstract: A vessel unheading device and method especially suited to handle shot coke produced in a delayed coker unit of a petroleum refining process. The device includes a car having mounted thereon one or more bottom head retracting support members which can be laterally positioned below the head assembly. The support member includes a vertically retractable member suitable for elevating a bearing plate mounted at an upper end thereof into pivotable load bearing engagement with the head, and a horizontally retractable member having one end attached to the bearing plate and another end attached to the vertically retractable member for applying a pivot force. Shot coke or other debris is captured from the opened vessel by a mobile chute wheeled into position adjacent the unheading car. Following complete retraction, the head is transported to a remote location for maintenance.

Abstract: An evaporator, which includes a water chamber for receiving water to be evaporated. A plurality of evaporator tubes which when heated, and when water is on an inner wall of a tube, evaporates at least a portion of that water. A plurality of distributors spatially connecting the water chamber with the evaporator tubes in a manner so that each distributor uniformly and distributes the water from the water chamber to an inner wall of a corresponding evaporator tube. A heat source, which heats the plurality of tubes to an evaporation temperature. Apparatus distills the water vapor resulting from the water evaporation to provide distilled water.

Abstract: A desalination system includes a transfer conduit between a pool of salt water and a pool of desalinated water. The conduit is initially filled with water and is then elevated so that a portion of the conduit is above the syphon height of water at atmospheric pressure with the open ends of the conduit submerged below the respective pools. Using solar heat to create a temperature differential in the conduit, desalinated water vapor is transferred across a partial vacuum volume formed in the conduit.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for raising, moving and lowering a massive coker chute cover are provided. One embodiment of the invention comprises engaging the cover with a lift plate, raising the lift plate, and, moving the lift plate, the course of the movement being in the arc of a circle, lowering the lift plate, and releasing the cover from the plate.

Abstract: A coking installation has a longitudinal succession of coking chambers having respective coke sides opening transversely above a bench level above ground level and an outer rail extending longitudinally along and adjacent the coke sides of the chambers. A quenching-car track extends longitudinally adjacent the coke sides between the outer rail and the chambers and a main gangway runs longitudinally at the bench level along the coke sides of the chambers between same and the quenching-car track. An inner rail extends longitudinally between the car track and the gangway and a portal support rides on and moves along the inner and outer tracks. This support carries door-removing equipment, door-cleaning equipement, doorframe-cleaning equipment, and a coke guide. A drive on the portal support displaces the equipement and guide transversely thereon between an extended position extending across the main gangway and engaging one of the coking chambers and a retracted position substantially clear of the main gangway.

Abstract: A system controls a delayed coker in which a heavy liquid hydrocarbon feedstock is thermally decomposed to a solid coke product in a cyclical process. When the coking portion of the cycle is completed, the coke in the drum is cooled by quench water, and the quench water is then passed from the coke drum through a manifold to a drain conduit. Hot vapor is passed through the coke drum, via the same manifold to warm the coke drum. A temperature controller, valve actuator and ball valve allow passage of vapor to the coker fractionator at a manifold temperature at which all water is in the vapor state. Manifold temperatures at which liquid water may exist causes the ball valve to close, preventing liquid water from flowing into the coker fractionator. Upset of the coker fractionator is prevented.

Abstract: A modular water distillation apparatus includes a distillation unit which may be manually operated by adding water manually to the steam generator. The apparatus further includes an add-on holding tank and an add-on control unit which mounts to the holding tank and provides automatic control of the distillation unit by providing feedwater to the steam generator when the steam generator is deenergized and the holding tank is not full. The add-on control further includes a power receptacle for an add-on distilled water demand pump.

Abstract: A method of heat conditioning a coke oven in a battery circulates hot gas through the oven from a non-radiant burner.

Abstract: A column construction or boiling space in a distilling apparatus, having a pure vapor input connector, an input connector for water to be distilled, numerous heat exchange tubes within the column construction, a pure vapor removal connector, a condensate removal connector, and a connector for removing water to be distilled that has not vaporized. Pure steam is disposed to flow through heat exchange tubes, while impure water to be distilled is disposed to flow through an intermediate space between the heat exchange tubes. The heat exchange tubes are, at both ends, joined to flanges.

Abstract: A vertically extending distillation cylinder has a closed top and an open bottom having an electric heating element disposed therein to form a closure. Adjacent to the top of the distillation cylinder is connected a condensing tube. The condensing tube extends down through a condenser having a cooling water inlet at the bottom and a water discharge at the top. A throttle valve regulates the flow of cooling water. From the water discharge, a trough carries the water to impinge on the distillation cylinder causing pollutants to vaporize. The water collects below in a basin surrounding the distillation cylinder. A feed tube carries water from the basin to the bottom of the distillation cylinder. A discharge tube also connected to the bottom of the distillation cylinder carries water up to where it makes a U-turn. This regulates water height in the distillation cylinder. The discharge tube and an over flow tube from the basin discharge into a funnel from which water is conveyed to a sewer.

Abstract: A clamping system for preventing detrimental tensile and shearing stresses in heating walls used for example as partitions in industrial furnaces, comprises clamping plates adjoining opposite end faces of a heating wall plate, yoke-shape beams facing each clamping plate and interconnected by cross tie rods, and pressing elements between the beams and the clamping plates. The bias of the pressing elements is adjusted so as to decrease from the center of the clamping plate towards the upper and lower edges of the heating wall plate, the material of respective clamping elements being selected such as to keep the interfering forces within the limits of 5 to 20% of the original clamping forces, the resultants of the clamping forces being directed to the marginal area of each clamping plate, and the roughness in excess of 2.5 millimeters between the clamping plate and the heating wall plate being reliably compensated.

Abstract: An apparatus for the recovery of oil from shale is disclosed in which the shale travels through processing zones on a moving grate. Among the processing zones are a destructive distillation zone and a carbon combustion zone. A conduit is provided for recirculating gases to the carbon combustion zone.

Abstract: Probe for determining the temperatures of the walls of coke oven flues, including an optical pyrometer suspended by a metallic rope from a manipulating device including a drum on which the rope is coiled and uncoiled. The pyrometer is contained in an insulating sleeve of refractory material, and the rope is surrounded by a sheath which is wetted before the measurement takes place, in order to prevent an unacceptable temperature rise during the brief measurement period required. Due to this arrangement, conventional cooling apparatus is eliminated.

Abstract: A hot coke receiving device of a type having a coke bucket body which has a cylindrical or polygonal form with a discharge gate provided in the bottom thereof, and having the coke bucket turnably mounted on a bucket car, said receiving device comprising: a ring-like horizontal frame surrounding the outer periphery of the coke bucket body without contact therebetween, said frame being connected to the discharge gate by means of a pair of rods and a pair of pins; a pair of outwardly projecting trunnions disposed at opposing points on the said ring-like horizontal frame; a pair of vertical hanger beams secured at opposing positions near but apart from the positions of said trunnions; said vertical beams having a projecting block which engages with said trunnion.

Abstract: An assembly of a rotary coke bucket and a bucket car for transporting hot coke to a dry quenching facility comprising: at least three rollers arranged on the upper surface of the bucket car in a circular configuration; and a rotary arm with the rotating axis being identical to the center of the circular configuration of said rollers, said rotary arms having a both ends upward projections; driving means for rotating the rotary arm; a pair of semicircular rails, provided on each of two gate members forming the discharge gate provided on the bottom surface of the coke bucket; and a plurality of recesses formed on the bottom surface of the discharge gate members to loosely engage with the upward projections of the rotary arms.

Abstract: Hot coke 3 expelled from a coking chamber is conveyed in a quenching car 2 to a quenching tower 4 past an infra-red detector 6 which provides a signal to initiate supply of the quenching water. It is a problem to control the amount of quenching water supplied to achieve adequate quenching without adding excess humidity. To solve this, the detector produces an analogue signal dependent on the surface temperature of the passing coke, and the duration of supply of quenching water is determined from this signal. The signal may also be used to control variation of the degree of quenching at different parts of the car and also to control the heating of the coking chamber.

Abstract: In the distillation of fresh water from sea water, the sea water is passed ownwardly in a falling film evaporator through a multiplicity of vertical tube evaporator (VTE) stages and multiple stage flash (MSF) evaporators. After the sea water passes through the first VTE stage where it forms a liquid component and a steam component, the liquid component is distributed evenly into the next VTE stage while the steam component enters an adjoining MSF stage. Condensed fresh water flows downwardly from one MSF stage to the next and experiences flash evaporation. The sea water or brine component and the fresh water distillate flow downwardly through the VTE and MSF stages so that the brine component can be removed from the final VTE stage and the fresh water distillate from the final MSF stage.

Abstract: An environmentally acceptable disposal site has at least one vapor break extending through a pile of synthetic fuel tailings, spent catalyst, spent ore, and/or other waste material. The vapor breaks can be permeable seams or columns of porous rocky overburden and/or a pneumatic pipeline. Circulation of air through the vapor breaks can be enhanced by air blowers, fans, or other force air inducers. The top and sides of the pile are covered with top soil and vegetated with trees, shrubbery, and grass to minimize erosion and blowing of the tailings as well as to provide a pleasing aesthetic appearance. The tailings preferably comprise spent oil shale which has been combusted, cooled, and moisturized. Desirably, the disposal site is built and operated in conjunction with a surface retort, combustor, heat recovery unit (cooler), and associated equipment.

Abstract: A retort apparatus for recovering oil from crushed oil shale moved through an elongated housing, includes a plurality of heat exchangers located in the housing for transferring heat to or from the shale. The heat exchangers are spaced to define in sequence a drying zone, a preheating zone, a cracking and distillation zone, and a waste heat recovery zone. An auxiliary heating assembly connected to the heat exchangers delivers sufficient heat to raise the temperature of the shale in the cracking and distillation zone to the critical temperature for separating hydrocarbons in vapor form therefrom. The tubes of the heat exchangers are elongated ovals in cross-section and are offset from each other in alternate rows to increase the area of heat exchange and to reduce the temperature drop between the entering heated air and exiting heated air flowing through each heat exchange tube.

Abstract: The flow of gases given off by a coke mass during the production of coke in a coke oven having a coke side collector main and a pusher side collector main is controlled by measuring temperature, pressure, carbon equivalent thickness and rate of carbon formation at selected locations. Electrical signals indicative of the temperature, pressure and carbon measurements are fed to an instrument system and into a computer where the measurements are compared to target values, processed and the resultant information used to control the flow of gases by regulating the gooseneck damper, standpipe control valve and/or the control valves which control collector main pressures.

Abstract: A nozzle plate construction for underjet coke ovens for distributing and metering combustion-supporting air supplied upwardly to regenerators through a sole flue extending parallel to the chamber axis. The sole flue is closed at the top by plate elements having apertures therein. In accordance with the invention, the various plate elements are in the form of troughs having plane base plates each formed with one longitudinal gap therein. Associated with each longitudinal gap is a metering element so mounted at its ends so as to be adjustable in its distance from the plane of the base plate. In this manner, the air flowing upwardly into the regenerator sections can be accurately controlled and uniformly distributed. At the same time, the nozzle plate construction of the invention is light in weight while being very stable and easy to assemble.

Abstract: At a coke oven of a coking plant, each operating machine is provided with a U-shaped detector unit equipped with infrared light gates. Each operating station of the coke oven is provided with a signal plate carrying positioning marker elements for fine tuning the positioning of the operating machine at the operating station and with identification marker elements for identifying the respective operating stations. Each infrared light gate includes an infrared light source and an infrared light sensor connected to an electronic evaluation circuit comprising a memory with a reading monitor for detecting and correlating the coded identification markers on the signal plates.

Abstract: A leveler bar for a coke oven is controlled in its travel toward and away from the coke side of the oven by semi-automatic means to move the leveler bar during a "cycle" mode through half strokes and during the "finish" mode it performs four "full" strokes of which a full stroke can mean a 3/4 distance of full travel across the oven. Electrical circuitry which modifies or adds to prior art circuitry to accomplish this leveler bar movement is included herein.

Abstract: A dry sealing leg apparatus is comprised of four chambers through which a moving bed of retorted shale particulates from an oil shale retort is passed serially: a surge chamber, a gas injection chamber, a seal leg chamber, and a gas disengaging chamber. In the gas injection chamber, a sealing gas penetrates the moving bed of shale and divides into two portions. One portion travels countercurrently to the shale through the surge chamber and enters the retort at a positive pressure to seal product gases therein. A second portion travels co-currently with the shale through the seal leg chamber and gas disengaging chamber and exits at a pressure less than that of the retort, having been reduced in pressure by resistance to its passage through the shale.

Abstract: Briquettes made from bituminous or sub-bituminous coal or peat are produced by grinding the coal, mixing it with a binder and compacting the mixture. They are then carbonized in a continuous process in a shaft oven. The coal may be predried and the finished briquettes may be preheated, with a subsequent drying and hardening. The carbonization is effected in two stages in an indirectly heated shaft oven, with the evolved gas being taken off about at the mid-height of the oven shaft, processed, and used for heating in the second, high-temperature stage. The flue gases from this high-temperature stage are used for heating in the first stage and for preheating. The second or high-temperature stage is followed by a cooling stage where the gases evolved in the second stage, and mainly comprising hydrogen are used and circulated. The evolved gas in excess is continuously removed from the cooling circuit.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for the regulation of the flow of fuel gas in the fuel gas supply duct of a heating wall of a coke oven to assure uniform heat distribution in the oven are provided. The regulating means consists of a thin plate having a similar shape to that of a fuel gas supply duct for insertion therein. Pivotally attached to and extending perpendicularly from the outer face of the plate are twin parallel control rods with gage marks inscribed thereon. To effect the regulation of fuel gas flow, the regulating means is inserted into the fuel gas supply duct at an appropriate location and the flow rate is adjusted by pivoting the plate by the manipulation of the adjusting rods.

Abstract: A support for a battery of coking furnaces with regenerators has a plurality of waste heat passages formed beneath the regenerators and extending in a longitudinal direction of the battery, a foundation formed by a floor member and also by wall members of the waste heat passages, a further supporting plate slidingly supported on the walls and repeatedly subdivided transversely to the longitudinal direction of the battery so as to form a plurality of plate portions, and two longitudinal bars each located at a machine side and at a coke side of the battery and slidingly supported on consoles of the foundation, wherein each of the longitudinal bars engages the plate portions of the furnace supporting plate and fixes them in their positions.

Abstract: Apparatus for a vertically extending heat exchanger column for the desaliion of sea water based on a multi-effect evaporation process includes a container for forming a pressure-tight enclosure about the heat exchanger column. The container is made up of four upwardly extending side walls, a top end wall and a bottom end wall. The side walls are arranged in pairs with the walls of each pair spaced opposite one another. A truss-like support structure is arranged around the outside of the container with one pair of side walls and the top and bottom end walls fixed to the support structure. The other pair of side walls are movably secured to the support structure. Lifting tackle is located on the upper end of the support structure. Movable platforms are mounted along the movable side walls of the container. Snap closures secure the movable side walls to the other side walls and to the end walls. Seals are provided along the movable side walls for the pressure tight enclosure of the container.

Abstract: An improved retort apparatus for recovering oil from crushed oil shale moved by gravity through a passageway of an elongated housing includes a control assembly connected adjacent the outlet end of the housing to control the rate of movement of the crushed oil shale through the passageway. A plurality of heat exchangers are located in the housing for transferring heat in sequence to or from the crushed oil shale. The heat exchangers are spaced to define a drying zone, a preheating zone, a hydrocarbon recovery zone, and a waste heat recovery zone. A pump recirculating circuit is provided for passing waste heat recovered from the waste heat recovery zone to the preheating zone. An auxiliary heating assembly connected to the heat exchangers in the hydrocarbon recovery zone delivers sufficient heat to raise the temperature of the crushed oil shale moving through the hydrocarbon recovery zone to the critical temperature for separating hydrocarbons in vapor form therefrom.

Abstract: An apparatus for stopping a truck such as a larry car for coke oven operation at a preselected position in relation to an object such as a coke oven. The apparatus includes stopping members such as blocks placed along the path of movement of the truck and a clamping mechanism carried by the truck and adapted to cooperate with one of the blocks to locate and stop the truck. The clamping mechanism includes a pair of levers swingable about axes perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the truck by the operation of a fluid-operated cylinder and adapted to clamp the selected block from the front and rear sides of the block. In operation, the truck is temporarily stopped by a brake at such a position that the selected block is positioned between two levers and then the levers are swung toward each other to clamp the block therebetween to locate and stop the truck precisely at the designated position. During the running of the truck, the levers are laterally swung to clear the blocks.

Abstract: A coal-leveling apparatus includes a leveling rod supported by a pressing machine for movement through a leveling opening into a mushroom-shaped gas-collecting space to level the coal charged in the coking chamber of a coke oven. The leveling rod includes a head element that carries two support members that can move on pivot levers between an operative position wherein the support members are extended from the head element for support by upwardly-inclined wall surfaces in the mushroom-shaped gas-collecting space. In the inoperative position, the support members are retracted toward both sides of the head element. An actuating rod extends through the leveling rod to the head element. In one embodiment, the actuating rod can be moved in opposite directions of its length. An end of each of the first pivot levers is connected to the actuating rod and the opposite ends of the first levers are connected to second pivot levers.

Abstract: A container for transporting hot coke has a cylindrical portion and a narrowing conical portion downwardly extended therefrom. A rotation ring carrying grippers is positioned in the upper region of the container, which is operated during the filling of the container with coke.

Abstract: Total load distribution of coke guide cars can be substantially evenly effected in accordance with the present invention which comprises a pair of parallel beams whose inner portions are positioned under and perpendicular to upper beams of the guide car and outer portions are bent down at a slant and extend to a third rail laid outside of a quencher track, a plurality of girders mounted between and spanning the horizontal portions of the parallel beams, plural pairs of rails mounted under the girders and adapted to hang main instruments of the guide car, and pairs of fitting plates hung from the upper beams and to which the inner portions of the parallel beams are jointed by means of joint pins.

Abstract: An injector for a high temperature gas distribution means comprising a distribution manifold having a heat-resistant lining with a central passage therethrough, and a refractory-lined injector communicating with the distribution manifold. The injector includes a nozzle disposed external to the manifold having a central opening and an inlet extending from the nozzle to the central passage. The cross-sectional area of the central opening in the nozzle in the direction of flow is smaller at least at one point than that of the inlet such that a major portion of the pressure drop in the gas flowing from the central passage through the inlet and the nozzle is created by the nozzle. By disposing the nozzle external to the distribution manifold, the flow rate of gas through cracks in the heat resistant manifold lining is minimized.

Abstract: A high temperature refractory brick wall is repaired by removing and replacing damaged brick while the wall is maintained at a temperature below normal operating temperature but sufficiently high to avoid damage from contraction resulting from cooling. New brick having a coefficient of thermal expansion compatible with the heated wall are used to avoid cracking of the wall due to expansion during heat-up. Workers wearing protective clothing, preferably incorporating a circulating fluid cooling system, remove the damaged brick and install new brick in their place in walls having surface temperatures of about 500.degree. F. or higher and internal temperatures substantially above 500.degree. F., preferably at least about 1500.degree. F.

Abstract: In an array of coke ovens each including a plurality of combustion chambers having a plurality of flue nozzles, a measuring car equipped with a temperature measuring member runs above the array in a direction of the array or in a longitudinal direction of the combustion chambers so as to detect thermal radiations passing through the flue nozzles to measure combustion chamber temperature. The measured temperature is sent to a remote control room through antennae. Where a coal charging car of a Rahmen construction is used an antenna is also provided for the coal charging car so that even when the measuring car runs beneath the coal charging car, radio communication can be assured. The temperature of the combustion chambers can be readily and accurately measured by linearly running the measuring car whether combustion is effected in one or the other side of the combustion chambers.

Abstract: A heat exchanger within a dense gravity layer comprises a vertical cylindrical container with a heating surface built thereinto. The heating surface is formed by a tubular housing containing a plurality of tubes mounted in tiers. A space between the inner surface of the container and the outer surface of the housing is divided by opposite seals into two vertical cavities. These cavities are divided along the height thereof by horizontal baffle members which are arranged in chessboard pattern relative one another to form chambers located along the height in a chessboard pattern, and to accomplish repeated variation of the direction of movement of one of heat carriers.

Abstract: A device for adjusting the position of a track mounted car from a first position where the car is initially spotted by conventional braking means to a second predetermined position on the track which must be reached within close tolerances. An arm which may be pivoted in a vertical arc parallel to the track is pivotally attached to the car at its one end and at its other end it has preferably cone-shaped feeler means which engages a protrusion fixed adjacent to the track. A preferably vertical gravity based reference position is selected for the arm, and a sensing means for producting a direct current output signal proportional in magnitude to angular displacement of the arm from this position and corresponding in polarity to direction of displacement is provided.

Abstract: A gas purification system has: a first treatment apparatus, which purifies an untreated feed gas, containing toxic ingredients such as HCN gas, H.sub.2 S gas and NH.sub.3 gas, into a primary treated gas by causing the feed gas to contact with an alkaline absorbent liquid; an absorbent-liquid-resuscitation apparatus, which refreshes the absorbent liquid, after absorbing the toxic ingredients, by bubblingly introducing a resuscitation gas; and a second treatment apparatus, which further purifies the primary treated gas into a secondary treated gas by strippingly capturing any possible remnant NH.sub.3 gas still present in the former. The resuscitation gas and the toxic-ingredient-absorbed absorbent liquid are forcibly converged by premix nozzles into combined gas/liquid jets as are injected into the absorbent-liquid-resuscitation apparatus.

Abstract: A travelling bed drier is disclosed, for operation of a carbonization or coking plant in which pre-heating of coal is performed. Adapted so that a fluidized bed drier can be superposed thereon, the travelling. bed drier possesses a heat exchange tube within a frame, the tube displaying a surface increased through suitable design such as fins or ribs, a conical tapering in the direction of the coal feed, and discharge connections located at different levels on a side of the frame lying opposite vapor or hot gas entry, the connections being for the discharge of exhaust gas-containing vapors.

Abstract: In a coking process, coal to be coked is preheated in a cascaded whirling bed drier into which the coal is charged from above and exposed to an indirect heat transfer while whirling in a coal-steam mixture. Hot gas applied to the heating pipes in respective cascades of the drier is branched off from the total amount of hot gases discharged from a dry cooler in which hot coke from the coke oven is cooled by recirculating cooler gas constituted by a partial gas stream discharged from the cascades of the drier and reunited with the other partial stream subject to a heat exchange for generating steam. Steam from the whirling beds is discharged from the cascaded drier, separated from the entrained dust particles, and then the excessive steam is drained in a branch conduit and the remaining steam is compressed and reintroduced into the lowermost whirling bed in the drier.

Abstract: Apparatus for treating gases produced from the conversion of coal, e.g., from carbonization of coal, to remove the undesirable constituents thereof is disclosed. The method involves passing the hot raw gases from the coal conversation process over a coke bed at a temperature of more than 1100.degree. K. The coke bed is located in the coal gasification reactor and is provided with an ordinary air supply. The subject method achieves a significant reduction in undesirable constituents in the gas and eliminates the need for auxiliary gas treatment systems, oxygen production systems and the like.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the dry cooling of coke involves the provision of a vessel having therein first and second zones in full communication with each other. Hot coke from a coking operation is introduced into the first zone and is passed through the first and second zones. Raw coke oven gas from the coking operation is introduced into the first zone, thereby reducing the temperature of the coke, while cleaning the raw coke oven gas to form cleaned coke oven gas. The cleaned coke oven gas is removed from the first zone, cooled, and then directly or indirectly utilized as a heat carrier gas introduced into the second zone to therein further reduce the temperature of the coke. The thereby further cooled coke is removed from the second zone.

Abstract: The present specification describes and claims a method and apparatus for use in cooling the solid residue of gasification of a reactor operated at a pressure above atmospheric for the gasification of carbonaceous materials. The residue of gasification is conducted out of the reactor into a cooling apparatus located therebelow and flows through the cooling apparatus from the top to the bottom thereof. A cooling liquid is introduced into the solid residue in the upper region of the cooling apparatus and is metered such that the greater portion of the heat contained in the residue is eliminated in the form of heat of vaporization, sensible heat and chemical binding energy with the resultant steam and reaction products produced. The remaining residual heat which corresponds to the difference between the desired final temperature and the temperature after cooling by the liquid, is eliminated by a gas blown into the bottom region of the cooling apparatus and/or by indirect heat exchange.

Abstract: A temperature measuring probe and method of detecting infrared radiation from flue walls and transmitting the detected infrared radiation through fiber optic cables to photoelectric detection-conversion cells which convert the radiation to electrical signals which are measured and translated into temperatures. Concentric metallic flexible hose mounted on a carriage for mobility provides water cooling for the fiber optic cable with a portable reeling machine for controlling the movement of the cable, hose, and probe head. The probe head provides viewing ports for the terminal ends of the fiber optic cable.

Abstract: Improved process and system for reducing the amounts of hydrogen sulfide emitted during pyrolysis of oil shale. At the elevated temperatures of oil shale pyrolysis, iron pyrite is converted to hydrogen sulfide which is emitted with the product gases and oils. Reduction in hydrogen sulfide emissions is accomplished by treating the oil shale with ultraviolet radiation of a particular wave length prior to pyrolysis in the presence of oxygen to selectively oxidize the pyritic sulfur to sulfate sulfur. The treated oil shale is then retorted at conventional temperatures. The sulfate sulfur does not decompose or otherwise convert to hydrogen sulfide at these temperatures. The sulfate sulfur remains in the spent shale residue and is discarded as waste to thereby effectively reduce the amount of sulfur emitted as hydrogen sulfide in the pyrolysis product gases.