Abstract: Multi-stage vacuum distilling, cooling, and freezing processes for solution separation and seawater desalination are implemented through multi-stage vacuum distilling, cooling, and freezing systems. The systems are set to their initial state for implementing constant temperature distilling process, drain-to-vacuum and freezing process, transferring of a specific solution, and recycling of a hot circulating solution, so as to separate the specific solution. In the multi-stage cooling process, vacuum evaporation cooling is utilized to cool the solution in order to supply the low-temperature solution needed in the multi-stage vacuum freezing process. Vapors produced in the multi-stage vacuum distilling and cooling systems provide condensation heat needed to melt ice crystals produced in the multi-stage vacuum freezing system.

Abstract: A distillation system and method for recovering acetic acid from a feed stream containing acetic acid and water stream generated during terephthalic acid production. The invention includes a dehydration column utilizing azeotropic distillation to recover the acetic acid in conjunction with a condenser system to recover the energy.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method of purifying a (meth) acrylic monomer selected among (meth) acrylic acids and their esters, by distillation in the presence of at least a polymerisation inhibitor requiring input of oxygen and/or an inhibitor having better efficacy in the presence of oxygen for stabilizing the liquid phase. The invention is characterized in that the distillation is performed in the presence of a NO2 gas, with an oxygen/organic vapor (p/p) ratio ranging between 0.02 and 3%, and with a NO2 condensed organic vapor (p/p) ratio ranging between 0.01 and 50 ppm.

Abstract: According to a method of desalinating sea water, sea water sampled from deep sea is injected into a decompression chamber of a reduced pressure tank having a steam chamber, steam at an atmospheric pressure superheated to a boiling temperature or higher by high-frequency heating is supplied to the steam chamber at a surrounding of the decompression chamber at an interval of a heat conducting wall therebetween, water in the sea water is evaporated by heating sea water in the decompression chamber and the evaporated water is condensed to thereby provide fresh water. Concentrated sea water remains in the decompression chamber and therefore, the method can be utilized also as a method of concentrating sea water. Salt can be obtained by further evaporating the water of the concentrated sea water as necessary.

Abstract: Cyclic esters of hydroxy organic acids can be produced and recovered via azeotropic distillation. In certain embodiments cyclic esters, such as glycolide and lactide, can be produced from a fermentation broth or other feed stream that contains a hydroxy organic acid, an ammonium salt of a hydroxy organic acid, an amide of a hydroxy organic acid, or an ester of a hydroxy organic acid using azeotropic distillation. The hydroxy organic acid of the feed stream or the hydroxy organic acid derived from the feed stream by decomposition is reacted to produce the cyclic ester. In other embodiments a crude composition of a cyclic ester of an organic ester can be purified using azeotropic distillation.

Abstract: A point of use water purification unit for continuously and completely purifying water at all point of use for removing all chemicals, killing all microorganisms; the device having a computer monitored and controlled system for degassing, super heating and exploding water into a vacuum chamber, condensing the steam in a counter current cold brine apparatus and stored in a holding tank.

Abstract: A process for inhibiting a polymerization of an easily polymerizable compound purification system is disclosed. According to the present invention, the polymerization of the easily polymerizable compound such as (meth)acrylic acid and (meth)acrylate flowed into a vacuum section can be inhibited by contacting a liquid containing a polymerization inhibitor with the compound directly in the vacuum section. When the vacuum section includes a gas and liquid contact chamber (usually a condenser), the liquid containing a polymerization inhibitor may be supplied to the chamber. When the vacuum section includes a liquid ejector and/or a nash pump as a vacuuming device, the liquid containing a polymerization inhibitor may be circulated by the liquid ejector and/or the nash pump for reducing a pressure of a purifying section. Examples of easily polymerizable compounds are (meth)acrylic acid and (meth)acrylates.

Abstract: A process for the distillation of vinylaromatic monomers in the presence of 4-tert-butylcatechol (TBC) and oxygen, wherein no aromatic nitro or amino compound is present in any effective amount. The process is particularly suitable for destabilizing and purifying styrene which has been stabilized with 4-tert-butylcatechol (TBC) for transportation.

Abstract: A process is provided for the distillative separation of pentene nitrile isomers which have a relative volatility alpha ranging from 1.0 to 1.3 in the pressure range from 1 to 500 kPa, wherein the distillation is carried out in the presence of a liquid diluent which forms with the pentene nitrile isomers, under the same pressure conditions, azeotropes whose relative volatility alpha is higher than that of the pentene nitrile isomers to be separated.

Abstract: 1,1-Difluoroethane containing less than 10 mg/kg of vinyl chloride is obtained by treatment, with hydrogen fluoride, of a crude 1,1-difluoroethane containing less than 1 mol of hydrogen chloride per mole of 1,1-difluoroethane.

Abstract: In an apparatus capable of distilling and refining an easily polymerizable substance, piping is performed so that when a strainer in action is switched to a backup strainer, the strainer can be switched after removing the air in the backup strainer to replace the air in the backup strainer to a discharge liquid of a pump. According to the apparatus, switching the strainers installed on the upstream side of the pump for extracting a liquid of a vacuum distillation column which distills and refines the easily polymerizable substance can be performed with no trouble in the operation of the distillation column. When the apparatus comprises a means measuring a differential pressure between the upstream side and the downstream side of the strainer in action, the two or more strainers installed in parallel can be switched at proper times and the easily polymerizable substance can be produced efficiently.

Abstract: In a distillation apparatus, a production process and a purification method of readily polymerizable compounds, a problem of the invention is to solve a serious plugging problem in a large-sized distillation column as in the commercial equipment and to provide an apparatus and a method for distilling and purifying a readily polymerizable compound stably over a long period of time.

Abstract: A vacuum distillation system and method utilizing a low capacity vacuum producing ejector operated in parallel with a primary ejector during the Winter months enables significant reduction in the absolute pressure of a vacuum distillation column. Operation of a vacuum distillation tower at lower absolute pressures results in increased yield of desirable vacuum distillation products.

Abstract: Process for recovery of highly pure acrylonitrile by quickly vaporizing under vacuum the contaminated acrylonitrile as well as fresh acrylonitrile followed by contacting with hydrophilic agents in an extractive distillation column using plural number of packed sections.

Abstract: A system for cooling a heated juice by partial low-pressure evaporation, said juice comprising a charged liquid, preferably juice from a harvested crop, said system comprising a vat in which the juice is subjected to various pressure reductions, said vat (4) comprising at least two compartments(5,6) which communicate with each other by means of a pulsed-effect valve, said juice being subjected to two different decreasing pressure reductions in said compartments, each compartment being connected to a condenser (19,25) which can condense the vapor produced by the pressure reduction. The condensers are serially mounted or parallel mounted and connected to a common vacuum pump (34) by means of at least one control valve (18) which can permanently adjust the pressure in each condenser to a value which is lower than the saturating vapor pressure corresponding to the temperature of the vapor created in each of the condensers.

Abstract: A closed tunnel system for distilling fresh water from ocean salt water is provided with an elongated evaporation plate adapted to hold ocean water for evaporation therefrom. During the distillation process, a vacuum is drawn in the tunnel, and sunlight is focused onto the evaporation plate with a concave lens-structure roof. External concave mirrors automatically track the sun and focus additional sunlight onto the lens-structure roof. An agitator-wiper unit agitates the ocean water on the evaporation plate to maintain a homogeneous liquid mixture, and to present additional water surface area for evaporation of fresh water. The fresh water vapor then condenses under pressure in heat exchangers that simultaneously pre-heat the ocean water prior to entry onto the evaporation plate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the production of phthalic anhydride to a specification, using a distillative purification of crude phthalic anhydride, by introduction of crude phthalic anhydride into a distillation column, operating at reduced pressure, withdrawal of the low-boiling fraction from the head, or near the head of the column and withdrawal of the phthalic anhydride, which meets the specification, from a side-tap on the column, whilst operating the column at a reflux ratio x, with 1:1.7<x<1:3.

Abstract: Process for treating filtration panels obtained by the filtration of oils containing sulfonates of earth-alkaline metal, the above filtration being carried out in the presence of filter aids essentially consisting of siliceous material, which comprises: (a) dilution of the filtration panel with a C4-C8 aliphatic hydrocarbon, preferably hexane, and addition of another filter aid, thus obtaining a suspension of the panel and of the filter aid in the aliphatic hydrocarbon; (b) filtration of the suspension of step (a), thus obtaining a solid essentially consisting of filter aid with a minimum content of sulfonate and a turbid C4-C8 hydrocarbon solution (i); (c) centrifugation of the turbid hydrocarbon solution (i), thus obtaining a solid and a purified hydrocarbon solution (ii); (d) treatment of the purified hydrocarbon solution (ii) with means suitable for eliminating the C4-C8 hydrocarbons, thus recovering the sulfonate of earth-alkaline metal.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the purification, by distillation, of trimethylolpropane originating from the hydrogenation of 2,2-dimethylolbutanal, said process including the following steps: (a) reaction of n-butyraldehyde with formaldehyde in the presence of catalytic amounts of a tertiary amine, and hydrogenation of the resulting mixture to give a mixture containing trimethylolpropane; (b) separation of water, methanol, trialkylamine and/or trialkylammonium formate by distillation; (c) heating of the residue obtained in (b) under reduced pressure to a temperature at which TMP is volatile and compounds boiling above TMP are cleaved, in order to separate off, by distillation, TMP and compounds more volatile than TMP; (d) distillation of the distillate obtained in (c) in order to separate off the more volatile compounds and recover pure TMP; and (e) optional distillation of the TMP obtained in (d) in order to recover TMP with a low APHA color index.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of pure 2-chloro-5-chloromethylthiazole (CCMT) by distillation with addition of oligomeric polyethers.

Abstract: Hydrogen fluoride is effectively removed from a mixture of hydrogen fluoride, dichloromethane, chlorofluoromethane and/or difluoromethane by distilling the mixture so that two-component azeotropic mixtures of hydrogen fluoride and dichloromethane, hydrogen fluoride and chlorofluoromethane and hydrogen fluoride and difluoromethane are removed, or by liquid-separating the mixture into an upper liquid phase rich in hydrogen fluoride and a lower liquid phase not rich in hydrogen fluoride before each liquid phase is distilled as described above.

Abstract: Identified herein are inhibitors which may be added to the boiling pot portion of a distillation apparatus prior to or during the distillation of an alkylene carbonate. The inhibitors retard the occurrence of undesirable reactions of the alkylene carbonate with itself and impurities present in the pot, and hence greatly reduce or minimize the formation of undesirable by-products which otherwise tend to reduce overall yields of alkylene carbonate recovered by the distillation process. Higher distillation temperatures at higher pressures over the prior art are possible without attendant losses of significant amounts of recovered alkylene carbonate, which confers heretofore unseen flexibility in alkylene carbonate distillation.

Abstract: A water reclamation system for a closed environment includes a mixer that receives brine. A processor is downstream of the mixer, with the processor distilling substantially salt-free water from the brine in the substantial absence of salt crystallization. A crystallizer subsystem is downstream of the processor, with the crystallizer subsystem crystallizing salt from the brine and recycling the brine to the mixer.

Abstract: A method for distilling a fluid which is useful, for instance, in eliminating salt from brackish and/or sea water includes percolating films on plates with multiple effects having several evaporating zones and condensation zones. The evaporation zones (EVAP) and the condensation zones (COND) are vertically arranged. The liquid to be distilled emerges in the top part of the evaporation zone (EVAP). The vapors produced in the evaporation zone (EVAP) are horizontally transferred into the condensation zone (COND) through a communicating connection. The condensed liquid percolates vertically along the walls of the condensation zone and is evacuated from the lower part of the condensation zone. A distilling plant is also provided for implementing the distilling method, and includes plural cascades made up of elementary cells alternatingly assembled in thermal series.

Abstract: Aldehyde compounds contained in polycyclic diols as impurities are effectively removed by distilling the polycyclic diols in the presence of an alkali metal compound and/or a alkaline earth compound. The distilled polycyclic diols are useful as a diol component of a polymer such as polycarbonate with less yellowing.

Abstract: The inventive device for distilling a medium comprises at least one reservoir (11, 51) or accommodating the medium (15, 55) to be distilled, a heating element (12, 52) for vaporizing the medium (55), and comprises at least one collecting vessel (20, 60), which is situated downstream and which is provided with a cooling element for condensing the produced distillation vapor. In addition, a pipe (19, 59) or the like is provided on the top side of the reservoir (11, 51). Said pipe leads into the collecting vessel (20, 60) and connects the vapor space (14, 54) located inside the reservoir (51) to that which is located inside the collecting vessel (20, 60). To this end, means are provided, which, for the most part, completely remove foreign gases from the vapor spaces (14, 24; 54, 64) before or at the beginning of the distillation process.

Abstract: A distillate system, especially of the sea water, by using the sun as heat source and the sea water as cold source, falling the work pressure to the boiling point of the sea water between the temperature generated by the sun and the temperature of the sea water. The sea water and the fresh water are entered/removed to/from the distillation system at the same time, by compensating the pressure differences.

Abstract: Disclosed is a distillation system and method for recovering acetic acid from a feed stream containing acetic acid and water stream generated during terephthalic acid production. The invention includes a dehydration column utilizing azeotropic distillation to recover the acetic acid in conjunction with a condenser system to recover the energy. The dehydration column operates with a pressure of at least 1.2 kg/cm2 abs. or higher pressure at the top of the column. The condenser system is a steam generator that condenses the vapor into a concentrated acetic acid stream while generating a low pressure steam of 0.6-2.0 kg/cm abs.

Abstract: A process for re-purifying highly enriched [H2180] for the reclamation and re-purification of highly enriched [H2180] after it has been used in the synthesis of [18F] by means of cyclotron particle bombardment, used in the synthesis of radiopharmacuticals such as [18F-FDG] or other radioactive labeled compounds for use in Positron Emission Tomography, commonly referred to as a P.E.T. Scan in the medical community, and render the re-purification product as clinical grade and suitable for re-introduction into that self-same [18F] production process for which it was previously used. The inventive device includes an evaporation flask, a condensation flask, a distillation adapter with a vacuum takeoff, a heating/magnetic stirring plate, a Teflon magnetic stir bar, a vacuum source, an inert gas source, a labyrinth filter and two glass secondarys.

Abstract: A process for distillative removal of ammonia from solutions (I) which include a lactam and ammonia comprises effecting said removal in a distillation apparatus (a) at an absolute pressure of less than 10 bar.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved falling strand devolatilizer apparatus and method for devolatilization of viscous solutions to yield viscous liquids with lower content of volatile solvents, unreacted components, and reaction byproducts. The novel apparatus utilizes a devolatilization system comprised of a single vessel with two or more liquid compartments or zones, a recirculation loop, and one or more manifold and stranding distributor assemblies to divide the viscous liquid stream into a plurality of strands for effective devolatilization. A stranded stream of solution is dropped through a first zone of the chamber and collected at the bottom, the stream is recirculated, and then dropped through a second zone of the vessel and separately collected. Devolatilization is accomplished by stranding thi falling streams to optimum parameters.

Abstract: A distillation system (10) is provided for recovering water from sea water and other polluted water source. The system (10) has a heat engine (12) embodying Carnot cycle and a Rankine cycle formed by heat exchangers (16 and 24), flash evaporator (26) and condenser (32). Burnt gases from the engine (12) such as a jet engine no longer fit for flying are directed into a duct (14) where the exchangers (16) and (24) are located. Sea water is pumped into the heat exchanger (24) for preheating by residue heat in the duct (14) and then into the exchanger (16) for further heating. A recirculating pump (20) raises water pressure in the exchanger (16) for increasing boiling point to about 165° C. The heated water is fed into the evaporator (26) where it changes into vapour and the condensed into water by the condenser (32). The jet air stream is used to create Venturi effect for maintaining sub-atmospheric pressure in the evaporator (26). Any solid left in the evaporator (26) is removed by a transfer mechanism (50).

Abstract: A refined dihydroxyaryl compound, for example, catechol, having a high degree of purity and a very low metal content is produced by evaporating a starting dihydroxyaryl compound in a distillation column, condensing the vapor fraction in a condenser connected to a top outlet of the distillation column, and collecting the condensed fraction from the condenser into a storage tank through a conduit, wherein the condenser and optionally the conduit and/or the storage tank have inside surfaces thereof formed from a metal material containing at least 25% by weight of nickel, and the condensed dihydroxyaryl compound fraction is brought into contact with the specific nickel (25% or more)-containing metal inside surface.

Abstract: A repairable short-path still is manufactured by forming the still body containing the cooling jacket and the vacuum adapter with two ring seals.

Abstract: The present invention, a SOLAR DESALINATION PLANT is a water desalinating plant utilizing solar energy. It comprises of an airtight housing chamber covered with a transparent dome at its top and a transparent wall constructed over a source of saline or murky water. The chamber stands in the water and the water covers entire bottom portion inside the chamber. The surface of the water inside the chamber is covered with black floats. There is an horizontal channel in the form of an open duct above the surface of the water all around fixed to the wall inside the chamber. The channel slightly slopes down into an outlet pipe and a transparent U-tube connecting to a transparent collecting tank. A suction pump is connected between the collecting tank and a storage tank through a valve. The storage tank is also connected to the collecting tank through another valve. The transparent dome allows the sun's rays to pass through into the chamber to heat the black floats.

Abstract: There is provided a reduced-pressure distillation system, which is relatively simple in construction, easy in operation without depending only on driving of a vacuum pump, and therefore can be manufactured and operated at low costs. The system includes an impure water tank, a separating tank, a drainage tank, and a collecting tank. The impure water tank, the drainage tank, and the collecting tank each has an outside pressure communicating chamber, which makes contact with outside pressure, and a cell, which communicates with the outside pressure communicating chamber corresponding thereto and is sealed with respect to the outside pressure during operation of the system. The separating tank is sealed with respect to outside pressure and has an evaporator provided therein. Impure water is fed from the cell of the impure water tank to the evaporator, by using an effective head between levels of the impure water in the impure water tank and priming supplied to the drainage tank.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the purification, by distillation, of trimethylolpropane originating from the hydrogenation of 2,2-dimethylolbutanal, said process comprising the following steps:

Abstract: A solar cell floats over a body of saline water. A submerged fresh water collection system underlies the cell. A partial vacuum is created in the solar cell for drawing water vapor from the cell to the collection system. Water vapor is condensed in a condenser disposed between the cell and the collection system. Heat generated by the condensation of water vapor is utilized to heat the salt water, which rises upwardly to replace the salt water vaporized in the cell.

Abstract: High-purity benzyl benzoate is recovered by distilling the residue remaining after removal of unreacted toluene and benzoic acid from a reaction mixture produced by the oxidation of toluene by molecular oxygen in the presence of a metal catalyst thereby separating a fraction of benzyl benzoate containing 80 wt % or more benzyl benzoate, 10 wt % or less benzoic acid and 10 wt % or less fluorenone, and purifying the fraction of benzyl benzoate by crystallization such as recrystallization. According to this process, it is possible to recover high-purity benzyl benzoate by a simple operation at low cost from the by-product formed in the manufacture of benzoic acid.

Abstract: Identified herein are inhibitors which may be added to the boiling pot portion of a distillation apparatus prior to or during the distillation of an alkylene carbonate. The inhibitors retard the occurrence of undesirable reactions of the alkylene carbonate with itself and impurities present in the pot, and hence greatly reduce or minimize the formation of undesirable by-products which otherwise tend to reduce overall yields of alkylene carbonate recovered by the distillation process. Higher distillation temperatures at higher pressures over the prior art are possible without attendant losses of significant amounts of recovered alkylene carbonate, which confers heretofore unseen flexibility in alkylene carbonate distillation.

Abstract: The present invention reduces the energy required to distill fluids (water, light crude, etc.) and operate electric and/or power generate steam turbines through a process of encapsulating these systems in reduced atmospheric temperature environments. This invention includes both the innovative process of operating existing distillers and turbines in a vacuum, and introduces an energy free process for drawing the vacuum the systems operate in.

Abstract: A subject matter of the invention is a process for the production of anhydrous hydrazine which does not involve a third substance.

Abstract: A process for preparing high-purity phytantriol, that includes rectifying the phytantriol which is obtained and is contaminated with lower and/or higher boiling byproducts under medium vacuum in rectification columns containing metal cloth packings with ordered structure using channel liquid distributors with a minimum of 500 drip points/m2, which are arranged at an angle of 90° to the cloth layers of the packing elements located directly below the distributors, in which 2 or more of the packing elements underneath the liquid distributors have only a small height, which ensure absolute exclusion of air and a strictly adiabatic procedure. The preparation of high-purity phytantriol takes place particularly advantageously when the phytantriol which is contaminated with byproducts is a phytantriol which has been obtained by reacting isophytol with performic acid and subsequently hydrolyzing the product formed in the reaction with alkaline agents in a manner known per se.

Abstract: A continuous vacuum pan includes a cylindrical housing having a vertical axis, at least one liquid heating pan within the housing, and a vertical tube, floating calandria within the liquid heating pan. The vertical tube floating calandria has a downcomer between its periphery and the periphery of the liquid heating pan, and a gap is provided between the bottom of the calandria and the bottom of the liquid heating pan. Radially extending baffles in the liquid heating pan define a plurality of compartments located in series with one another, the compartments ranging from a first upstream compartment to a downstream output compartment. Ports are provided in all of the baffles except in the baffle between the output compartment and the first compartment. The ports are spaced from the bottom of the liquid heating pan, permitting communication between the compartments.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for separating dibutenes into an n-octene-containing fraction and a dimethylhexene-containing fraction. The fractions can be processed further separately to the corresponding C9 carboxylic acids and C9 alcohols (isononanols). Successor products of the C9 carboxylic acids include, for example, vinyl esters. Successor products of the C9 alcohols include plasticizers.

Abstract: Method for extracting an ingredient from plant, animal or mineral by heating water to create a vapor, contacting the ingredient under a state of decompression with the vapor, condensing the vapor by passing the vapor over one or more surfaces cooled by a thermoelectric cooler, and collecting the condensate.

Abstract: An organic isocyanate or mixture of isocyanates is treated with at least one high molecular weight ester of phosphoric acid corresponding to a specified formula to remove chlorine compounds. The isocyanates which are purified in this manner are useful for the production of coatings, polyurethane moldings and chemical intermediates.

Abstract: The object of the invention is to provide a solvent distillation apparatus capable of preparing a highly pure anoxic, dehydrated solvent. A distilling flask is connected to a vacuum double-barrel fractionating column by a glass flange. The upper end of the fractionating column is connected to a middle portion of a reflux condenser. The upper end of the reflux condenser is provided with an outlet for a purge gas, and the lower end thereof is connected to a condensate reservoir. The base of the condensate reservoir is connected to the fractionating column near a lower end thereof via a Young cock, and also connected to a collecting flask via a Young cock and a glass flange. An immersion tube is used to blow an inactive gas into a base portion of the condensate reservoir. The fractionating column, the reflux condenser and the condensate reservoir are integrated as one body.

Abstract: A process for the distillation of vinylaromatic monomers in the presence of 4-tert-butylcatechol (TBC) and oxygen, wherein no aromatic nitro or amino compound is present in any effective amount. The process is particularly suitable for destabilizing and purifying styrene which has been stabilized with 4-tert-butylcatechol (TBC) for transportation.

Abstract: Aldehyde compounds contained in polycyclic diols as impurities are effectively removed by distilling the polycyclic diols in the presence of an alkali metal compound and/or a alkaline earth compound. The distilled polycyclic diols are useful as a diol component of a polymer such as polycarbonate with less yellowing.