Abstract: High energy reaction of halogen-containing carbon, boron, silicon and nitrogen compounds, with base component comprising at least one atom selected from Groups IA to VIA, transition metals, lanthanides and actinides of the Periodic Table of the Elements, excluding aluminum and aluminum oxide.

Abstract: A nanometal dispersion and a method for preparing a nanometal dispersion are provided. The method comprises mixing a metal seed crystal aqueous solution, a polysaccharide aqueous solution, and a metal compound aqueous solution, followed by allowing the resulting mixture to conduct a reduction-oxidation reaction to form a nanometal. The produced nanometal dispersion comprises a polysaccharide and a nanometal. The polysaccharide is composed of N-actyl-D-glucosamine and glucuronic acid, and the nanometal has multimorphology.

Abstract: A method for forming a protective bilayer on a magnetic read/write head or magnetic disk. The bilayer is formed as an adhesion enhancing underlayer and a protective diamond-like carbon (DLC) overlayer. The underlayer is formed of an aluminum or alloyed aluminum oxynitride, having the general formula AlOxNy or MezAlOxNy where Mez symbolizes Tiz, Siz or Crz and where x, y and z can be varied within the formation process. By adjusting the values of x and y the adhesion underlayer contributes to such qualities of the protective bilayer as stress compensation, chemical and mechanical stability and low electrical conductivity. Various methods of forming the underlayer are provided, including reactive ion sputtering, plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition, pulsed laser deposition and plasma immersion ion implantation.

Abstract: A process has been developed to selectively dissociate target molecules into component products compositionally distinct from the target molecule, wherein the bonds of the target molecule do not reform because the components are no longer reactive with each other. Dissociation is affected by treating the target molecule with light at a frequency and intensity, alone or in combination with a catalyst in an amount effective to selectively break bonds within the target molecule. Dissociation does not result in re-association into the target molecule by the reverse process, and does not produce component products which have a change in oxidation number or state incorporated oxygen or other additives because the process does not proceed via a typical reduction-oxidation mechanism. Target molecules include ammonia for waste reclamation and treatment, PCB remediation, and targeted drug delivery.

Abstract: Herein provided are a lignin-decomposition catalyst and an aromatic hydrocarbon-decomposition catalyst, which contain a porphyrin. Alcohols and organic acids can be isolated or separated from lignin by adding a solution containing an alkaline compound to lignin, optionally acting a lignin-decomposition catalyst on the resulting lignin-alkaline compound-containing solution and optionally irradiating, with light rays, the solution; or by optionally acting a lignin-decomposition catalyst on lignin and then irradiating it with light rays. The decomposition products generated during the isolation of the foregoing alcohols and organic acids are recovered and hydrogen ions are released from lignin.

Abstract: A dispensing apparatus including a product dispenser in which product is dispensed by manual movement of an activation mechanism as, for example, by moving a lever with a person's hand, arm or foot. The dispensing apparatus includes an electrical generator for generating electrical energy as a result of the manual movement of the activation mechanism, preferably by electromagnetic induction, electrochemistry or piezoelectricity. The electrical energy from the generator may be utilized in the dispensing apparatus to power a data communication unit for receiving information about the product dispenser and transmitting the information to a receiver, preferably but not necessarily wirelessly. The relative amounts of electrical energy generated may be used to estimate the amount of fluid dispensed and the extent to which a fluid reservoir is full.

Abstract: Enhancing the effectiveness of therapeutic ionizing radiation and other treatments of disease in which cells are to be destroyed or modified, by subjecting cells in need thereof to low-dose radiation to increase the sensitivity of the cells to subsequent subjection with a lethal dose of high dose radiation (HDR), a chemotherapeutic agent, or other type of therapeutic treatment.

Abstract: A method to release hydrogen from a material comprising hydrogen fixed fullerenes involves irradiating the hydrogen fixed fullerenes with electromagnetic radiation of sufficient intensity to release hydrogen rapidly upon irradiation. The intensity of the irradiation and/or the area of irradiation can be adjusted to control the rate and extent of hydrogen release. The hydrogen depleted material comprising hydrogen fixed fullerene can be hydrogenated to regenerate the material.

Abstract: Methods are provided for functionalizing a macroscopic film comprised of nanoscale fibers by controlled irradiation. The methods may include the steps of (a) providing a nanoscale fiber film material comprising a plurality of nanoscale fibers (which may include single wall nanotubes, multi-wall nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, or a combination thereof); and (b) irradiating the nanoscale fiber film material with a controlled amount of radiation in the open air or in a controlled atmosphere. The step of irradiating the nanoscale fiber film material is effective to functionalize the plurality of nanoscale fibers. Irradiated nanoscale fiber films are also provided having improved mechanical and electrical conducting properties.

Abstract: The method for eliminating metallic lithium on a support comprises a plasma application step. The plasma is formed from a carbon source and an oxygen source with a power comprised between 50 and 400 W. It transforms the metallic lithium into lithium carbonate. The method then comprises a dissolution step of the lithium carbonate in an aqueous solution.

Abstract: An apparatus for administering a therapeutic is provided. In various embodiments, the apparatus includes a syringe having a barrel and a plunger and having an ozone generator associated therewith. The generator is initiated and a therapeutic gas is accumulated within the barrel, at which point it can be delivered from the barrel into a target site via a needle, thereby delivering therapeutic effects to that target site.

Abstract: A method for forming a protective bilayer on a magnetic read/write head or magnetic disk. The bilayer is formed as an adhesion enhancing underlayer and a protective diamond-like carbon (DLC) overlayer. The underlayer is formed of an aluminum or alloyed aluminum oxynitride, having the general formula AlOxNy or MezAlOxNy where Mez symbolizes Tiz, Siz or Crz and where x, y and z can be varied within the formation process. By adjusting the values of x and y the adhesion underlayer contributes to such qualities of the protective bilayer as stress compensation, chemical and mechanical stability and low electrical conductivity. Various methods of forming the underlayer are provided, including reactive ion sputtering, plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition, pulsed laser deposition and plasma immersion ion implantation.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing metal nanoparticles by mixing a metal precursor with a solvent to prepare a mixed solution, and radiating the mixed solution with an ion beam to reduce the metal precursor and produce the metal nanoparticles. In addition, when metal nanoparticles are prepared by using an ion beam, uniform-sized metal nanoparticles can be mass produced.

Abstract: Particles and manufacturing methods thereof are provided. The manufacturing method of the particle includes providing a precursor solution containing a precursor dissolved in a solution, and irradiating the precursor solution with a high energy and high flux radiation beam to convert the precursor to nano-particles. Particles with desired dispersion, shape, and size are manufactured without adding a stabilizer or surfactant to the precursor solution.

Abstract: Described herein are batches of nanoscale phosphor particles having an average particle size of less than about 200 nm and an average internal quantum efficiency of at least 40%. The batches of nanoscale phosphor particles can be substantially free of impurities. Also described herein are methods of manufacturing the nanoscale phosphor particles by passing phosphor particles through a reactive field to thereby dissociate them into elements and then synthesizing nanoscale phosphor particles by nucleating the elements and quenching the resulting particles.

Abstract: The invention is based on the aim of developing a device and a method for the plasma-enhanced synthesis of halogenated polysilanes and polygermanes, wherein at least one reaction partner is present in a gaseous form and is excited by reactive particles from a plasma zone, and is subsequently reacted by means of at least one further reaction partner which is present in the reaction chamber in vaporous or gaseous form. Reactions of halogen silanes or germanes of the group SiCl4, SiF4, GeCl4, GeF4 with H2 are possible.

Abstract: Methods of preparing a composition comprising non-ionic, radioactive gold nanoparticles (R-GNPs) are disclosed. The method comprises: a) providing a solution comprising gold (Au-197) ions; and b) exposing the solution to neutron irradiation to generate a composition comprising non-ionic R-GNPs. Alternatively, the method comprises: a) providing a solution that comprises a composition comprising gold (Au-197) nanoparticles (GNPs); and b) exposing the GNP solution to neutron irradiation to generate a composition comprising non-ionic R-GNPs. Compositions that comprises non-ionic R-GNPs encapsulated within and/or anchored to MSNs, and methods of making the same are also disclosed.

Abstract: A synchronized water is disclosed, in which all single water molecules at the same time are arranged in an identical way to a stable homogeneous microstructure, wherein said synchronized water in a distilled condition and at atmospheric pressure has a) a density of from 0.997855 to 0.998836 g/ml at 220 C. b) a water temperature at the freezing point of from ?6.7° C. to ?8.2° C., c) a melting point of from 0.10 C to 0.20 C, d) a surface tension of from 72.3 to 72.7 dyn/cm at 220 C, and e) a dielectric constant of from 82.4 to 82.6 F/m, as well as a method for preparation thereof and different uses thereof.

Abstract: This invention relates to a composite material that comprises a support member that has a plurality of pores extending through the support member and, located in the pores of the support member, and filling the pores of the support member, a macroporous cross-linked gel. The invention also relates to a process for preparing the composite material described above, and to its use. The composite material is suitable, for example, for separation of substances, for example by filtration or adsorption, including chromatography, for use as a support in synthesis or for use as a support for cell growth.

Abstract: Porous track membranes are produced by exposing a polymeric film to a bombardment of heavy ions to provide the film with a track density, and etching pores into the resulting tracked film with an etching solution to provide the film with a density of the pores corresponding to the track density under conditions to maintain turbulent flow. An alkaline etching solution is used that contains salts of alkali metals in sufficient concentration to increase the boiling point of the resulting alkali-metal-containing solution to temperatures in excess of about 100 up to about 150° C.

Abstract: A mobile electron beam radiation sterilizing apparatus includes a movable chassis vehicle; a cabinet body installed on the chassis vehicle; an electron accelerator, which generates electron beam for articles to be radiation-processed, wherein the electron accelerator is provided in the cabinet body; an accelerator control box, which controls operation of the electron accelerator, a radiation shielding system comprised of: a stationary shielding body covering the electron accelerator; a pair of rotatable shielding doors, through which a passage is formed for an article to be processed to enter or exit, rotatably connected to the stationary shielding body; a motor for switching on and switching off the rotatable shielding doors.

Abstract: A method is provided for removing malodorous compounds, such as trimethylamine (TMA), present in an exhaust gas. At least one low-voltage electron beam energy source is used to remove small quantities of malodorous compounds in air. The electron beam energy source can also be used to beneficially form ozone to enhance the EB reduction of small quantities of compounds such as TMA in air.

Abstract: A system and method for treating unmarketable fly ash and improve its properties as an additive for concrete is disclosed. The method includes the steps of providing a gas stream containing ionized air, and an amount of fly ash containing carbon having all adsorption capacity. The fly ash is then exposed to the gas stream to expose the carbon to the ionized air to promote the attachment of the ions to the carbon to reduce the adsorption capacity of the carbon.

Abstract: RF power is coupled to one or more RF drive points (50-56) on an electrode (20-28) of a plasma chamber such that the level of RF power coupled to the RF drive points (51-52, 55-56) on the half (61) of the electrode that is closer to the workpiece passageway (12) exceeds the level of RF power coupled to the RF drive points (53-54), if any, on the other half (62) of the electrode. Alternatively, RF power is coupled to one or more RF drive points on an electrode of a plasma chamber such that the weighted mean of the drive point positions is between the center (60) of the electrode and the workpiece passageway. The weighted mean is based on weighting each drive point position by the time-averaged level of RF power coupled to that drive point position. The invention offsets an increase in plasma density that otherwise would exist adjacent the end of the electrode closest to the passageway.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the production of silicon from silyl halides. In a first step, the silyl halide is converted, with the generation of a plasma discharge, to a halogenated polysilane, which is subsequently decomposed to silicon, in a second step, with heating.

Abstract: Ionized irradiation can be used to improve the properties of fluoropolymers. In particular, elasticity, strain hardening, and melt strength of a fluoropolymer can be increased by LIP to an order of magnitude by exposure to controlled amounts of radiation; while polymer foams may be thermoformed and crosslinked by irradiation to provide a solvent resistance polymer foams having wide range of densities with good mechanical integrity at elevated temperature.

Abstract: Devices, apparatus, methods and processes are adapted and arranged to efficiently produce both hydrogen and oxygen, while at the same time producing electricity. Advantageously, virtually no undesirable by-products are produced, thus yielding environmentally friendly sources of fuels and energy. Through the cyclic use and re-use of acidic compounds, and especially sulfuric acid, water is processed to produce hydrogen, oxygen and electricity. One or more of the hydrogen, oxygen and electrical output of the methods, devices and apparatus of the invention can be stored, or can be used in many ways, for example, in a fuel cell to produce additional electricity or other reaction products.

Abstract: This disclosure concerns a new method for preparing radioisotopes, such as molybdenum-99, by alpha particle irradiation, such as by alpha particle irradiation of zirconium-96. Molybdenum-99 is a precursor to the medically-significant radioisotope technetium-99m. Also disclosed are novel compositions containing one or more of technetium-99m, molybdenum-99 and zirconium species. Systems for producing molybdenum-99 and technetium-99m, including alpha particle generators and irradiation targets, also are described.

Abstract: A method and device for sterilizing containers in which a plasma treatment is executed through excitation of an electromagnetic oscillation so that the plasma is excited in a vacuum in the vicinity of the container regions to be sterilized. Between arrival and discharge, the container regions to be sterilized are moved closer to the oscillation-generating device in the chamber, with continuous movement of the container and/or of the oscillation-generating device for one or more predetermined time intervals in such a way that a plasma is excited in these regions inside and/or outside the container. The chamber is provided with a transport apparatus inside it, which produces an essentially rotating motion of the container during the transport from the arrival to the discharge in the chamber.

Abstract: A gas-timing control method for depositing metal oxynitride and transition metal oxynitride (Mx(ON)y) films on glass and flexible substrates using reactive radio frequency magnetron sputtering, without substrate heating. A system includes a sputtering chamber, substrates, targets, three mass flow controllers controlled respective flow rates of argon, nitrogen and oxygen gases alternately and intermittently into the sputtering chamber, and a radio frequency generator with 13.56 MHz which irradiated in the sputtering chamber to decompose sputtering gases. The flow rate ratio of oxygen+nitrogen/argon is at least 0.02, the flow rate ratio of oxygen/nitrogen is at least 0.01, and the sequence timing of argon, nitrogen and oxygen gases alternately or mixed into the sputtering chamber at least 1 sec.

Abstract: A device and a method capable of producing induction fullerene with high yield are provided. Nitrogen gas being an object to be induced is introduced into a plasma flow producing chamber and a high-temperature flow forming chamber to form a high-temperature plasma flow consisting of nitrogen ions and electrons. A negative voltage is applied to a grid 105 to keep low electron energy in the high-temperature plasma flow. Then by making electrons collide with fullerene introduced from a fullerene sublimating oven 107, electrons are bonded to the fullerene and thereby the fullerene is ionized. A recovering cylinder 112 is disposed in an induction fullerene accumulating chamber so as to enclose a plasma flow. In this fullerene accumulating chamber, induction fullerene such as nitrogen-substitution hetero fullerene and nitrogen-included fullerene is produced and deposited in the recovering chamber 112.

Abstract: A photocatalytic reactor with a modular configuration, based on UV light sources and a catalyst, useful for purifying and disinfecting wastewater from confined aquaculture, using Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP), wherein the catalyst is supported over glass sheets as fixed strips within the reactor, at an established distance from the UV light source, and wherein the wastewater is treated as “batches” being re-circulated and returned to the circuit. The wastewater is fed through the lower end of the reactor and submitted to a strong turbulence when passing through perforations or holes made on the supports forming the floors that separate the reaction chambers.

Abstract: A method of treating a methane residue in a gas mixture at a temperature lying in the range 200° C. to 500° C. and including at least methane at a concentration lying in the range 50 ppm to 2500 ppm and oxygen at a concentration lying in the range 0.5% to 12% by volume. According to the invention, the methane residue is treated by a plasma having energy density lying in the range 15 J/L to 100 J/L generated in a plasma reactor by applying a high voltage electrical signal between an internal electrode and an external electrode of the plasma reactor, the external electrode being cylindrical in shape and surrounding the internal electrode, and at least one of the electrodes being covered in a dielectric material to create a dielectric barrier discharge in the gas mixture and convert part of the methane residue into carbon monoxide.

Abstract: A method for preparing luminescent diamond particles (e.g., fluorescent nanodiamonds). The method includes irradiating diamond particles with an ion beam and heating the irradiated diamond particles in a non-oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature between 600 and 1000° C. The diamond particles have a diameter of 1 nm to 1 mm and the ion beam has a kinetic energy of 1 KeV to 900 MeV. Also disclosed are luminescent diamond particles prepared by this method and methods of using them.

Abstract: Produce titanium-group metal micro-dispersion water that contains ion vapor of titanium-group metal in micro-dispersed state and that can be used as a material for health products, medical products, cosmetics, etc., by using an apparatus comprising a water tank, a high-voltage discharge generator equipped with a titanium-group metal electrode and its counter electrode, a water inlet, an outlet for produced water, and a titanium-group metal electrode feeder, in a manner causing plasma discharge in water between the titanium-group metal electrode and its counter electrode.

Abstract: A method of forming a chemical composition such as a chemical hydride is described and which includes the steps of selecting a composition having chemical bonds and which is capable of forming a chemical hydride; providing a source of hydrogen; and exposing the selected composition to an amount of ionizing radiation to encourage the changing of the chemical bonds of the selected composition, and chemically reacting the selected composition with the source of hydrogen to facilitate the formation of a chemical hydride.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for igniting, modulating, and sustaining a plasma for at least partially decrystallizing a surface of an object. In one embodiment, a method is provided for decrystallizing a surface of an object by forming a plasma (such as by subjecting a gas to an amount of electromagnetic radiation, optionally in the presence of a plasma catalyst) and exposing the surface of the object to the plasma.

Abstract: A system for sterilizing air includes an air duct for flowing the air therethrough. A first electron beam generator is positioned relative to the duct for irradiating the air flowing therethrough with a first electron beam. The first electron beam for disabling biological substances within the air.

Abstract: A polymeric material is produced by atomizing into droplets a composition containing addition-polymerizable material and reacting the addition polymerizable material in the droplets to produce the particulate product. The polymeric product may be, for example, a powder coating composition.

Abstract: The present invention is a high volume, wall-mountable air sanitation apparatus for disinfecting and removing VOCs from air with high energy UV light and ozone. The apparatus has a powerful fan and an elongated UV light source and target for use with the movement of a large volume of air. The target includes a mesh and a secondary target both comprising a target compound which creates hydro-peroxides, super oxide ions and hydroxyl radicals in the presence of water also for removing pollutants in the air.

Abstract: Produce titanium-group metal micro-dispersion water that contains ion vapor of titanium-group metal in micro-dispersed state and that can be used as a material for health products, medical products, cosmetics, etc., by using an apparatus comprising a water tank, a high-voltage discharge generator equipped with a titanium-group metal electrode and its counter electrode, a water inlet, an outlet for produced water, and a titanium-group metal electrode feeder, in a manner causing plasma discharge in water between the titanium-group metal electrode and its counter electrode.

Abstract: A process for producing scratch-resistant coatings, encompassing the following steps: applying at least one UV-curable coating composition to at least one surface of an article to be coated, said coating composition comprising at least one polymer and/or oligomer P1 containing on average at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond per molecule, and curing the coating composition by exposure to UV radiation, which comprises conducting the curing of the coating composition under an oxygen-containing protective gas which has an oxygen partial pressure in the range from 0.2 to 18 kPa.

Abstract: A system for sterilizing air includes an air duct for flowing the air therethrough. A first electron beam generator is positioned relative to the duct for irradiating the air flowing therethrough with a first electron beam. The first electron beam for disabling microorganisms within the air.

Abstract: A multi-layer fullerene, particularly a carbon nano-onion which is nano-size particulate can be produced efficiently and in high purity by irradiating soot-like carbon such as carbon black obtained by incomplete combustion or thermal cracking of carbon-containing compound such as hydrocarbon, aromatic oil and so on with high energy such as electron rays, gamma rays, X-rays, beam from an ion source and so on, and heat-treated.

Abstract: The present invention is a high volume, wall-mountable air sanitation apparatus for disinfecting and removing VOCs from air with high energy UV light and ozone. The apparatus has a powerful fan and an elongated UV light source and target for use with the movement of a large volume of air. The target includes a mesh and a secondary target both comprising a target compound which creates hydro-peroxides, super oxide ions and hydroxyl radicals in the presence of water also for removing pollutants in the air.

Abstract: An ion beam irradiation apparatus is equipped with a plasma generator which generates a plasma and supplies it to a region in the vicinity of the upstream side of a substrate, thereby suppressing a charging up of a surface of the substrate, which results from an irradiation of the ion beam. The radio frequency electric source for supplying the plasma for generating the plasma to a plasma generator is a radio frequency electric source for producing a radio frequency electric power formed by amplitude modulating an original radio frequency signal.

Abstract: A method of fabricating high aspect ratio ceramic structures in which a selected portion of perovskite or perovskite-like crystalline material is exposed to a high energy ion beam for a time sufficient to cause the crystalline material contacted by the ion beam to have substantially parallel columnar defects. Then selected portions of the material having substantially parallel columnar defects are etched leaving material with and without substantially parallel columnar defects in a predetermined shape having high aspect ratios of not less than 2 to 1. Etching is accomplished by optical or PMMA lithography. There is also disclosed a structure of a ceramic which is superconducting at a temperature in the range of from about 10° K. to about 90° K. with substantially parallel columnar defects in which the smallest lateral dimension of the structure is less than about 5 microns, and the thickness of the structure is greater than 2 times the smallest lateral dimension of the structure.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for cross-linking photosensitive inks in particular polymersible inks (36) by ultraviolet radiation consisting in a step (35) inking dots (31) on a base (38) and a subsequent step consisting in applying a concentrated ultraviolet beam (32) on the inked dots (31), except for the base non-inked surfaces (30). The beam is in particular an ultraviolet laser beam. The invention is applicable to jet dot-matrix printing and polychromy.

Abstract: According to the present invention, provided are a method whereby a sterilization/deodorization gas is supplied by irradiating a stabilized chlorine dioxide gel or liquid with ultraviolet radiation, and a sterilization/deodorization gas supply apparatus which comprises: a chemical container used to hold a chemical gel or liquid which is used for sterilization and deodorization, and as an insecticide or an insectifuge; an ultraviolet radiation unit for projecting ultraviolet radiation onto the chemical and for generating a dispersed gas; and a gas discharge unit for extracting from the chemical container gas elements that are to be dispersed by the ultraviolet radiation unit. With this arrangement, a chlorine dioxide gas that can effectively perform sterilization and deodorization can be easily and safely stored, handled and supplemented by employing the chemical reactive propagative effects of ultraviolet radiation.

Abstract: The invention provides for a method for removing elemental mercury from a fluid, the method comprising irradiating the mercury with light having a wavelength of approximately 254 nm. The method is implemented in situ at various fuel combustion locations such as power plants and municipal incinerators.