Abstract: Contaminants are removed from untreated raw water or discharge water by applying direct current through an array of spaced, alternately charged electrodes positioned within and electrically isolated from a housing to eliminate or minimize clogging of the electrodes with precipitated contaminants. The housing is surrounded with container structure that cooperates with the housing to define an inlet chamber positioned between the source of untreated water and the housing containing the spaced array of electrodes. The container structure further includes an outlet chamber defined between the housing and the container structure for accumulating and draining water treated by the spaced electrode array.

Abstract: Techniques disclosed herein a method and system for coating the interior surfaces of microscale hole features fabricated into the substantially planar surface of a substrate. Techniques include creating a separation or smoothing layer between a nucleation layer process and a metallization or gapfill process. The addition of such a separation layer avoids dissolving a seed layer and gapfill complications from remnant organic material. Techniques include adding a conformal copper smoothing layer step after applying a direct on-barrier nucleation layer. The smoothing layer adds a sufficient thickness so that the gapfill chemistry does not erode the nucleation layer. The smoothing layer can also provide a high-purity copper film that will not detrimentally interact with the TSV gapfill chemistry. This smoothing layer can also provide a surface with consistent roughness to allow uniform adhesion of the organic additives in the TSV gapfill chemistry to create a filling profile that is void-free.

Abstract: An anodizing apparatus for causing an anodizing reaction to substrates immersed in an electrolyte solution. The apparatus includes a storage tank for storing the electrolyte solution, a holder for holding a plurality of substrates in liquid-tight contact with circumferential surfaces of the substrates, a moving mechanism for moving the holder between a transfer position outside the storage tank and a treating position inside the storage tank, and a closing device disposed in the storage tank for cooperating with the holder to complete a liquid-tight closure of the circumferential surfaces of the substrates held by the holder. Chemical reaction treatment is carried out with the circumferential surfaces of the substrates placed in a liquid-tight state. After the chemical reaction treatment is completed, the closing device is made inoperative and the holder is moved away from the treating position to unload the substrates from the storage tank.

Abstract: A device for a solid oxide fuel cell or a solid oxide electrolysis cell includes an integral one-piece construction of a current collector and a manifold. The device eliminates the need for a brazing or thermal bonding process for joining the manifold with the current collector, and thus makes it possible to prevent breakdown of the junction formed between the manifold and the current collector, which can lead to gas leakage through the junction, and thus can be used for a long period of time.

Abstract: An electrolyzer assembly includes an electrolysis unit having: a hermetically-sealed case made at least partially from a durable dielectric polymer material, the case having a gas outlet and an electrolyte inlet; at least one set of series-coupled, equally-spaced, rectangular, vertically-oriented metal plates installed within the case, each set having first and second end plates, each plate having each side edge sealed to a case wall panel and a bottom edge sealed to the bottom panel; a ground connection to each first end plate; and a voltage connection to each second end plate that is non-zero with respect to the ground connection, thereby providing at least a 1.5 voltage differential between each pair of adjacent plates when gaps between each adjacent pair of plates are filled with electrolyte.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for automatically producing nano-gold or silver ionized water having a simplified structure. Therefore, the apparatus can be easily fabricated with low cost. Since the ionized water is continuously produced using a waterway through which raw water flows, differently from the conventional techniques in which the raw water stays in a reservoir, it is possible to solve problems such as settlement of ionized water, and thus it is possible to produce nano-gold/silver ionized water having a desired concentration of gold/silver ions within a short period of time. As a result, the antibacterial and sterilizing activity which is an intrinsic property of the nano-gold/silver ions is improved, and the thus produced ionized water having strong detergency can be used as antibacterial and sterilizing water.

Abstract: An electrolyte electrolyzer adapted to create hydrogen and oxygen from electrolyte fluid at or near atmospheric pressure. The electrolyzer is comprised in a preferred form of a plurality of cells which collectively create oxygen and hydrogen chambers separated by an ion permeable membrane. The electrolyzer is further defined by a passive electrode that is electrically interposed between a charged anode and cathode. The chambers defined by the cells are in communication with oxygen and hydrogen supply lines to transfer the hydrogen gas from the unit.

Abstract: A system is provided for producing hydrogen and oxygen based on decomposition of sodium chlorate (NaClO3). In a service station, NaClO3 is produced by a sodium chloride (NaCl) electrolyser. The service station is supplied with water (H2O), NaCl, and energy in order to carry out an electrolysis reaction in the electroyser, to produce NaClO3 and gaseous hydrogen (H2). The NaClO3 and H2 are supplied to vehicles. Each vehicle includes a reactor for decomposing the NaClO3 and producing reaction products of NaCl and oxygen, with the oxygen being supplied to a fuel cell.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system and a method for metal deposition in semiconductor processing, the system comprising a plating tool with one or more plating tanks, each containing one of a respective electrolyte solution, one or more replenishment sections each fluidly connected to a respective one of the one or more plating tanks, one or more draining sections each fluidly connected to a respective one of the one or more plating tanks, and a control system adapted to operate the one or more replenishing sections and/or the one or more draining sections so as to maintain a condition of the electrolyte solutions.

Abstract: A system for electrocoagulation fluid treatment having a tubular member with a plurality of electrocoagulation assemblies disposed therein. The assemblies having a first and second conductive plate that are angularly oriented in relation to one another. A non-conductive block is positioned between the plates to stabilize and orient them within the tubular member. The conductive plates may be provided with alternating negative and positive charges to combat corrosion.

Abstract: The embodiments describe a system for combinatorial processing of a substrate. In one embodiment, electrodeposition processing techniques are combinatorially evaluated. The system is capable of providing a localized electrical connection to each region of a substrate being combinatorially processed. The localized electrical contacts allow for varying a voltage delivered to each region of a substrate whether processing the regions in serial or parallel. Accordingly, from a single substrate, a variety of materials, process conditions, and process sequences may be evaluated for desired electrodeposition results.

Abstract: A capacitive deionization apparatus, wherein a spacing distance between electrodes of cells is uniformly maintained and a flow in the cells is optimized to improve efficiency of the deionization apparatus and contact resistance between a carbon material and a collector is reduce to improve electrical conductivity, is disclosed. The capacitive deionization apparatus which includes a plurality of electrode modules, each having a collector and electrodes disposed on upper and lower surfaces of the collector to electrically and chemically remove ions from liquid, includes a plurality of plates made of a stiff material are alternately stacked with the electrode modules such that the electrode modules are spaced at specific intervals, wherein the collector and the electrodes are pressed by a pair of adjacent plates among the plurality of plates to maintain a contact therebetween.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating waste water utilizing two energized agitated electrochemical reaction reactor units (each utilizing approximately 10 amps per gallon) with a reaction time of approximately 5 minutes wherein the first reaction vessel has a pH below 7 and a second reaction vessel has a pH of above the pH of the first reaction vessel and the effluent flows from a first agitated electrochemical reaction vessel to a degassing tank and then flows to a second agitated electrochemical reaction vessel and then to a flocculation tank.

Abstract: An anode pipe includes a main pipe portion and a secondary pipe portion. The anode pipe has an inner circumferential surface that functions as an anode. The main pipe portion has a first connection end portion and a second connection end portion. The main pipe portion forms a flow channel for a treatment liquid that continues from the first connection end portion to the second connection end portion. The secondary pipe portion extends in a tubular fashion from the intermediate section of the main pipe portion. The interior of the secondary pipe portion communicates with the flow channel inside the main pipe portion. The cathode is disposed at a distance from the inner circumferential surface of the anode pipe. The cathode extends from a cathode attachment end portion toward the main pipe portion inside the secondary pipe portion.

Abstract: The invention is a unit that produces Hydrogen Gas (Browns Gas (HHO)) that can be used as an assist to diesel and gas engines. The gas is produced from distilled water, using our stainless steel plate design. The patent should apply to the internal plate placement and design. The internal design of the unit allows it to produce significantly more hydrogen, drawing significantly less current or electricity from its power source. The internal design is in the placement of positive, negative and neutral plates to produce the gas.

Abstract: The present invention provides a solid diamond electrode, a reactor, in particular a reactor comprising an anode, a cathode and at least one bipolar electrode having first and second major working surfaces positioned therebetween wherein the at least one bipolar electrode consists essentially of diamond, and methods in which the reactors are used.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for forming a reliable and cost efficient battery or electrochemical capacitor electrode structure that has an improved lifetime, lower production costs, and improved process performance are provided. In one embodiment a method for forming a three dimensional porous electrode for a battery or an electrochemical cell is provided. The method comprises depositing a columnar metal layer over a substrate at a first current density by a diffusion limited deposition process and depositing three dimensional metal porous dendritic structures over the columnar metal layer at a second current density greater than the first current density.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hydrogen generation apparatus using chemical hydride. The present invention features an electrolyte including chemical hydride and a catalyst that is inserted between metal electrodes, wherein the hydrogen is generated in a unit cell by hydrolysis of the hydride.

Abstract: A continuous electro-cleaning, pickling and electroplating apparatus and method using a plurality of elongate tubes that are electrically conductive.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are described for electrodeposition of Group IIB-VIA materials out of electrolytes comprising Group IIB and Group VIA species onto surfaces of workpieces. In one embodiment a method of electrodeposition is described wherein the control of the process is achieved by measuring an initial value of the electrodeposition current at the beginning of the process and adding Group VIA species into the electrolyte to keep the electrodeposition current substantially constant, such a within +/?10% of the initial value throughout the deposition period. In another embodiment an apparatus comprising multiple deposition chambers are described, each deposition chamber containing an anode and a workpiece, and wherein two thirds of the deposition chambers within the apparatus contain anodes comprising a substantially pure Group VIA element in their composition, and the rest of the deposition chambers contain anodes free from any Group VIA element in their composition.

Abstract: A metal covered polyimide composite comprising a tie-coat layer and a metal seed layer formed on a surface of a polyimide film by electroless plating or a drying method is provided. A copper layer or a copper alloy layer is formed thereon by electroplating. The copper plated layer or copper alloy plated layer includes three layers to one layer of the copper layer or copper alloy layer. The metal covered polyimide composite effectively prevents peeling in a non-adhesive flexible laminate (especially a two-layer flexible laminate), and more particularly, effectively inhibits peeling from the interface of a copper layer and tin plating. A method of producing the composite and apparatus for producing the composite are also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method, a treatment installation (26) and a treatment component (29) for the destruction of microorganisms and macroorganisms in a flowing liquid. The destruction takes place instantaneously, while the liquid passes through said component (29) in said installation (26). The treatment is performed in that the liquid is led in a forced movement through a passage (49) in a case (48) of electrically insulating material. In flowing through the passage, the liquid is subjected to an influence from one or more alternating current fields in that alternating current is short-circuited in the flow of water through alternating current conductors (50) that are arranged internally in said case (48).

Abstract: A system carried by a watercraft for reducing the population of microorganisms in a body of water, including an electrolytic apparatus for producing antimicrobial chlorine-containing compounds and conduits for discharging electrolyzed water into the body of water.

Abstract: An electrochemical separation system may be modular and may include at least a first modular unit and a second modular unit. Each modular unit may include a cell stack and a frame. The frame may include a manifold system. A flow distribution system in the frame may enhance current efficiency. Spacers positioned between modular units may also enhance current efficiency of the system.

Abstract: An improved chlorination system for pools, spas, potable water supplies, and the like, provides a vertically oriented electrolytic cell connected between a pump and a lightly salinated pool. The cell preferably contains a metallic electrode, such as titanium, and a precious metal coated titanium electrode, and has means for passing an electric current through the cell. The present invention further provides a novel electrode stack design, conducive for forming an efficient chlorinator comprising a plurality of interconnecting electrode stacks of separate electrical cells.

Abstract: A gas liquid separator system for a hydrogen generating apparatus includes a collection area for collecting liquid from the generated gases. To empty the collection area occasionally so that liquid does not build up and become entrained again in the dried gas, a vent solenoid is provided in communication with the collection area and a pump is used to create a vacuum periodically on the electrolysis cells. Such arrangement is used to open the liquid gas filter and possibly just the sump to atmosphere occasionally and vacuum generated to draw the liquid from the sump back to the electrolysis cells.

Abstract: Process and apparatus to remove colloids and nitrogen compounds from contaminated water by coagulating the colloids and separating them from the water. The solids are floated by sparging and then the floating solids are swept from the surface of the water into an exit port using a conveyor from which downwardly depending flaps skim or near the surface, thus sweeping the floating floc into the exit port.

Abstract: The invention discloses a unit for the electrolysis of water. The unit includes a plurality of stacked conductive plates which are separated from each other by a non conductive sealing ring. At least one of the stacked conductive plates functions as an anode. A plurality of the conductive plates functions as a cathode, wherein the number of cathodes is double the number of anodes.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for a low maintenance, high reliability on-site electrolytic generator incorporating automatic cell monitoring for contaminant film buildup, as well as automatically removing or cleaning the contaminant film. This method and apparatus preferably does not require human intervention to clean. For high current density cells, cleaning is preferably performed by reversing the polarity of the electrodes and applying a lower current density to the electrodes, preferably by adjusting the salinity or brine concentration of the electrolyte while keeping the voltage constant. Electrolyte flow preferably comprises water and brine flows which are preferably separately monitored and automatically adjusted. For bipolar cells, flow between modules arranged in parallel is preferably approximately equally distributed between modules and between intermediate electrodes within each module.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and devices for the decontamination of fluid, particularly the removal of heavy metals and/or arsenic and/or their compounds from water, by means of electrolysis, wherein the water to be purified subjected to electrodes of different polarities. The invention can include means for control of the pH of the fluid. The invention can also include control systems that allow self-cleaning of electrodes, self-cleaning of filters, and automatic monitoring of maintenance conditions.

Abstract: A system for treating a substance using a storage vessel and two or more devices disposed in a top of the storage vessel. Each device has: (a) a volute or cyclone head, (b) a throat connected to the volute or cyclone head, (c) a parabolic reflector connected to the throat, (d) a first wave energy source comprising a first electrode within the volute or cyclone head that extends through the outlet into the opening of the throat along the central axis, and a second electrode extending into the parabolic reflector and spaced apart and axially aligned with first electrode, and (e) a second wave energy source disposed inside the throat, embedded within the throat or disposed around the throat. The substance is supplied to the inlet of the volute or cyclone head and is irradiated with one or more wave energies produced by the first and second wave energy sources.

Abstract: There is disclosed a water treatment device capable of improving the treatment efficiency of for-treatment water and passing the for-treatment water once to sufficiently treat the water without repeatedly circulating the water, and the water treatment device includes a water passing first electrode arranged in the channel of the for-treatment water, a conductive fiber positioned on the downstream side of this first electrode and energized by the first electrode, a water passing second electrode positioned on the downstream side of this conductive fiber and forming a pair with the first electrode, an insulating porous spacer interposed between this second electrode and the conductive fiber, and a supply section which supplies voltages to both of the electrodes.

Abstract: A water treatment system using electrocoagulation is provided. One of the stages of the water treatment is subjecting the water to electrocoagulation so that colloidal solids can be reduced, emulsions broken, and hydrocarbons and complex organics removed, without the application of substantial chemical substances to the contaminated water or even the use of any chemical substances. An electrocoaguloaty apparatus can comprise: a tank having a first end and a second end; a plurality of electrolytic cells provided in the tank, each electrolytic cell having at least one anode electrode and at least one cathode electrode defining an anode/cathode electrode pair; and a voltage supply connected to each electrolytic cell to supply a voltage across each anode/cathode pair.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an improved electrolytic cell. The cell includes at least one pair of electrodes, an anode and a cathode. In general the anode includes at least one dimension, which is substantially greater than the cathode. In an exemplary embodiment, the length and the width of the anode are greater than the length and width of the cathode. In a first embodiment of a multi-cell chlorine generator, unequal dimension electrodes are stacked together. In a second embodiment of such a generator, the electrodes are of equal dimensions. In another exemplary embodiment of the improved electrolytic cell in accordance with this invention, the cathode forms a U-shaped member and the anode of at least one dimension being greater is located there between. Another embodiment of the chlorine generator includes at least two cells having the U-shaped cathode. In a first exemplary of embodiment of such a chlorine generator, the electrode are parallel to one another.

Abstract: Electrochemical cells modules made up of couples of catalytic multilayer porous electrodes forming the anodes and the cathodes and delimitating external gaseous areas and internal areas containing the electrolyte wherein the pressure modulators, generating two pressure cycles independently synchronized but of opposite phase, act at the inlet and at the outlet of the electrolyte and the multilayer porous electrodes are weeping on the gas side. According to a preferred embodiment the multilayer porous electrodes are hydrophobic and conductive on the gas side, the conductive and catalytic middle layers are hydrophobic and hydrophilic, the non-conductive and non-catalytic layer on the electrolyte side is hydrophilic.

Abstract: This invention relates to a system and method for producing a metal powder product using conventional electrowinning chemistry (i.e., oxygen evolution at an anode) in a flow-through electrowinning cell. The present invention enables the production of high quality metal powders, including copper powder, from metal-containing solutions using conventional electrowinning processes and/or direct electrowinning.

Abstract: The present invention is an apparatus and method for generating hydrogen and oxygen from water for use as a fuel additive to an internal combustion engine, such as a gasoline engine or a diesel engine. An electrolysis cell is used to generate the hydrogen and oxygen from a water source. A separate water reservoir permits efficient separation of the hydrogen and oxygen from water and direction into the internal combustion engine. A pump increases output efficiency of the electrolytic cell by preventing the buildup of gas bubbles on the electrodes.

Abstract: It consists of a compact apparatus, easy to install, which allows the optimal dissipation of the heat produced during the electrochemical reaction, composed of a first tank (1) wherethrough water (9) enters and a second tank (2) wherethrough the hydrogen gas (7) and oxygen gas (8) resulting from the electrolysis exit mixed with the water (9), and which includes pipes (3) independent of each other, without superficial continuity therebetween, connecting both tanks (1, 2), the outer surface of which is in direct contact with the air or through the intermediation of dissipating flaps (10) to facilitate the dissipation of the heat generated during the electrolysis.

Abstract: An improved method for the electro-coagulation c treatment of water and waste water includes an electrolytic cell having an anode and a helical cathode mounted longitudinally within a duct for receiving the contaminated water or waste water at one end and for discharging the treated water and electro-coagulated precipitates at the other end. The electro-coagulated precipitates can be subsequently separated by conventional flocculation, settlement and filtration systems. The anode forms a central longitudinal sacrificial rod defining a cylindrical outer surface and the helical cathode comprises an elongate wire coiled helically around and along the anode so as form a plurality of turns of the wire which turns are wrapped around the anode surface in the form of a constant helix of constant diameter with the turns spaced each from the next and spaced from the anode surface.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for controlling two phase flow in electrolytic cells. The present invention is directed to any electrolytic cell, including but not limited to upflow electrolytic cells that comprise parallel electrodes in a vertical orientation. Fluid control strips are preferably added between the anode and cathode electrodes to control flow of fluid and gas bubbles generated between the electrodes in order to avoid the detrimental effects of gas bubbles on the conductivity of the fluid solution, and thereby increase production and operational efficiency of the electrolytic cell.

Abstract: A method and system for purifying liquid is disclosed that includes combining powdered metal particles with the fluid to be treated. The mixture of powdered metal particles and liquid to be treated is then passed through an electrolytic cell. The cells forms ions which attach to contaminants in the liquid and are subsequently separated out from the liquid using conventional solid/liquid separation techniques.

Abstract: A hydrogen generating apparatus and a fuel cell power generation system having the hydrogen generating apparatus are disclosed. The hydrogen generating apparatus can include an electrolyte bath configured to contain an electrolyte solution, an anode placed inside the electrolyte bath and configured to generate electrons, a cathode placed inside the electrolyte bath and configured to receive the electrons from the anode to generate hydrogen, a condensation plate disposed on a transfer path of the hydrogen such that moisture carried in the hydrogen is condensed and the hydrogen is separated, and a heat exchanger configured to cool down the condensation plate heated by the moisture carried in the hydrogen. The hydrogen generating apparatus of the present invention can increase the efficiency of hydrogen generation by removing the moisture carried in the hydrogen while generating the hydrogen and reusing the moisture circulated through the electrolyte solution.

Abstract: A processor for making porous silicon or processing other substrates has first and second chamber assemblies. The first and second chamber assemblies include first and second seals for sealing against a wafer, and first and second electrodes, respectively. The first and/or second seal is moveable towards and away from a wafer in the processor, to move between a wafer load/unload position, and a wafer process position. The first electrode may move along with the first seal, and the second electrode may move along with the second seal. A light source shines light onto the first side of the wafer. The processor may be pivotable from a substantially horizontal orientation, for loading and unloading a wafer, to a substantially vertical orientation, for processing a wafer.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to lithium-ion batteries, and more specifically, to a system and method for fabricating such batteries using thin-film processes that form three-dimensional structures. In one embodiment, an anodic structure used to form an energy storage device is provided. The anodic structure comprises a flexible conductive substrate, a plurality of conductive microstructures formed on the conductive substrate, comprising a plurality of columnar projections and dendritic structures formed over the plurality of columnar projections and a plurality of tin particles formed on the plurality of conductive microstructures. In another embodiment, the anodic structure further comprises a tin nucleation layer comprising tin particles formed on the flexible conductive substrate between the flexible conductive substrate and the plurality of conductive microstructures.

Abstract: In a process for the operation of copper electrolysis cells including a plurality of anode and cathode plates arranged vertically and parallel to each other, a longitudinal electrolyte inflow and an electrolyte outflow, the electrolyte is injected via the electrolyte inflow horizontally and parallel to the electrodes in each electrode gap always at the height of the lower third of the electrodes at a speed of from 0.3 to 1.0 m/s, with the cathode plates being arranged stationarily relative to the inflow direction. As a result, an optimized flow guidance of the electrolyte with regard to the electrodes is achieved, resulting in an increase in the limiting current density.

Abstract: A water treatment system is disclosed having electrolytic cell for liberating hydrogen from a base solution. The base solution may be a solution of brine for generating sodium hypochlorite, or potable water to be oxidized. The cell has first and second opposing electrode endplates held apart from each other by a pair of supports such that the supports enclose opposing sides of the endplates to form a cell chamber. One or more inner electrode plates are spaced apart from each other in the cell chamber in between the first and second electrode plates. The supports are configured to electrically isolate the first and second electrode plates and the inner electrode plates from each other. The first and second electrode plates are configured to receive opposite polarity charges that passively charge the inner electrode plates via conduction from the base solution to form a chemical reaction in the base solution as the base solution passes through the cell chamber.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for automatically producing nano-gold/silver ionized water, the method including: a raw water supply step in which raw water is filtered by a filter F, passed through a flow control valve V for controlling the amount of raw water, and supplied after the amount of raw water is measured by a flow meter M in real time; a nano-gold/silver ionized water production step in which after the amount of the raw water is measured by the flow meter M, the raw water is passed through a nano-gold/silver ionized water producer P to produce nano-gold/silver ionized water; a control step in which a controller C connected to the nano-gold/silver ionized water producer P controls a microprocessor and a driver, which control the filter F and the flow meter M, a current/voltage driver, and the opening/closing of a valve; and a sensing step in which a sensor I connected to the controller C measures the amount and concentration of ionized water passing through the nano-gold/silver ionized wate

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for galvanically depositing an electrically conductive layer onto a carrier on which, at least in some regions, a starter layer suitable for electroplating is disposed. The apparatus has an electroplating bath in which an electrolyte for depositing conductive material is provided, at least two contact rollers which are disposed outside of the electroplating bath and which can be connected as cathode and/or anodes, and at least one deflection roller which is connected between the contact rollers, the position of the deflection roller being changeable between two contact rollers such that by changing the position of the deflection roller a distance to be covered by the carrier and which is formed between two contact points of two adjacent contact rollers corresponds to the extension of the starter layer to be coated.

Abstract: A system to monitor, control and management of a plant where hydrometallurgical processes of electrowinning or electrorefining of non ferrous metals which enables measuring the process variables which comprises: at least one group of electrolytic cells, said cells having means for the collection and transmission of the variables of the process; a plurality of electrodes (5) installed in the interior of each electrolytic cell, making up, alternately, anodes and cathodes of basic cells; a plurality of electrode (5) hanger bars forming, alternately, hanger bars for electrical contact of anodes (20) and hanger bar for electrical contact of cathodes (18); a plurality of support electrical insulators (15) which are positioned in the upper portion of the lateral walls between two adjacent cells; a plurality of electrical bus bars (6) which are fitted on top of each support electrical insulator (15) and underneath the plurality of electrodes (5); a plurality of electrical spacer insulators (16) each spacer insulator

Abstract: The invention provides an ion exchange membrane electrolytic process unlikely to undergo any current density drop even when brine having a concentration lower than usual. Electrolysis occurs while the concentration of an aqueous solution of an alkaline metal chloride in an anode chamber partitioned by a cation exchange membrane is set at 2.7 mol/l to 3.3 mol/l, and a gap is provided between the cation exchange membrane and the anode.