Abstract: Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of forming an electrode having reduced corrosion and water decomposition on a surface thereof. A substrate which has a conductive layer disposed thereon is provided and the conductive layer has an oxide layer with an exposed surface. The exposed surface of the oxide layer contacts a solution of an organic surface active compound in an organic solvent to form a protective layer of the organic surface active compound over the oxide layer. The protective layer has a thickness of from about 0.5 nm to about 5 nm and ranges therebetween depending on a chemical structure of the surface active compound.

Abstract: Generally, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to analyte determining methods and devices (e.g., electrochemical analyte monitoring systems) that have improved uniformity of distribution of the sensing layer by inclusion of a high-boiling point solvent, where the sensing layer is disposed proximate to a working electrode of in vivo and/or in vitro analyte sensors, e.g., continuous and/or automatic in vivo monitoring using analyte sensors and/or test strips. Also provided are systems and methods of using the, for example electrochemical, analyte sensors in analyte monitoring.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for applications related to the microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) are provided. MIC is becoming increasingly important, especially to the oil and gas industry due to water flooding practice and aging pipelines. The lack of understanding of the fundamental mechanisms in MIC have greatly hindered the development of reliable prediction and new mitigation methods. This disclosure demonstrates how a biocatalytic cathodic sulfate reduction (BCSR) theory, together with bioenergetics, electrochemical kinetics, and mass transfer, can be used with regard to MIC. The discovery of MIC promoters (that are electron mediators) allows for a new detection tool for more accurate assessment of MIC pitting, and potential new mitigation methods that targets the promoters or microorganisms that secrete these promoters. An MFC device to detect the presence of MIC promoters is provided.

Abstract: An electrode substrate including an electrode and a membrane provided on the electrode and having a thickness with which a carrier is exchanged between the electrode and the membrane.

Abstract: A system for in situ monitoring within a specified environment includes a housing with an intake inserted into the environment. A plurality of pumps are included in the housing with a number of test beds, each being separately coupled to one of the number of pumps, where each of the number of test beds holds material and where each of the plurality of pumps operate to separately push fluid through a coupled test bed. An effluent storage device is disposed to receive effluent from the number of test beds.

Abstract: Provided are fabrication, characterization and application of a nanodisk electrode, a nanopore electrode and a nanopore membrane. These three nanostructures share common fabrication steps. In one embodiment, the fabrication of a disk electrode involves sealing a sharpened internal signal transduction element (“ISTE”) into a substrate, followed by polishing of the substrate until a nanometer-sized disk of the ISTE is exposed. The fabrication of a nanopore electrode is accomplished by etching the nanodisk electrode to create a pore in the substrate, with the remaining ISTE comprising the pore base. Complete removal of the ISTE yields a nanopore membrane, in which a conical shaped pore is embedded in a thin membrane of the substrate.

Abstract: Design of a disposable screen printed electrode (SPE) for sensing percentage glycated hemoglobin using electrochemistry is disclosed. SPE has four electrodes, one working electrode for the detection of glycated hemoglobin, one working electrode for the detection of hemoglobin and the other two electrodes are counter and reference electrodes that are common for both detection schemes. It also has a cellulose acetate membrane with lysis agents and surfactant embedded in it. Lysis agents lyse erythrocytes and release hemoglobin. Surfactants modify hemoglobin structure and enhance the rate the electron transfer and thereby the output signal during the electrochemical analysis. The SPE is low cost and user friendly. The only input from the user is a drop of blood.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrochemical sensor having a sensing chemistry that operates substantially free of any “oxygen effect”. The electrochemical sensors are useful in determining the level of an analyte in a biological sample from a subject. The present invention also provides sensor assemblies including the electrochemical sensors as well as methods of using the same.

Abstract: The present invention relates to devices, systems and methods for measuring cell barrier function. In particular, the present invention relates to microfluidic devices for use in in vitro models of the blood-brain barrier and modeling the transport across this barrier.

Abstract: A dissolved oxygen sensor for use with a single use-bioreactor/container is provided. The bioreaction vessel includes a plastic wall defining a bioreaction chamber therein, and having an aperture therethrough. A membrane holder is attached to an inner surface of the plastic wall. The membrane holder has a cylindrical portion passing through the aperture. A sensor window membrane is coupled to the membrane holder proximate the aperture. The sensor window membrane has a high oxygen permeability, but forms a water-tight seal with the membrane holder.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cell-based transparent sensor capable of the real-time optical observation of cell behavior, to a method for manufacturing same, and to a multi-detection sensor chip using same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a cell-based transparent sensor capable of the real-time optical observation of cell behavior, to a method for manufacturing same, and to a multi-detection sensor chip using same, wherein the sensor can sense the ionic concentration of an electrolyte in accordance with the variation in the metabolic activity of cells using an ion-selective field effect transistor (ISFET) sensor and an electrochemical sensor, and the sensor is made of a transparent material which enables real-time observations of optical phenomenon for measurement of cell behavior.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the controlled delivery of a drug as a function of bioavailable drug concentration, a sensor device for detecting bioavailable drug concentration, and a delivery device that controls delivery of the drug based on the real-time detection of bioavailable drug concentration.

Abstract: The invention relates to a biosensor support comprising a cylinder (1) consisting of a non-electroconductive material and having: a through-hole (2) coaxial to the axis of the cylinder (1); a metal rod (3) arranged in said opening (2), with its upper end (31) level with the top base (11) of the cylinder (1); a layer/coating of noble metal (4) of between 1 and 1000 nanometres, arranged on the top base (11) of the cylinder, and a protector (5) consisting of a non-electroconductive material arranged on the layer/coating of noble metal (4) in the area where the layer (4) joins the metal rod (3), said protector covering a surface having a diameter (Ø2) larger than the diameter of the rod (3). The invention is applicable to the specific detection of substances in aqueous media.

Abstract: Novel membranes comprising various polymers containing heterocyclic nitrogen groups are described. These membranes are usefully employed in electrochemical sensors, such as amperometric biosensors. More particularly, these membranes effectively regulate a flux of analyte to a measurement electrode in an electrochemical sensor, thereby improving the functioning of the electrochemical sensor over a significant range of analyte concentrations. Electrochemical sensors equipped with such membranes are also described.

Abstract: The disclosed subject matter relates to a sensor or system for monitoring a target analyte by using a polymer solution that is capable of binding to the analyte. The sensor of the disclosed subject matter includes a viscosity-based sensor or a permittivity-based sensor. The viscosity-based sensor contains a semi-permeable membrane, a substrate, and a microchamber including a vibrational element. The permittivity-based sensor contains a semi-permeable membrane, a substrate, and a microchamber. The sensor discussed herein provides excellent reversibility and stability as highly desired for long-term analyte monitoring.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for calibrating a continuous analyte sensor, such as a continuous glucose sensor. One such system utilizes one or more electrodes to measure an additional analyte. Such measurements may provide a baseline or sensitivity measurement for use in calibrating the sensor. Furthermore, baseline and/or sensitivity measurements may be used to trigger events such as digital filtering of data or suspending display of data.

Abstract: A microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and integrated circuit (IC) based biosensor capable of sensing or detecting various ionic molecules and macromelecules (DNA, RNA or protein). The MEMS based biosensor utilizes a hybridization and enzyme amplification scheme and an electrochemical detection scheme for sensitivity improvement and system miniaturization. The biosensor or biosensors are incorporated on a single substrate. Preferably, the biosensor system includes at least two electrodes. The electrodes includes a working electrode, a reference electrode and a counter (auxiliary) electrode. The biosensor or biosensors also provide an apparatus and method for confinement of reagent and/or solution in the biosensor or biosensors using surface tension at small scale. The confinement system provides controlled contacts between the reagent(s) and/or solution(s) with the components (i.e., electrodes) of the biosensor or biosensors using controllable surface properties and surface tension forces.

Abstract: Devices and methods for determining analyte levels are described. The devices and methods allow for the implantation of analyte-monitoring devices, such as glucose monitoring devices, that result in the delivery of a dependable flow of blood to deliver sample to the implanted device. The devices comprise a unique microarchitectural arrangement in the sensor region that allows accurate data to be obtained over long periods of time.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrochemical sensing test piece without hemocyte interference, including a main body, electrode unit, reaction tank and chemical reaction zone. The detection zone of the electrode unit corresponds to the inserting end of the main body, and the reaction zone of the electrode unit corresponds to the sensing end of the main body. The reaction tank is arranged onto the sensing end correspondingly to the reaction zone of the electrode unit. The reaction tank is provided with a porous filter layer, whose aperture must be less than 6 ?m for or separation of hemocyte in the blood sample. A chemical reaction zone is arranged between the porous filter layer and the reaction zone of the electrode unit. The hemocyte of the blood sample can be blocked and filtered by the porous filter layer, ensuring that the serum of blood sample can enter into the chemical reaction zone.

Abstract: A method for amperometric detection of proteins, especially haemoglobin in faeces, using an electrochemical sensor. The electrochemical sensor includes: a working electrode having an electrically conductive matrix holding a first reagent and/or a second reagent, the second reagent being an oxidising agent, or a precursor thereof, for the first reagent; a counter electrode and optionally a reference electrode; wherein a reaction between the first reagent and the oxidising agent is catalysed by the protein to provide a detectable signal at the working electrode. The electrically conductive matrix is an electrically conductive carbon- or graphite-containing matrix or an electrically conductive porous matrix.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor is provided that exhibits improved adhesion of the membrane to the nitride layer used as an insulating layer in silicon- or silicon-oxide-based electrochemical sensing devices. The sensing devices include a substrate, an oxide disposed on the substrate, a nitride disposed on the oxide, an electrically conductive structure disposed on the oxide layer, and an electrode disposed on the oxide layer and electrically coupled to the electrically conductive structure. At least one opening is formed in the nitride layer to form at least one adhesion trench that exposes a surface region of an oxide layer underlying the nitride layer. The membrane covers the electrode, and contacts the oxide surface regions exposed by the adhesion trenches. The contact between the membrane and the oxide surface region provides for improved adhesion of the membrane to the electrochemical sensing device.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrochemical assay for a phenol analyte in a body fluid sample wherein said sample, or fluid therefrom, is contacted with the working electrode of an electrode assembly comprising a working electrode, a counter-electrode, a voltage supply to said working and counter-electrodes and a current meter for determining the current between said working and counter-electrodes, and wherein a first compound capable of reversible oxidation and reduction is disposed at said working electrode, said first compound being capable in either an oxidized or a reduced form of binding to said phenol analyte, characterized in that said first compound in its oxidized or reduced form comprises a group of structure I R1-NH—C*—(C*—C*)n—C*-QR? (I) (where n is 0 or 1; Q is 0, S, NH or NR?; C*—(C*—C*)n—C* is a two or four carbon string in a conjugated delocalised electron system optionally substituted by a group comprising R; R is an electron-donating or withdrawing substituent; and R? is H or a group R, at le

Abstract: A sensing device includes a sensing surface, and a matrix overlaying the sensing surface. The sensing device includes a photoformed membrane overlaying at least a portion of the matrix. The photoformed membrane includes a directly photoformed organosiloxane polymer that is substantially permeable to gaseous molecules and substantially impermeable to non-gaseous molecules and ions.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an improved enzyme sensor comprising a cover membrane layer of a porous polymeric material, the outer surface and pore mouths of at least one face of the porous polymeric material being covered by a hydrophilic polymer. The sensor is useful determining the presence or amount of biological analytes, e.g., glucose, lactate, creatine, creatinine, etc.

Abstract: Generally, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to analyte determining methods and devices (e.g., electrochemical analyte monitoring systems) that have improved uniformity of distribution of the sensing layer by inclusion of a high-boiling point solvent, where the sensing layer is disposed proximate to a working electrode of in vivo and/or in vitro analyte sensors, e.g., continuous and/or automatic in vivo monitoring using analyte sensors and/or test strips. Also provided are systems and methods of using the, for example electrochemical, analyte sensors in analyte monitoring.

Abstract: The present invention relates to electrochemical sensors for determining gaseous analytes in an aqueous measuring medium, to a process for producing such sensors, and to a process for determining gaseous analytes dissolved in an aqueous measuring medium using the electrochemical sensors. The electrolyte layer of the sensors comprises at least one particulate material and at least one binder which together form a porous, non-swellable framework structure, wherein the pores in this framework structure are configured to absorb a liquid electrolyte or contain the liquid electrolyte.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a structure comprising a biological membrane and a porous or perforated substrate, a biological membrane, a substrate, a high throughput screen, methods for production of the structure membrane and substrate, and a method for screening a large number of test compounds in a short period. More particularly it relates to a structure comprising a biological membrane adhered to a porous or perforated substrate, a biological membrane capable of adhering with high resistance seals to a substrate such as perforated glass and the ability to form sheets having predominantly an ion channel or transporter of interest, a high throughput screen for determining the effect of test compounds on ion channel or transporter activity, methods for manufacture of the structure, membrane and substrate, and a method for monitoring ion channel or transporter activity in a membrane.

Abstract: Generally, embodiments of the invention relate to analyte determining methods and devices (e.g., electrochemical analyte monitoring systems) that have improved uniformity of distribution of one or more components, improved stability, and improved response time of the sensor by inclusion of a nanomaterial, such as inert inorganic nanomaterials, where the components are disposed proximate to a working electrode of in vivo and/or in vitro analyte sensors, e.g., continuous and/or automatic in vivo monitoring using analyte sensors and/or test strips. Also provided are systems and methods of using the, for example electrochemical, analyte sensors in analyte monitoring.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor, especially for gases, is provided having a mediator compound based on transition metal salts of polybasic acids and/or transition metal salts of polyhydroxycarboxylic acids. The electrochemical sensor also contains a DLC, BDD or a precious metal thin-layer measuring electrode (3). The electrochemical sensor may be used for determining SO2 and H2S.

Abstract: Devices and methods are provided for continuous measurement of an analyte concentration. The device can include a sensor having a plurality of sensor elements, each having at least one characteristic that is different from other sensor(s) of the device. In some embodiments, the plurality of sensor elements are each tuned to measure a different range of analyte concentration, thereby providing the device with the capability of achieving a substantially consistent level of measurement accuracy across a physiologically relevant range. In other embodiments, the device includes a plurality of sensor elements each tuned to measure during different time periods after insertion or implantation, thereby providing the sensor with the capability to continuously and accurately measure analyte concentrations across a wide range of time periods.

Abstract: A biosensor fabrication process comprising transferring one or more layers (e.g., conductive ink and/or membrane layers) from a surface to the biosensor substrate and biosensors produced therefrom. Layers are transferred from the surface to the biosensor substrate using a deposition device, such as a pick and place machine or a printing pad/plate.

Abstract: Novel membranes comprising various polymers containing heterocyclic nitrogen groups are described. These membranes are usefully employed in electrochemical sensors, such as amperometric biosensors. More particularly, these membranes effectively regulate a flux of analyte to a measurement electrode in an electrochemical sensor, thereby improving the functioning of the electrochemical sensor over a significant range of analyte concentrations. Electrochemical sensors equipped with such membranes are also described.

Abstract: A membrane for use in an implantable glucose sensor including at least one crosslinked substantially hydrophobic polymer and at least one crosslinked substantially hydrophilic polymer; wherein the first and second polymers are different polymers and substantially form an interpenetrating polymer network, semi-interpenetrating polymer network, polymer blend, or copolymer. The membranes are generally characterized by providing a permeability ratio of oxygen to glucose of about 1 to about 1000 in units of (mg/dl glucose) per (mmHg oxygen). Three methods of making membranes from hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers formed into polymer networks are provided, wherein according to at least two of the methods, the monomers may be substantially immiscible with one another.

Abstract: Disclosed are nanometer to micron scale functionalized apertures constructed on a substrate made of glass, carbon, semiconductors or polymeric materials that allow for the real time detection of biological materials or chemical moieties. Many apertures can exist on one substrate allowing for the simultaneous detection of numerous chemical and biological molecules. One embodiment features a macrocyclic ring attached to cross-linkers, wherein the macrocyclic ring has a biological or chemical probe extending through the aperture. Another embodiment achieves functionalization by attaching chemical or biological anchors directly to the walls of the apertures via cross-linkers.

Abstract: An electroactivated film and methods for its production are described, where the film includes a first electrode that is spaced apart from a second electrode, a water insoluble electrically conductive medium which is permeable to moisture and oxygen, which comprises a water insoluble polymer gel containing an ionic liquid, and which contacts both electrodes, an electrocatalyst which can be reversibly oxidized and reduced and which facilitates the production of a peroxide when an electrical potential is imposed across the electrodes, and optionally a peroxide-activating catalyst which converts the peroxide to an activated peroxide.

Abstract: A chip-carrier module known from smart card technology is adapted as an electrode array for use in disposable sensing or separation devices containing electrodes. The electrodes are manufactured directly onto chip-carrier module. The preferred electrode module includes a chip-carrier module and at least one electrode formed thereon, the chip-carrier module being a laminate of a metal foil and an insulator foil, which metal foil is divided into at least two conductor regions, the insulator foil having a perforation over each conductor region, and the at least one electrode being formed by a membrane layer applied to the insulating foil to extend through one of the perforations for electrical contact with the conductor region associated therewith, the membrane layer imparting chemical sensitivity to the electrode. The result is an electrode module for use in disposable sensing or separation devices containing electrodes, whose unit cost of manufacture is low even at modest manufacturing volume.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide analyte sensors having optimized permselective membranes and methods for making and using such sensors. Embodiments of the invention also provide analyte sensors such as those having porous matrices coated with an analyte sensing composition and methods for making and using such sensors. Illustrative embodiments include electrochemical glucose sensors having glucose oxidase coatings.

Abstract: An improved disposable glucose test strip for use in a test meter of the type which receives a disposable test strip and a sample of blood from a patient and performs an electrochemical analysis is made using a non-conductive integrated reagent/blood separation layer containing a filler, an enzyme effective to oxidize glucose, e.g., glucose oxidase, and a mediator effective to transfer electrons from the enzyme. The integrated layer formulation is printed over a conductive carbon element to form a working electrode. The filler, for example a silica filler, is selected to have a balance of hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity such that one drying it forms a two-dimensional network on the surface of the conductive element. The response of this test strip is essentially temperature independent over relevant temperature ranges and is substantially insensitive to the hematocrit of the patient.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrochemical sensing test piece without hemocyte interference, including a main body, electrode unit, reaction tank and chemical reaction zone. The detection zone of the electrode unit corresponds to the inserting end of the main body, and the reaction zone of the electrode unit corresponds to the sensing end of the main body. The reaction tank is arranged onto the sensing end correspondingly to the reaction zone of the electrode unit. The reaction tank is provided with a porous filter layer, whose aperture must be less than 6 ?m for or separation of hemocyte in the blood sample. A chemical reaction zone is arranged between the porous filter layer and the reaction zone of the electrode unit. The hemocyte of the blood sample can be blocked and filtered by the porous filter layer, ensuring that the serum of blood sample can enter into the chemical reaction zone.

Abstract: The present invention provides a polymer membrane enhanced with cured epoxy resin for use as the outer membrane of biosensors. The membrane includes approximately 30-80% epoxy resin adhesives, 10-60% polymer such as poly(vinyl chloride), polycarbonate and polyurethane and 0-30% plasticizers and 5-15% surface modifier reagent such as polyethylene oxide-containing block copolymers. Utilizing the polymer membrane of the present invention, a three-layered sensing element has been developed. This sensing element will be particularly useful for miniaturized biosensors used for in vitro blood measurements or for continuous in vivo monitoring such as implantable biosensors. This element includes an enzyme layer, an interference-eliminating layer and the novel polymer member of the present invention as the outer polymer layer. This novel sensing element shows excellent response characteristics in solutions and has an extremely long lifetime.

Abstract: A system for the measurement of analyte concentration includes an electrochemical cell having a working electrode coated with a protein layer and a diffusion limiting barrier covering the protein layer, and a counter electrode; a voltage source which provides a voltage between the working electrode and the counter electrode when electrically connected by a conductive medium; and a computing system which measures the dynamic voltage output to the counter electrode within a time period prior to a response from the working electrode and method for use is disclosed.

Abstract: A high throughput biological screening assay comprising at least two anodes, at least two cathodes acting as the reference electrode, and a polymer membrane placed between each anode and cathode, wherein the at least two anodes comprise a biological culture, and wherein the at least two cathodes comprise an oxidizing agent and a buffering agent. The high throughput biological screening assay wherein the at least two cathodes are connected in parallel to simulate the connection between the same cathode and different anodes. The high throughput biological screening assay further including an external resistor or open circuit and means for measuring the voltage across the external resistor or open circuit. A method of measuring power generation using a single cathode as a reference electrode to monitor the biological production of energy. A method of correlating bacterial biofilm formation within an operational microbial fuel cell directly to current output.

Abstract: A CO2-sensitive planar sensing device is disclosed, which has an electrode with an ion-selective layer, an electrolyte layer and an outer layer. The electrolyte layer has osmotically active species in an amount of 0.8-6.0 milliosmol per m2 of electrolyte layer area, and has a hydrophilic osmolarity increasing component which does not add bicarbonate ions or chloride ions to the electrolyte layer.

Abstract: A thin film sensor, such as a glucose sensor, is provided for transcutaneous placement at a selected site within the body of a patient. The sensor includes several sensor layers that include conductive layers and includes a proximal segment defining conductive contacts adapted for electrical connection to a suitable monitor, and a distal segment with sensor electrodes for transcutaneous placement. The sensor electrode layers are disposed generally above each other, for example with the reference electrode above the working electrode and the working electrode above the counter electrode. The electrode layers are separated by dielectric layer.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to systems and methods for detecting biological and chemical species in liquid and gaseous phase. The systems and methods utilize carbon nanotubes to enhance sensitivity and selectivity towards the reacting species by decreasing interference and detecting a wide range of concentrations.

Abstract: Novel membranes comprising various polymers containing heterocyclic nitrogen groups are described. These membranes are usefully employed in electrochemical sensors, such as amperometric biosensors. More particularly, these membranes effectively regulate a flux of analyte to a measurement electrode in an electrochemical sensor, thereby improving the functioning of the electrochemical sensor over a significant range of analyte concentrations. Electrochemical sensors equipped wish such membranes are also described.

Abstract: A method and analyte-measurement device adapted to determine the concentration of an analyte in a fluid from a measurement site within a body, including an animal body, a mammalian body, or a human body. The invention further relates to the use of partially or fully implantable glucose-monitoring devices, including transcutaneous or subcutaneous glucose-monitoring devices. Devices, systems and kits making use of the aforementioned method are provided as well.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to devices for measuring an analyte in a host. More particularly, the present invention relates to devices for measurement of glucose in a host that incorporate a cellulosic-based interference domain.

Abstract: The present invention provides a test strip for measuring a concentration of an analyte of interest in a biological fluid, wherein the test strip may be encoded with information that can be read by a test meter into which the test strip is inserted.

Abstract: Multiwell membrane-based potentiometric sensor for high throughput tests. The sensor includes a reference element under the bottom of the multiwell plate, where the bottoms of the wells have sensitive potentiometric membranes. The plate is made with the electrically nonconductive polymer. The output of the chemical sensor is a transmembrane voltage between additional reference element inserted into the test solution in a well and the first reference element. Potentials correspond to the chemical activity present in test solutions added into the wells. In one embodiment the membrane is a drug sensitive biomimetic membrane, made of porous nitrocellulose polymer support impregnated with lipids or lipid-like substances. Sensitivity for some drugs can be as good as 1 ppm. In other embodiments the membrane is an ion selective glass or polymer membrane, including PVC with ionophores or redox active electroconductive polymer membranes to characterize redox processes in the test solutions.