Abstract: This invention relates to an electric double layer capacitor electrochemical cylinder (11) made up of concentric layers of capacitors (16), current collectors (14a, 14b, 14c), ion specific membranes (18, 18a, 18b) and dielectric spacer (20) wrapped around an inner support tube (12) that can be used as a high capacitance capacitor and to remove dissolved solids from a liquid stream such as water, acid, aqueous or non-aqueous.

Abstract: Axially fed fluid is sheared during long residence time in a radial workspace between counter-rotating coaxial disk-shaped centrifugal impellers. Gases evolve in the fractal turbulence of a shear layer, which is forced between laminar boundary layers, and an axial suction pump axially extracts evolved noncondensables and volatiles through cores of radial vortices in the shear layer. Cavitation due to shear between the impellers kills pathogens by shock waves, microjets, OH radicals, and nearby UV light pulses. Oppositely charged electrodes bounding the workspace cause electroporesis and electrohydraulic cavitation. The electrodes are counter-rotating ridged armatures of disk dynamos, forming a dynamic capacitor having audio frequency pulsed electric fields. Electrode erosion by arcing is prevented by shear between the electrodes.

Abstract: Electrochemically-treated water having an electron deficiency is described, which may be attained by a process comprising the following steps: a) Electrolysing water, b) Withdrawing a portion of the catholyte from the system, and c) Introducing the remaining catholyte into the anodic chamber.

Abstract: Method for treating sewage, comprising at least one step of electrolytically treating sewage, an energy transfer step comprising at least one selected in the group comprising: a temperature raising treatment, an ultrasound treatment. The electrolytic treatment and energy transfer steps determining the dissociation from the sewage of gas comprising nitrogen. Further, the method comprises a step of separating gases comprising nitrogen from the mass of sewage.

Abstract: A deionization apparatus for regenerating electrodes using vibration and a method of controlling the same. The deionization apparatus includes electrodes to which ions contained in a fluid are absorbed, and a piezoelectric element to separate the ions absorbed to the electrodes by vibration. Since the ions absorbed to the electrodes are separated using mechanical energy generated by the piezoelectric element, it may be possible to more rapidly perform regeneration of the electrodes.

Abstract: The present disclosure is generally directed to devices and methods of treating aqueous solutions to help remove or otherwise reduce levels, concentrations or amounts of one or more contaminants. The present disclosure relates to a apparatus including a substantially self-contained housing or container which is adapted to receive components including at least one counterelectrode (e.g. cathode) and at least one photoelectrode (e.g. anode) provided or arranged around at least one UV light source, and/or receive, contain and/or circulate fluid or aqueous solution.

Abstract: In a water processing system including a first volume with a raw water inlet and a soft water outlet and a second volume for collecting minerals therein, and wherein mineral ions are transferred to the second volume using an electrolysis process, a method for enhancing minerals removal comprising the steps of transferring water from the second volume to a minerals removal device and using a partial electrolysis process in the minerals removal device to cause minerals to be deposited there. Preferably, the first and second volumes are separated by a membrane.

Abstract: Methods of removing one or more oxyanions from an aqueous fluid can comprise increasing the pH of an aqueous fluid containing one or more oxyanions and contacting the aqueous fluid with aluminum metal.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for enriching water with oxygen by an electrolytic process, that comprises the following series of steps: the electrolysis of Cl? Br? ion-free water in an electrolysis cell in which the anode and the cathode are separated by a gas-tight membrane that is pervious to electric charges; b) recovering the oxygen-enriched water from the anode compartment of the electrolysis cell.

Abstract: The system and method is directed to improved separation or clarification of solids from a solids-laden liquid and removal of entrained gasses. A liquid to be treated is introduced into the inlet of a solid-liquid separator modified to include one or more sources of vibrational energy. The liquid is directed through a conduit within the separator. This conduit can be configured into a tortuous flow path to assist in the separation of solids from the liquid. Vibrational energy is applied to the flow path, preferably through the flow path conduit. As solids fall out of solution, they are collected. The clarified liquid is also collected. A vacuum can be applied to the system to assist in moving the solid-liquid mixture through the system and to provide vacuum clarification. Electrocoagulation electrodes and gas sparging can also be employed along with height adjustable weirs and an oil accumulator.

Abstract: A method of operating a capacitive deionization cell using a regeneration cycle to increase pure flow rate and efficiency of the cell.

Abstract: Contaminants are filtered from a fluid flow stream and the filter is regenerated by a process including steps of: providing a filter material comprising both carbon and potassium iodide; passing a contaminated fluid stream in contact with the filter material; adsorbing contaminants from the fluid stream onto surfaces in the filter material; passing an electric current through the filter material with adsorbed contaminant thereon; disassociating contaminant from the surfaces of the filter material; and removing disassociated contaminant from the filter material by carrying away the disassociated contaminant in a fluid flow mass. Separately, a stable, active iodine solution is also provided for numerous deodorizing and disinfecting applications.

Abstract: A method precipitating struvite in wastewater uses a magnesium sacrificial anode as the only source of magnesium. A high-purity magnesium alloy cast anode was found to be very effective in recovery of high-quality struvite from water solutions and from supernatant of fermented waste activated sludge (WAS) from a high-purity oxygen wastewater treatment plant. Struvite purity was strongly dependent on the pH and the electric current density. Optimum pH of the solution was in the broad range between 7.5 and 9.3, with struvite purities exceeding 90%. The precipitated struvite accumulated in bulk liquid with significant portions attached to the anode surface from which regular detachment occurred.

Abstract: Aspects for utilizing a seawater fluid to optimize egg-production characteristics are disclosed. In one aspect, a method is provided, which includes identifying a desired optimization, determining a corresponding seawater to non-seawater ratio, and generating a seawater fluid according to the ratio. An egg-cultivation method is also provided, which includes ascertaining a desired optimization, selecting a corresponding seawater to non-seawater ratio, and providing a seawater fluid comprising the ratio to a hen. In another egg-cultivation method, hens are provided with a mixed feed comprising a feed to seawater-mineralized produce ratio selected according to a desired optimization. A method to grow produce is also provided, which includes mineralizing soil with a seawater fluid comprising a seawater to non-seawater ratio corresponding to a preferred optimization.

Abstract: Prolongation of the lifetime for reduced water is attempted. Production water that presents alkalinity is produced by utilizing raw water with ionized metallic minerals being dissolved therein and hydrogen gas H2. When inpouring the hydrogen gas together with the raw water into an electromagnetic portion in the apparatus, the hydrogen gas is bubbled and ionized to produce ions. The gas bubbles of the ionized hydrogen-ions are miniaturized. By making a metallic mineral as a core, hydrides (H?), which are negative ions in the hydrogen ions, coordinate on the periphery of that core. The metallic minerals which are complex-ionized (complex-ionized metallic minerals) based on a fact that the hydrides coordinate are dissolved in the water stably for long period of time, so that production water which presents alkalinity, that is, reduced water can be obtained. The reduced water can be utilized as drinking water. A metal container is preferable for a refilling container.

Abstract: A method of reducing naphthenic acids in a wastewater stream. The method begins by processing the wastewater stream to produce a treated wastewater stream with an electrocoagulation device to induce flocculation of the naphthenic acids. The reduction of the naphthenic acids in the wastewater stream occurs from separating flocculated naphthenic acids to produce the treated wastewater stream.

Abstract: An electrochemical apparatus comprising: an electrochemical chamber; at least one cathode and at least one anode disposed within the chamber, said anode comprising a consumable surface for contact with liquid in the chamber, whereby, upon application of a potential difference across the cathode and anode, the consumable surface in contact with liquid in the chamber dissolves in the liquid; wherein the apparatus further comprises a protective electrode said protective electrode being connectable to the cathode and/or anode in the chamber via a source of direct current, such that electron flow takes place from the protective electrode to the cathode and/or anode in the chamber, said protective electrode being formed from a different material to the cathode or anode in the chamber.

Abstract: A method for water treatment system comprising: mixing feed water to be treated with an agent to increase a pH level of the feed water; running the feed water through a plurality of Electro-Coagulation (EC) units; and running the feed water through a plurality of settling tank chambers wherein each successive settling tank chamber removes smaller particles.

Abstract: The present invention has an object to provide a method and an apparatus for removing metals in waste water, such as thallium contained in waste water generated by rinsing waste containing chlorine, ash obtained by burning garbage, fly ash, etc. and reduces the concentration of metals in the waste water to a discharge standard, and the present invention provides a method for removing metals comprising applying direct-current electricity by an electrolyzer 5 to waste water S5, which contains metal aggregate, discharged via a reaction tank 1, a settler 2, and a reaction tank 4, and thereby the waste water S5 is electrolyzed together with depositing metals dissolve in the waste water S5 as metal oxides, separating the waste water containing deposited metal oxides in a precision filtration apparatus 6 into suspended solid MP and waste water S7, and removing a small amount of metals dissolve in the waste water S7 after removing the suspended solid MP in an ion exchange unit 7.

Abstract: Electrolytic equipment in the form of radiation mode that is provided with pluralities of baffles (13) in the form of radiation mode on the top surface of the seat (10) and acidic water passage (131) is formed between the baffles (13). The top surface of the seat (10) has through holes (14) used to make anode conduction portions (33) of anode plate (30) through. In the center of the seat (10), there is a socket joint portion (11) that is provided with an inlet and outlet interval tube (15) in the center of it. There are plurality of equidistributed baffles (151, 157) on the inside wall and the outside wall of the inlet and outlet interval tube (15) to form raw water inlet passage (152) and acidic water outlet passage (153).

Abstract: The invention relates, in particular, to a process for treating a liquid medium loaded with nitrates via a chemical route that mainly comprises a step of electrolysis of the liquid medium in the presence of a metal salt, the electrolysis being carried out at a pH below 5. The invention also relates to a device for treating a liquid medium loaded with nitrates and also to the applications of this process and device, in particular for reducing the level of nitrates in drainage waters.

Abstract: Apparatus for sanitizing a water stream comprises a first electrolysis cell which produces ions with algaecidal and bactericidal properties and a second electrolysis cell which oxidizes water to produce hydrogen peroxide. The first cell has copper electrodes and the second cell has titanium electrodes and the polarity of the electrodes is periodically reversed at a frequency of from three to nine minutes. Air is introduced into the stream prior to entering the cells.

Abstract: An in-line cleaning and sanitation apparatus for cleaning a liquid, the apparatus including electronic oxidation means to increase the oxidation reduction potential of the liquid, and ionization means to produce ions having an algaecidal or bactericidal effect into the liquid, in that order together with ultrasonic cleaning means to introduce sound waves into the liquid, and wherein the ionization means, the ultrasonic cleaning means and the electronic oxidation means are operated simultaneously for a period to clean and sanitize the liquid in the absence of added salt, chlorine or other chemicals.

Abstract: Disclosed is a unit for producing sterilized water. The unit comprises an electrode module, a pair of electrode rods and a frame. The electrode module includes a pair of electrode plates and a hollow electrode separator positioned between the electrode plates to separate the electrode plates from each other. Each of the electrode plates has a plurality of elongated slots formed therein. The electrode rods apply different voltages to the respective electrode plates. The frame is positioned at one side of the electrode module and has portions for receiving the respective electrode rods. Each of the electrode plates has a pair of holes formed at the circumference thereof. The electrode rods penetrate through the respective holes. The holes have different sizes. The electrode plates are stacked in such a manner that the holes having different sizes overlap each other. This stack enables the application of different voltages to the electrode plates through the respective electrode rods.

Abstract: A method of improving electrocoagulation (“EC”) treatment processes for treating waste water and similar applications. The method includes providing a variable power supply that outputs an alternating current (“AC”) to one or more EC treatment cells. The alternating current from the variable power supply is rectified before delivery to the EC cell. As an intermediate step between the variable power supply and rectification, the method described and claimed here uses a variable step down transformer to modify the output delivered to the EC cell.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing ozone ice that is improved for its storage stability is provided. In the method, ice 11 including oxygen gas g2 as gas bubbles b is produced and the produced ice 11 is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation, then the oxygen gas g2 in the ice 11 is ozonized to manufacture ozone ice 1.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for completely separating phosphate from a liquid and for recovering phosphate salts in a reactor, which is equipped with two groups of electrodes having differing polarities, wherein the sacrificial electrodes consist of a magnesium-containing material, and wherein said method comprises the following method steps: the application of a voltage to the electrodes; the continuous flow of the liquid through the reactor; the precipitation of phosphate salts from the liquid; and the settling of the crystals in the cone-shaped bottom of the reactor. For a galvanic procedure, no voltage is applied to the electrodes.

Abstract: A coagulation generating system that combines the advantages of conventional and electrocoagulation. In the coagulation generating system electro-coagulation is performed on an input (e.g., salt/brine) solution to generate a concentrated coagulant solution, which is then added to the source water in the same way as a standard stored chemical coagulant.

Abstract: An integrated electrode-current collector sheet includes a current collector including uneven portions disposed on at least one side of the current collector; and an active material layer disposed on the current collector, the active material layer at least partially covering the uneven portions. In addition, disclosed are a capacitive deionization device and an electric double layer capacitor including the integrated electrode-current collector sheet.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a manufacturing method of medical sterilized normal saline, more specifically, to such a method for manufacturing sterilized normal saline for medical purpose with effective sterilizing efficacy comprising: a step of disposing at least one electrode set immersed in saline solution of pH 4.0 to pH 7.5 including a pair of electrodes with flat surface separated from each other by an interval between 1 mm and 3 mm, the flat surfaces of the electrodes facing each other; and a step of supplying 30 mA to 200 mA direct current to the electrodes by applying 2.4V to 3.3V DC power to the electrodes; wherein free chlorine is reliably and stably generated as having concentration range between 0.17 ppm and 6 ppm from electrolysis between electrodes.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for removing contaminant species from water by electrocoagulation are described. Alternating grounded, rotating, planar circular electrodes and stationary planar electrodes function as a Tesla fluid pump when placed in contact with the contaminated water, causing the water to flow between the rotating and stationary electrodes. An insoluble abrasive material introduced into the water removes scale from the electrodes while the water is pumped thereby. A direct electric current is caused to flow between each pair of rotating and stationary electrodes, thereby producing electrocoagulation of the contaminants in the water flowing therebetween. The electrocoagulated materials may be separated from the treated water by filtration or by permitting the treated water to stand for a chosen period.

Abstract: Processes and apparatus for purifying brine are provided including (1) providing an aqueous brine solution comprising one or more inorganic salts and one or more organic compounds and (2) conducting at least one unit operation for removing organic compounds from the brine solution to obtain a purified brine solution.

Abstract: A cleaning system comprising a liquid source configured to provide a feed liquid, an electrolysis cell configured to receive the feed liquid and to electrochemically activate the feed liquid to provide an electrochemically-activated liquid, where the electrochemical activation also heats the feed liquid such that the electrochemically-activated liquid is heated, and a dispenser configured to dispense the electrochemically-activated liquid.

Abstract: An active oxygen generating apparatus comprises cathodes constituted by a plurality of base materials, each containing a conductive polymer, an anode having conductivity, a power source that conducts electricity between both electrodes through water in which oxygen is dissolved, and a water receiving portion that contains the water. The cathodes are made of a plurality of plate-shaped base materials installed upright at intervals in the water receiving portion and the anode is arranged across the plurality of base materials and orthogonally to the plurality of base materials.

Abstract: Water sanitizing apparatus is provided for pools, spas hot tubs and other similar bathing facilities that integrates an ozone generator and a chlorine generator in one unit, in addition to exposing a flow of water to be purified to ultraviolet radiation from the ozone generator for advanced oxidation reactions. In one embodiment, a mixing venturi allows for mixing various substances together prior to insertion into the motive flow. In another embodiment the venturi is constructed as inserts that allow tuning of the venturi for individual systems. In other embodiments, salt is added to a portion of the water flow as a concentrated brine from which chlorine is generated, or the salt may be simply be added to the water of the facility at a much lower concentration and chlorine generated from the flow of water through the apparatus.

Abstract: A flowcell 2 is constituted of insulating substrates 2a and 2b. The two substrates 2a and 2b have been directly bonded to each other by a bonding method for attaining tenacious bonding, for example, anodic bonding or hydrofluoric acid bonding. A channel 6 has been formed at the interface between the substrates 2a and 2b. Part of the substrate 2a which faces the channel 6 has a carbon electrode 4a formed thereon by sintering a pasty carbon material, the electrode 4a extending along the channel 6. On the other hand, the substrate 2b has a groove 6a serving as the channel 6, and has an electrode 4b made of a metal film formed on a bottom surface of the groove 6a.

Abstract: A two-in-one copper chloride/copper bromide disinfector and a method of controlling the same. In operation, when copper is released, the positive and negative electrodes of a copper billet are periodically reversed, while the positive and negative electrodes of a titanium plate/graphite polar plate are in an uncharged state. When chlorine/bromine is released, the positive and negative electrodes of a titanium plate/graphite polar plate are periodically reversed, while the positive and negative electrodes of the copper billet are short-connected, then connected to the negative electrode of the titanium plate/graphite polar plate, or applied thereon with an electric voltage that is lower than the electric voltage of the negative electrode of the titanium plate/graphite polar plate. With this method, the copper billet out of operation is shorted-connected to the negative electrode of the titanium plate/graphite polar plate or connected to an electric voltage that is lower than that of the negative electrode.

Abstract: A process for electrocoagulation fluid treatment utilizing a tubular member with a plurality of electrocoagulation assemblies disposed therein. The assemblies have first and second conductive plates that are angularly oriented in relation to one another to promote turbulent flow through the tubular member. A non-conductive block is positioned between the plates to stabilize and orient the plates within the tubular member. The conductive plates may be provided with alternating negative and positive charges to combat corrosion.

Abstract: An electrochemical method and system for removing nitrate and ammonia in effluents, using an undivided flow-through electrolyzer, said electrolyzer comprising at least one cell, each cell comprising at least one anode and one cathode, the cathode being in a copper/nickel based alloy of a high corrosion resistance and a high electroactivity for nitrate reduction to ammonia and the anode being a DSA electrode of a high corrosion resistance and a high electroactivity for ammonia oxidation to nitrogen in presence of chloride.

Abstract: An arrangement for treating water, particularly in swimming pools, with an electrolytic cell and a gas inlet port and fluid communication with a chamber of the cell wherein the gas inlet port allows gas into the chamber to displace water and water flow through the chamber ceases. Additionally, a method for improving safety of a water treatment system the method may include the step of purging water from an electrolytic cell of the water treatment system when water flow through a chamber of the electrolyte cell ceases. Additionally, a method of cleaning electrolytic plates in an electrolytic cell in an arrangement for treating water may include introducing gas into a chamber housing the electrolytic plates, displacing water from around the electrolytic plates with the gas, allowing the electrolytic plates to dry, at least partially, and activating a pump to deliver pressurized water to the chamber.

Abstract: A self-contained system which promotes the multiplication of algae from either salt water or fresh water sources as a feedstock. This process inspires a direct output of lipids for bio-diesel fuel as well as a significant raw algae yield which can be further processed into additional bio-fuel as well as other valuable resources. In addition to inspiring a direct output of algal lipids for bio-diesel, the system generates massive raw algae biomass output that can be directly utilized as an agent for efficiently cleaning up oil spills.

Abstract: Electrodes for transferring a charge, the electrodes have a plurality of members for making electrical contact. The electrodes are suitable for treating aqueous, substantially aqueous and nonaqueous fluids including wastewater, solvents and gases. Water may be treated using the electrodes to provide higher dissolved oxygen or lower levels of contaminants after treatment. The electrodes may be useful in precipitation reactions such as electrowinning methods. The electrodes may also be capable of altering biological characteristics of organisms such as algae and bacteria.

Abstract: A process for electrocoagulation fluid treatment utilizing a tubular member with a plurality of electrocoagulation assemblies disposed therein. The assemblies have first and second conductive plates that are angularly oriented in relation to one another to promote turbulent flow through the tubular member. A non-conductive block is positioned between the plates to stabilize and orient the plates within the tubular member. The conductive plates may be provided with alternating negative and positive charges to combat corrosion.

Abstract: The invention relates to bathing water on the basis of tap water, which is suitable for treatment by means of electrolysis. The bathing water contains at least one of the alkali metal ions Na+, K+ or Li30 in a content of 100 mg/l up to the saturation limit and the chloride (Cl?) content of which is that of the underlying tap water.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a portable device for generating ozone in water, purifying the water and making it drinkable. The device comprises a housing; at least two electrodes, including an anode and a cathode extending from the housing into the water and each having semi-rough or rough surfaces in contact with the water. The device also comprises a power supply operatively connected to the electrodes for generating between them a difference of potential creating a current and the hydrolysis of the water creating ozone that purifies the water. The electrodes may have a plate or a rode and tube configuration with a plurality of holes with rough edges. The roughness of the surfaces and of the edges of the holes leads to a coalescence of tiny hydrogen bubbles into larger hydrogen bubbles. The hydrogen may be also removed by absorption in a conductive material and regenerated for reuse.

Abstract: An electrocoagulation wastewater treatment apparatus is disclosed wherein a primary electrocoagulation reactor chamber houses treatment electrodes having front and rear faces. Electrode positioners are located in the reactor chamber for holding the treatment electrodes, each of the electrode positioners having a feed core connectable with a high pressure source of fluid. A plurality of passages extend from the feed cores, the passages located so that jets of fluid are directed at both the front and rear faces of each of the electrodes held by the positioners.

Abstract: An evaporative recirculation cooling water system, the system having a recirculation loop to recirculate water through the system, a space to cool the water in the recirculation loop by evaporation, and an ion removal apparatus to remove ions. The ion removal apparatus has a flow through capacitor to remove hardness ions while leaving silica ions in the water. The flow through capacitor has an inlet connected to a water inlet and an outlet having a regulator to direct the flow of water to the recirculation loop or to a waste water output.

Abstract: An electrocoagulation reactor for the treatment of wastewater. The electrocoagulation reactor typically engages a DC power source and a source of wastewater to be treated. It has a housing with walls and a wastewater inlet, and a treated wastewater outlet. There is at least one anode/cathode pair of oppositely charged spaced apart plates that engage the power source to charge the anode with a positive charge and the cathode with a negative charge. Between each anode/cathode pair is at least one segmented intermediate plate, which is not engaged to the power source of electrical energy, and which intermediate plate is segmented into multiple segments, which multiple segments lay generally in the same plane.

Abstract: An electrocoagulation reactor is provided for treating waste water and removing contaminants therefrom. The reactor is typically a six sided rectangular water tight housing which has an inlet pipe and an outlet pipe. There are a multiplicity of charged plates located parallel to one another within the housing. Adjacent plates are typically oppositely charged and water will pass between the plates as it flows through the reactor. The electric field between the plates will help encourage coagulation of waste matter which then may be removed from the waste water downstream of the electrocoagulation reactor.

Abstract: Provided is an electrolytic disinfection system and method for purifying water. The electrolytic disinfection system includes; an electrolytic disinfection device which includes; a chamber, a first electrode disposed in the chamber, a second electrode disposed in the chamber and spaced apart from the first electrode, a water inlet part connected to the chamber, wherein the water inlet part allows influent water to be introduced to the chamber therethrough, and a water outlet part connected to the chamber, wherein the water outlet part allows the influent water to be discharged from the chamber therethrough, and an influent water heating device which is disposed upstream of the water inlet part and heats the influent water introduced to the chamber through the water inlet part.