Abstract: A process for the hydrogenation of a liquid hydrocarbon-containing charge material, comprising the steps of: (i) supplying a high temperature high pressure liquid phase hydrogenation reactor with two separately and indirectly heated charge streams, (a) a primary charge stream comprising liquid hydrocarbon oils, oil residues, syncrudes, tars or pitches and optionally coal, and hydrogen-containing gas, and (b) a directly heated secondary gaseous charge stream comprising hydrogen-containing gas, and combining said indirectly heated primary charge stream and said indirectly and directly heated secondary charge stream prior to said liquid phase hydrogenation reactor, hydrogenating the combined streams to produce a hydrogenation product and separating the hydrogenation product in a hot separator to give a hot separator head product; wherein said indirectly heated primary and secondary charge streams are heated by separate heat exchange means by heat exchange with said hot separator head product, and said secondary

Abstract: A process for the single-step coal liquefaction is disclosed, which comprises reacting the coal in an aqueous suspension with carbon monoxide in the presence of a CO-conversion catalyst selected from an alkaline hydroxide or carbonate, wherein the reaction takes place at a temperature maintained for a time of up to about 20 minutes equal to a value selected within the range of from about 300.degree. to 370.degree. C., and then is increased over a time within the range of from about 20 to 40 minutes, until a temperature value is reached, within the range of from about 420.degree. to 450.degree. C. and is kept constant for a time of up to about 20 minutes.

Abstract: A two-stage catalytic hydroconversion process using a large-pore catalyst in the first stage reactor and a small-pore catalyst in the second stage reactor in the two-stage process for hydroconversion of coal or petroleum asphaltene feed materials to produce distillate liquid fuels. The large-pore catalyst is characterized by having pore diameters larger than 1000.ANG. occupying a major portion of the catalyst total pore volume of 0.2 to 1.0 cc/gm, and the small-pore catalyst is characterized by having pore diameters smaller than 1000.ANG. occupying a major portion of the catalyst total pore volume.

Abstract: An energy integrated process for the production of a synthetic crude oil product from heavier oils and coal in which coal is pyrolyzed and a combined feedstock of coal, coal volatiles and a heavy oil product is co-processed to produce a synergistic yield of light crude oil compatible with the refining capabilities of existing conventional refineries.

Abstract: Liquid fuel products are produced at least partially from coal by passing into a progressive flow catalytic cracking zone a mixture stream of coal and carbometallic oil, forming mobile hydrogen within said zone under conditions including vapor residence time of up to about 10 seconds, at 900.degree.-1,400.degree. F., and total pressure of about 10 to about 50 pounds per square inch absolute introducing said mobile hydrogen into said mixture stream; contacting said stream with zeolite cracking catalyst to produce liquid products while laying down coke on said catalyst; and separating said coked catalyst from said liquid products.

Abstract: Described is a catalyst used for hydrogen treatment of coal tar characterized in that about 10 to 30 weight percent of Mo oxides as first catalyst component and about 1 to 6 weight percent of Ni and/or Co as second catalyst component, both relates to the total catalyst weight, are supported on a porous inorganic substrate consisting essentially of alumina or silica alumina, and in that the mean pore size is about 8 to 18 nm, the pore size distribution is such that______________________________________ pore size nm volume ratio cc/g ______________________________________ 3.5-5 Less than 0.1 5-8 Less than 0.3 8-18 0.2-0.2 18-30 Less than 0.2 over 30 Less than 0.1 ______________________________________and the total pore surface is higher than about 100 m.sup.2 /g.

Abstract: A coal liquefaction process using ionic liquefaction techniques with polar solvent solubilizing agents and water soluble inorganic compounds, produces a carbonaceous liquefaction product which is separated from the process stream by the use of methanol as a partitioning agent and the methanol and solubilizing agent are recovered separately for reuse.

Abstract: An improved tar sands derived bitumen and coal liquification process is disclosed wherein substantial percentages of subdivided coal particles and tar sands derived bitumen liquids are mixed and then corefined with hydrogen under hydrocracking conditions, but in the absence of a separate catalyst, at a temperature range of 800.degree. to 900.degree. F. and a pressure of about 2400 psig. The resutling fluid after removal of residual solids is a suitable liquid feedstock for conventional refinery equipment to produce petroleum fractions useful as transportation and heating fuels. Preferably, a portion of the corefined bitumen-coal liquid product may be recycled for mixture with the bitumen liquid and coal. Raw or native tar sands may also be mixed with the liquid butumen and coal in the process.

Abstract: A coal pyrolysis technique or process is described in which particulate coal is pyrolyzed in the presence of about 5 to 21 wt. % of a calcium compound selected from calcium oxide, calcined (hydrate) dolomite, or calcined calcium hydrate to produce a high quality hydrocarbon liquid and a combustible product gas which are characterized by low sulfur content. The pyrolysis is achieved by heating the coal-calcium compound mixture at a relatively slow rate at a temperature of about 450.degree. to 700.degree. C. over a duration of about 10 to 60 minutes in a fixed or moving bed reactor. The gas exhibits an increased yield in hydrogen and C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 hydrocarbons and a reduction in H.sub.2 S over gas obtainable by pyrolyzing cola without the calcium compound. The liquid product obtained is of a sufficient quality to permit its use directly as a fuel and has a reduced sulfur and oxygen content which inhibits polymerization during storage.

Abstract: A process for the hydrogenolysis of a coal liquid bottom containing benzene-insoluble components and having a boiling point of at least 420.degree. C., which comprises:(a) hydrogenating the coal liquid bottom at a temperature of not higher than 350.degree. C. in the presence of a catalyst comprising an alkali metal and/or an alkaline earth metal and a metal of Group VI A of the Periodic Table to reduce the content of the benzene-insoluble components in the fraction having a boiling point of at least 420.degree. C., to a level of not higher than 10% by weight, and then(b) subjecting the product to hydrogenolysis at a temperature of higher than 350.degree. C. and not higher than 450.degree. C. in the presence of a catalyst comprising a metal of Group VI A of the Periodic Table.

Abstract: In a process for hydrogenation of coal, comprising a sequence of reaction steps, connected in series, in which finely divided coal is mixed with oil and pumped to pressure, subsequently is heated to the hydrogenation starting temperature and then is subjected to catalytically activated hydrogenation, in the presence of hydrogen, wherein at least part of the heat required for heating is transferred to the coal by direct heat exchange with the hot product vapors; thereafter extracting a portion of the liquid intermediate product present in the reaction step downstream of the last reaction stage, and feeding, at least part of such product to the coal slurry which has been pumped to pressure. Preferably, the first reaction step is a preliminary reactor and the liquid intermediate product is fed to the coal slurry together with the hot product vapors.

Abstract: The invention provides an improvement to a process for producing a diesel fuel from a medium heavy oil obtained from coal. The invention increases the amount of medium oil which can be used to produce diesel fuel while keeping the total yield of oil from the coal about the same. Thus, the fraction of the medium oil recovered is greater without altering the total yield of oil from the coal, and now amounts to about 80 to 85 percent of the total oil yield. Accordingly, the amount of light oil derived in this process becomes correspondingly smaller. Thus, the total oil yield is increased by about 4 to 6 percent compared with previously obtained results.

Abstract: A process for etherifying phenols comprising reacting phenols at elevated temperature and pressure with a reactant selected from the group consisting of alcohol, ether and mixtures thereof in the presence of a catalyst comprising a sulfated oxide of a Group IIB metal selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg and mixtures thereof on a support.

Abstract: Process for sump-phase hydrogenation with integrated gas-phase hydrogenation relevant parameters being adjusted so that an economical heat recovery for the entire system is achieved, despite increasing incrustation of the mash heat exchanger and the increasing deactivation of the gas-phase catalyst. The process-relevant temperatures of the intermediate precipitator and of the gas-phase reactor are precisely adjusted by the use of head coolers which follow the sump-phase hydrogenator, and by head coolers which precede the intermediate precipitator. The procedure is such that the waste heat from the sump-phase products is partially recovered by using it to heat the raw materials constituting the gas phase and by feeding it back again to the mash heater.

Abstract: A method of liquefying coal in which coal is mixed with a process solvent comprising at least partially hydrogenated coal tar material to produce a coal-solvent slurry. This slurry is treated under coal-liquefying conditions, preferably including a hydrogen atmosphere and elevated temperatures, to produce a solution containing coal liquefaction products. These products are recovered from the solution. Recovered, process-derived solvent material may be recycled in order to supplement the at least partially hydrogenated coal tar material as an ingredient of the process solvent.

Abstract: A process for the solvent refining of coal to distillable, pentane soluble products using a dephenolated and denitrogenated recycle solvent and a recycled, pentane-insoluble, solvent-refined coal material, which process provides enhanced oil-make in the conversion of coal.

Abstract: An improved process for catalytic solvent refining or hydroliquefaction of non-anthracitic coal at elevated temperatures under hydrogen pressure in a solvent comprises using as catalyst a mixture of a 1,2- or 1,4-quinone and an alkaline compound, selected from ammonium, alkali metal, and alkaline earth metal oxides, hydroxides or salts of weak acids.

Abstract: A method for the liquefaction of coal under coal liquefaction conditions in the presence of manganese nodules in combination with an improved coal liquefaction solvent. Liquid yields are increased when the solvent, containing substantially only polycondensed aromatic systems or components that possess polargraphic reduction potentials equal to or greater than about -2.4 volts, is utilized in the reaction. During the reaction the polycondensed aromatic compounds, in the presence of manganese, are selectively and rapidly hydrogenated leading to increased liquefaction of coal.