Abstract: A materials treatment system which includes filtration and treatment of solid and liquid components of a material, such as a waste material. A filter or substrate assembly is provided which allows liquids to pass therethrough, while retaining solids. The solids are then incinerated utilizing microwave energy, and the liquids can be treated after passing through the filter element, for example, utilizing a treatment liquid such as an oxidant liquid. The filter assembly can also include an exhaust filter assembly which removes solids or particulate matter from exhaust gasses, with the retained solids/particulates incinerated utilizing microwave energy.

Abstract: The present invention is a dual-stage, gravity continuously-backwashed filtering system for filtering contaminants from wastewater. This filtering system has a first sand-filter unit that is loaded with wastewater influent. The filtering sytem has injection points for coagulation chemicals and disinfection chemicals. The first sand-filter unit is connected in series to a second sand-filter unit of similar design. The first sand-filter unit is made up of large-grained sand, the second sand-filter unit fine-grained sand. The second sand-filter unit receives its influent from the effluent weir of the first sand-filter unit. The reject water from the second filter unit is re-introduced into the influent that is fed to the first filter unit. The reject matter from the first filter unit is passed to waste.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a conditioning system for regenerating replacement filters, a stackable transport container for use in such a system, and a replacement filter for regeneration by such a method. The following method steps are proposed for this purpose: removal of fluid residues from the replacement filter, flushing the filter element with a flushing agent opposite the direction of flow through the replacement filter when in use, removing the flushing medium residue from the replacement filter, measuring the flow resistance of the filter element, and comparing the measured flow resistance with one or more preset limit values.

Abstract: A process for the treatment of aqueous effluent with a view to its purification, the process including at least one stage consisting of causing the water to pass into the interior of at least one battery of several biological filters with fixed cultures or other devices with fixed cultures operating in parallel, characterized in that it comprises supplying the filters at constant flow and to cause the number of filters supplied and the number of filters not supplied in the battery, to be varied, in accordance with the total flow of aqueous effluent to be treated. Such a process allows the performance of biofilters and other devices with fixed cultures to be improved.

Abstract: A reconditioning system which withdraws coolant from a machine tool sump, filters solids from the coolant, removes tramp oil from the coolant, kills bacteria in the coolant, and returns the reconditioned coolant to the machine tool sump. The reconditioning system includes a separator tank having a coolant inlet, a coolant outlet, and a coalescer pack located between the coolant inlet and the coolant outlet to separate tramp oil from the coolant. An ozone generator is connected to the separator tank for dissolving ozone into the coolant to kill bacteria, yeast and fungus. An in-sump pickup includes a flexible intake hose connected to the separator tank coolant inlet, a suction nozzle having a generally rigid tube attached near an angled or fluted inlet end of the intake hose, and a ring-shaped float encircling the rigid tube. A discharge hose connects the separator tank coolant outlet and the sump.

Abstract: A draining apparatus drains and dries hydraulic equipment such as aircraft circuits. The draining equipment includes a reservoir connected to the equipment by a suction line. (Venturi 20) which produces a vacuum in the reservoir responsive to compressed air injected by a line from an external compressed air source. If a calibrated valve is connected to an inlet of the equipment then a branch line of the equipment supplies part of the compressed air to the inlet connection of the equipment so that pressure which enters the equipment is inadequate to produce an overpressure at an outlet.

Abstract: A fibrous matte web is used to support a semiconductor catalyst for use in the photopromoted catalyzed degradation of compounds in a fluid stream. The catalyst, which may be a transition metal oxide, is affixed to at least one side of the matte web, and preferably the downstream side thereof. In one embodiment, the matte web is comprised of a plurality of fibers of glass or other suitable material permitting fluid to pass therethrough, and the side or sides containing the catalyst are directly illuminated by a suitable light source.

Abstract: Method for the remediation of polluted soils by using microorganisms under anaerobic conditions wherein the degradation action of pollutants such as tetrachloroethylene, nitrate or nitrite by microorganisms under anaerobic conditions is induced or promoted by the addition of silicon to said polluted soils, without any risk of secondary pollution.

Abstract: External filter assembly for aquariums includes a filter chamber containing a mechanical and/or chemical filter and a functionally active filter upstream of the mechanical filter for actively filtering the water before the water is filtered by the mechanical filter. Fresh air is mixed with the aquarium water immediately upstream of the functionally active filter whereby the functionally active filter is directly exposed to both dissolved oxygen in the water and atmospheric oxygen mixed in the water which significantly improves both the efficiency and capacity of the filter in performing its active function. Both the mechanical/chemical filter and the functionally active filter are cartridge type filters, whereby either may be replaced without disturbing and/or affecting the operation of the other.

Abstract: Metal ions and/or complexes of metal ions are removed from a solution by formation of an insoluble chelated complex of the metal ions and a polymeric precipitating agent. A two-step process of mixing the influent with the precipitating agent is used to induce rapid precipitation and obtain large, self-agglomerated precipitate without addition of flocculating agent and/or pH adjustment. In addition, parallel loops are employed to simultaneously discharge treated metal-free solution and effectively collect/remove the precipitate-containing sludge without interfering with each other. The metal capturing capacity of the polymeric precipitant is maximized by forcing the influent solution through layers of the collected precipitate and by recycling unsaturated metal-precipitant complexes in the processing loop.

Abstract: Apparatus for treating and dewatering of sludge taken from small-scale sewage treatment plants. The apparatus, which preferably is mounted on a vehicle, incorporates chamber-type units for dewatering, which can be connected by way of feed and return pipes, controllable valves, and pumps that can be switched on and off. A dewatering vessel with filter walls and separate sludge and filtrate chambers is connectable with a sludge chamber and a filtrate chamber, respectively, of a second dewatering vessel by way of joining pipes comprising at least one feeding pump and one controllable valve each, a radiation chamber arranged in the filtrate return pipe of one of the dewatering vessels, and a stone trap arranged in one other sludge feed pipe.

Abstract: Sweetening of hydrogen-sulfide polluted liquids such as water and those whose viscosity is not substantially greater, is accomplished in upright tanks of constant cross-section, which are substantially conventional except for man-way provisions which permit clean-out and replacement of contents. Each tank, which has a liquid inlet provision near its bottom, is divided by its contents into three sections: a lowermost turbulence-eliminating section, an intermediate reacting section, and an uppermost tranquil purified storage section. Increase in capacity to fill a constant demand is attained by simply increasing the depth of the reacting section, to the lessening of the purified reserve.

Abstract: A complete fluid handling system for automotive engine coolant that is installed within an automotive service center. The system delivers either new coolant in a 50% antifreeze--50% water ratio or recycled coolant also in a 50/50 ratio. The coolant is mixed in a new coolant delivery tank and is delivered under pressure to a service device at each service bay. The recycled coolant is also delivered to the services device at the service bays from a recycled coolant delivery tank under pressure. Recovery of coolant can be directed to either a waste holding tank or to a recycling tank. If directed to recycling tank the coolant is cleaned and treated to restore the coolant to the proper chemical balance.The system enables a technician to conveniently and effectively remove and replace engine coolant. The system enables safe and an immediate access to hot cooling systems, including overheated engines.

Abstract: A portable apparatus for the filtration and/or chemical treatment of make-up water for a pool or spa. The apparatus connects to the end of a make-up water fill hose using a non-metallic threaded connector. The apparatus also includes a hollow core for holding pool chemicals or diatomaceous earth, an inner filtration media surrounding the hollow core, and an outer filtration media enclosing the threaded connector, hollow core and inner filtration media. The lower end of the outer filtration media extends past the connection of the hose to the threaded connector to form a skirt, which prevents the connection from contacting the interior of the pool or spa. Additionally, buoyancy is provided such that the apparatus does not contact the bottom of the pool or spa.

Abstract: Waste water is reclaimed for reuse by combined use of settling tanks, ozonation and filtration. The settling tanks remove substantial solid matter from the waste water. The waste water from the last settling tank is treated with ozone to remove contaminants and purify the water. This ozonated water is then returned to the last settling tank to mix with the waste water. This ozonated water in the last tank is then subjected to a plurality of filtering actions before being stored in a clean water holding tank. Partially treated water or discharge from filters is returned to a different holding tank to mix with waste water and dilute the waste water.

Abstract: An improved electro-coalescent/magnetic separation (ECMS) system for removing contaminants from water, including desalinization, comprises a device for exposing a stream of water to be treated to an electric field, followed by introduction of ionized coagulating substances, including ionized gases and/or metal ions, followed by plural filter stages. The first filter stage may comprise a polarizable glass, alumina, or ceramic media provided as a bed in a tank with an underdrain, so as to provide substantial residence time. A polishing filter may comprise a very fine fiber or organic gel filter element confined between relatively flexible electrically-conductive screen members and provided with a DC power supply to polarize the filter. This assembly is confined between relatively rigid, perforated members such that the filter assembly can move slightly upon backwash to dislodge caked-on contaminants or the like, while preserving the structural integrity of the filter assembly.

Abstract: An oil filter utilizes a thermoplastic material having oil oxidation and acidification arresting additives mounted in a casing between a particle filtering material (such as cotton fibers) and a felt pad. The thermoplastic material is desirably high molecular polypropylene in the form of rice-shaped pellets, or spaghetti-shaped strands. The additives comprise about 10-17 weight % of the thermoplastic material/additive combination, and as the thermoplastic material is dissolved by above ambient temperature oil, the additives are released. The thermoplastic material pellets or strands are formed by mixing anti-oxidation and anti-acidification additives with liquid thermoplastic material to form a mixture, extruding the mixture into spaghetti like strands having a thickness of about 0.0625-0.125 inches, cooling the strands, cutting the strands into discrete elements, and then placing the discrete elements into an oil filter held in place to contact oil and to gradually dissolve to release the additives.

Abstract: A system for collecting and processing donated blood comprises a first porous medium interposed between a blood collection bag and a satellite bag and a second porous medium interposed between the blood collection bag and another satellite bag. The porous media are leucocyte depletion media. The system may also include one or more of the following: a red cell barrier medium, a separation medium, a gas inlet, and a gas outlet. The system can be used to centrifuge whole blood into one or more components, and includes a means for protecting the system during centrifugation.

Abstract: Apparatus for separating waste liquid and solid material comprises an upwardly inclined passage containing an auger for conveying the solid waste material upwardly along the passage, with an inlet opening at a lower end of the passage for receiving a mixture of waste liquid and solid material into the auger, a drainage opening at the lower end of the cylindrical passage for draining liquid from the solid waste conveyed by the auger, and a compactor for receiving the solid material fed upwardly by the auger and compacting the solid waste material. An extruder receives and extrudes the compacted solid waste material from the compactor, and may be arranged to convert the compacted material into pellets.

Abstract: Apparatus for pressure drainage of organic sewage sludge, industrial sludge and special waste sludge of varying composition includes a fully automatic sludge conditioning unit for preparing a flocculating agent and a fully automatic sludge feeding unit for a pressure reactor which includes a press plunger reciprocating on filter candles between axial end plates. The press plunger cooperates with a riser pipe situated outside of each end plate and incorporating a motor-driven discharge valve. The riser pipe communicates with a screw conveyor which is mounted to the pressure reactor for further transport of filter cake to a container.

Abstract: A device providing for tribochemical regime in the lubrication system of a mechanism comprises a casing (1), a cover (2) with inlet openings (3) and an outlet sleeve (4) for the inlet and outlet of the oil, a non-return valve (5), a relief valve (6), a standard hollow full-flow filtering element (7), a tribochemical package consisting of coaxial perforated shells (8 and 9) enveloped in a filtering material (11), granulated alkaline reagent (12) placed between the shell (9) and the filtering element (7), as well as iodine with which is impregnated the filtering material (11) of the shell (8). The shells (8 and 9) consist of truncated cones with oppositely oriented bases. Their larger and smaller bases, respectively, are secured with tension on the casing of the relief valve (6), the larger base of the shell (9) is secured with tension on the outlet sleeve (4) and inside it is secured, at interference fit, a smaller base of the shell (8).

Abstract: An apparatus for treating water includes a vertically extending contact vessel, wherein water is contacted with ozone, and a return vessel which contains a column of water of a sufficient height to drive water through downstream filtering stages. Ozone is removed from the water and the rate of ozone injection is monitored and automatically adjusted so that no great amount of ozone remains in water entering the filtering stages. The ozone is generated in elongated elements that are cooled by the process water and that are positioned to serve as a static mixer for such water.

Abstract: The present invention is a bath which circulates and recycles a multiple mineral solution. The solution is released from the bathtub, filtered at the hair collector and the filtration device, sterilized at the electrolytic sterilizer, and returned to the tub. Non-metallic pipe is used along the circulation route. The electrolytic sterilizer employs several electrode panels which are placed perpendicular to the direction of flow of the solution. The filtration device features a rubber lining in the portions which come into contact with the solution, and has inside of it a dish onto which is lain filter sand. With the use of this invention, it becomes possible to repeatedly use and reuse a highly viscous solution containing multiple minerals as the recycling fluid, jams become infrequent, the filtration and reverse cleansing procedures become less time consuming, and the solution can be effectively sterilized.

Abstract: A filtration unit for an aquarium tank comprises a biological filter chamber which is cyclically exposed to air and water without the use of conventional syphon means. Alongside the chamber is a U-tube arrangement one branch of which communicates at its upper end with the upper region of the chamber. Compressed air is continuously admitted to the chamber, e.g. by bubbling up beneath its open bottom end. When the water in chamber drops to the level of the bend of the U-tube air in the chamber expells remaining water from the U-tube and is able to evacuate chamber, enabling it to refill with water.

Abstract: A permeable ditch underwater water purification apparatus purifies source water using the principle of self-purification of water. This apparatus includes impermeable ditch walls on a tapered bottom. The apparatus also has an open top side. A granular filter layer is filled in the ditch body. Collector (counter-rinsing) pipes are provided at the bottom of the granular filter layer, and a filter protecting layer is provided on the surface of the granular filter layer. This apparatus can maintain the thickness of the granular filter layer all the year round. When blockage of the filter layer occurs, water from another ditch is pumped, and the remaining impurities in the granular filter layer can be forced away by water pumped into the collector (counter-rinsing) pipe. After sterilization by adding an appropriate amount of chlorine into the purified water, the quality of water will meet the standards for drinking water in effect in China, and the purified water may be supplied directly for use by the users.

Abstract: A waste water treatment system is illustrated which can be configured to be portable and which minimizes the addition of solids to be disposed of through the use of ozone for contaminant reduction to basic elements after the pH value of the waste water to be treated is properly adjusted. This ozone in one stage is combined with ultrasound to cause coagulation and precipitation. In another stage, ozone and ultraviolet light are used in a reduction process. Ion alignment using a magnetic field and an electrochemical flocculation process to which the waste water is subjected causes further coagulation and precipitation. As designed, the system can operate continuously with redundancy at appropriate points so that removal of solids from the filtration units can occur simultaneous with the overall decontamination process.

Abstract: In a process for filtering plasma by separating blood into blood cells and plasma by a primary filter and filtering the separated plasma by a secondary filter to remove macromolecules from the plasma as harmful components, the loss of plasma to be discarded from the system by a procedure for eliminating plugging of the secondary filter can be diminished by opening an inner chamber of the secondary filter to the atmosphere to thereby lower the internal pressure of the chamber every time increase of the pressure to an upper limit value due to an increasing plugging tendency of the secondary filter is detected, and washing the interior of the secondary filter from the inner and outer chamber sides after the internal pressure has lowered.

Abstract: A tertiary treatment unit is provided that has a first filtration unit operatively connected to an influent for filtering solids therefrom to form an effluent, a second filtration unit operatively connected to the first filtration unit to receive the effluent and to filter finer solids and bacteria and viruses from the effluent, a supply tank operatively connected to the effluent to provide chemicals that are mixed into the effluent, and a reactor that receives the effluent and removes nitrogen and some phosphorous therefrom to form a treated effluent. The treatment unit further has a first adsorption unit that receives the treated effluent and adsorbs additional nitrogen, BOD, TSS and certain chemicals from the treated effluent, and a second adsorption unit that receives the partially adsorbed treated effluent from the first adsorption unit and adsorbs additional phosphorous from the treated effluent to form the final effluent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for treating and regenerating a spent caustic solution at ambient temperatures which includes means for oxidizing the spent caustic stream with an air/ozone gas mixture, followed by irradiating the oxidized spent caustic stream with a broad range of ultraviolet radiation and finally filtering the spent caustic solution.

Abstract: The local reclamation system includes an accumulation tank for a soiled solution. A tank outlet valve selectively allows a flow of the solid soiled solution into the remainder of the system. A blend conduit leads from the outlet valve. An oxidizing supply selectively provides an oxidizing agent to said soiled solution downstream of the outlet valve in the blend conduit. A blend pump receives the soiled solution with oxidizing agent to promote the flow of the soiled solution through the system and a more uniformed disposal of the oxidizing agent throughout the solution. A six stage filter section selectively removes particulate matter. A biologic stage promotes a sterile reclaimed solution and a solution accumulator accumulates and stores the solution. Repeated injections of oxidizing agents occur before filter stage sections and pumps. The reclaimed solution can be reused or discharged without penalty.

Abstract: Apparatus for separating solids and liquids has an initial separator for removing coarse solid material from a mixture of solids and liquids, a first screen for separating further solid material from the liquid and a first auger extending axially through the first cylindrical screen for removing the separated further solid material from the first cylindrical screen. A second screen receives the liquid from the first screen and separates fine particles from the liquid, and a compactor between the first and second screens compacts the solid material removed from the first screen by the first auger. A second auger is provided in the second screen for mixing and removing the compacted solid material and the separated fine particles.

Abstract: The local reclamation system includes an accumulation tank for a soiled solution. A tank outlet valve selectively allows a flow of the solid soiled solution into the remainder of the system. A blend conduit leads from the outlet valve. An oxidizing supply selectively provides an oxidizing agent to said soiled solution downstream of the outlet valve in the blend conduit. A blend pump receives the soiled solution with oxidizing agent to promote the flow of the soiled solution through the system and a more uniformed disposal of the oxidizing agent throughout the solution. A six stage filter section selectively removes particulate matter. A biologic stage promotes a sterile reclaimed solution and a solution accumulator accumulates and stores the solution. Repeated injections of oxidizing agents occur before filter stage sections and pumps. The reclaimed solution can be reused or discharged without penalty.

Abstract: A water management system removes water vapor from the analyte slug that is desorbed from the trap. The water management system includes a device having a passage through which the volatile organic chemicals and water pass, the passage being designed to remove water vapor by swirling action on the stream. The amount of water removed is more than can be accounted for by simple condensation. The invention also includes the adjustment of the temperature of the water management device during the sample concentration cycle to prevent undesired condensation prior to desorption.

Abstract: Removing radioactive contaminants from liquid hazardous material such as oil, includes recirculating the material between a processing tank and a filter medium. The material is heated to increase viscosity during the circulation through the tank and filters. Chemicals including chelating agents are added to enhance the removal of the radioactive elements. Water is added to the processing tank or upstream, in a settling tank, to effect a water wash of the liquid hazardous material. A pre-filter stage upstream of the settling tank is followed by a mid-range filter stage in the recirculation loop with the main processing tank. A finishing filter stage is in the outlet from the main processing tank.

Abstract: Solutions containing pesticide wastes from greenhouses, for example, are decontaminated in a system including a soil bed reactor. Waste water from the greenhouse goes to a sample tank from which samples are withdrawn for assay of toxicity. Water from the sample tank goes to a holding tank, or to a downstream subsystem if toxicity level is low. Water in the holding tank is aerated to promote degradation of toxic materials. Water from the holding tank is applied near the upper surface of a layer of soil in the soil bed reactor. Air from the sample tank and holding tank, and intermittently, air containing pesticides from the greenhouse, is also passed through the layer of soil in the soil bed reactor. Microbial action in the soil degrades toxic materials in both the gaseous and liquid streams. Water from the soil bed reactor may then be discharged to a pond populated by plant and animal species which promote further degradation of any remaining toxic materials before the water is discharged from the system.

Abstract: Biological decontamination and the avoidance of accumulation of dissolved solids are both achieved in captured and recirculated water systems by a continuously operating system involving the use of a chemical filtration unit, removal of dissolved solids as they are concentrated at the filtration unit, a disinfectant treatment, and the protection of the chemical filtration unit from degradation by the disinfectant where necessary.

Abstract: A reactor for recovering metals such as copper, tin and lead from concentrated, acidic aqueous solutions includes a reaction vessel retaining a bed of scrap aluminum in a packed bed above the bottom of the vessel; a plenum below the packed bed of scrap aluminum, and a filter situated within the plenum, including a first perforated pipe enclosing a coaxial second perforated pipe, through which liquid can be filtered and withdrawn for recirculation into the reactor above the packed bed of scrap aluminum. Metal recovery is effected by reduction of metal ions in solution and precipitation onto the scrap aluminum. Multiple reactor systems including equipment required for pH adjustment of the wastewater also may be used.

Abstract: A sanitary device for a sewerage channel with an openable grating includes a bottom plate and four side walls which together define a space therebetween for accommodating several filtering plates for filtering dirt or the like contained in the rain water which drains into the sewerage channel through the sanitary device. EAch of the four side walls has several apertures for passage of rain water to the sewerage channel. A first disinfecting container containing volatile disinfectant, such as mothballs, for cleaning the air inside the sewerage channel is attached to the side walls of the sanitary device. A hollow cylindrical tank is provided on an upper side of the bottom plate and extends upwards for receiving a second disinfecting container containing liquid disinfectant.

Abstract: A method of removing a constituent of a biological fluid including a blood component, said method including flowing the biological fluid past one side of a first semipermeable membrane; flowing solution containing a first precipitation agent past a second side of the membrane so as to cause transfer of the precipitation agent through the membrane to the biological fluid so as to improve precipitation characteristics of the fluid; and precipitating the constituent from the biological fluid. Also disclosed are maintaining a lower pressure in a biological fluid in a dialyzer than in dialysate at all portions of a membrane in the dialyzer and adding a continuously flowing stream of concentrated precipitation agent to a continuously flowing stream of a biological fluid.

Abstract: Apparatus adapted for use in a water clarification system which removes particles of greater than a predetermined size from the clarified water includes a screen or a pair of concentric screens positioned in a clarified water storage area between an inlet and a clarified water outlet. One or more spray heads for direct a shower of high pressure filtered clarified water at the outlet side of the screen or screens to loosen or remove particles therefrom. In addition, a rotating brush can act on the inlet side of the screen. Particles removed by the cleaning elements are recirculated through the system. Water levels are maintained by overflow control or by monitoring the water level and utilizing the output from the monitor or monitors to selectively control valves in the inlet or outlets from the system.

Abstract: A novel cooling system for an internal-combustion marine engine employs a novel strainer having a removable metal cover and means for controllably introducing flushing liquid into the strainer through the cover. A prior strainer may be modified by providing an auxiliary aperture through the cover and attaching one end of an auxiliary pipeline to the aperture. The auxiliary pipeline includes a hose-connection fitting at its other end and a control valve in the line.

Abstract: A solution of water soluble conveyor lubricant is continuously recovered from a moving conveyor through a suction bar. The lubricant is treated to reduce suspended solids, heat sterilized, the pH adjusted, and a bactericide is added. The solution is then recycled at least once to obtain about a 50%-90% recovery, and then is discharged. The process saves a significant amount of water, in addition to lubricant.

Abstract: A solution of water soluble conveyor lubricant is continuously recovered from a moving conveyor through a suction bar. The lubricant is treated with a bactericide and the pH is adjusted as needed. The solution is then recycled at least once to obtain about a 50%-90% recovery.

Abstract: The flow of waste water sludge flocculant to a dewatering system is regulated by a surface proximity sensor located downstream of the flocculant addition point. Depth, variability and continuity of a partially drained sludge mat are evaluated by a depth sensor signal processor/analyzer. Signal characteristics representative of an optimally flocculated sludge mat are referenced by the processor/analyzer to establish high and low control set-point values. A variable speed flocculant supply pump or flow control valve is adjusted in response to an operational signal from the depth sensor which exceeds the set-point range.

Abstract: A compact portable wastewater treatment apparatus for treating oil contaminated waste water having a support structure with a containment tank on said support structure for receiving waste water. A mixing means on the support structure is also provided for mixing the waste water with a desired amount of materials to form a flocculent with the oil of the oil contaminated waste water. Furthermore, filters are included on the support structure for filtering the flocculent from the waste water with a pump structure for transporting the waste water within the system.

Abstract: A filter apparatus for removing plankton out of fresh or sea water containing the plankton. The filter apparatus comprises a filter housing provided with a partition plate having a plurality of through-holes thereby to partition the housing into a non-filtrate chamber and a filtrate chamber. A plurality of filter elements, each having open top end, a filter portion and non-filter portion, which are fitted in the through-holes of the partition plate to protrude the open top ends into the filtrate chamber. Plankton in the water are concentrated at the non-filter portion disposed near the partition plate and removed through an opening provided at a portion of the non-filtrate chamber near the partition plate.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for protecting a media bed filter with underlying support screen from solids contained in a liquid, such as filtrate from the filter, used to regenerate or backwash the media bed filter. Filtrate enters a first collection chamber containing a screen assembly covering one outlet, the chamber also containing a second outlet. Filtrate traverses the screen assembly and is transferred to a second collection chamber with addition of a predetermined amount of bactericide to prevent solids growth therein. Upon bactericide-treated filtrate reaching a predetermined level within the second chamber, filtrate in the first chamber bypasses the screen assembly and flows out the second output to further biological treatment or use. Bactericide-treated filtrate from the second collection chamber is used to regenerate or backwash the media bed filter with addition of optional surfactant to assist in cleaning the filter media and underlying support screen.

Abstract: A water treatment system having an apparatus (2) for the intensive pretreatment of the untreated water with ozone, having a downstream filter (3) with reducing action, and also having an apparatus (4) for the post-disinfection is improved in that the excess ozone which accumulates in the upper part (17) of the filter tank and which is added to the water during the pretreatment is removed anhydrously and fed into the apparatus for the post-treatment of the filtered water. The post-treatment takes place preferably in a retention vessel (4) filled with packing material (15) in which the water comes into contact with ozone by surface contact. The water level (24) is kept constant by regulating the gas discharge from the retention vessel (4). (Illustrated by drawing).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a filtration apparatus composed of: a container comprising a central well and a number of radial individual chambers, each of said chambers comprising: a filtration bed placed on a plate, said plate defining with the bottom of the container an evacuation chamber; an open gullet admitting the water, and an aperture situated towards the top end of the well and connecting said chamber with said well, each well being equipped at its base with a discharge pipe and said container comprising at its base a discharge pipe for the pure water.

Abstract: A method of treating biomass having fermentable material is provided utilizing acid hydrolysis in a countercurrent diffusion treatment structure. By practicing the invention acid usage is minimized, pentose concentration in the hydrolysate solution is maximized, and ethanol, butanol, butanediol, and the alcohols can be produced without the input of any external energy whatsoever into the production method. Biomass is particlized and slurried, and then is continuously subjected to acid hydrolysis at temperature, acid concentration, and residence time conditions sufficient to effect hydrolysis of the hemicellulose in the biomass to effect separation of pentose and hexose sugars into a hydrolysate having insufficient furfural to substantially inhibit fermentation microorganism growth, while not substantially hydrolyzing the cellulose in the biomass.